ADDIS ABABA CITY

GOVERNMENT

URBAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

FINANCE & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BUREAU

August, 2002E.C
Addis Ababa

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

FOREWORD

i
PART I- INTRODUCTION

1.1

BACKGROUND .

1.2

PROBLEM STATEMENT .

1.3

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.4

SCOPE OF THE STUDY .

1.5

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ..

1.6

METHODOLOGY

1.7

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY ..

PART II DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS 4
2.2 ECONOMIC INDICATORS
2.2.1 MICRO & SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

2.2.2 INVESTMENT

2.2.3 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ................

2.2.4 POVERTY & UNEMPLOYMENT .

2.2.5 FISCAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS .

12

2.2.6 CITY GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ..

14

2.3 SOCIAL INDICATORS

2.3.1 HEALTH

16

2.3.2 EDUCATION

18

2.3.3 HOUSING SECTOR

21

2.3.4 ENVIRONMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 27

2.3.5 TOURISM . 30
2.3.6 LAND USE 31

2.3.7 SOCIAL AFFAIRS 33

2.3.8 WOMENS SITUATION .......... 34

2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND WATER SUPPLY

2.4.1 ROAD NETWORK 36
2.4.2 WATER SUPPLY .. 38
2.4.3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION .. 39
2.4.4 ENERGY CONSUMPTION . 41
2.4.5 TRANSPORT 42

PART III CONCLUSION .. 44-46

LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1: Demographic Indicators of Addis Ababa 4
Table 2: Support Provided for Micro & Small Enterprises and Types of Jobs Created
data in Addis Ababa

Table 3: Status of Licensed approval investment project (1997-2001) .

Table 4.1: Activity status and rate for population aged 10 years and above:
Addis Ababa, 2001

10

Table 4.2: Unemployment rate for population aged 10 years and above:
Addis Ababa, 2001 10
Table 4.3: Reasons being inactive for population aged 10 years and above:
Addis Ababa, 2001 ..

11

Table 5.1: Revenue trend of Addis Ababa

12

Table 5.2: Expenditure trend of Addis Ababa ..

13

Table 6: Estimated Addis Ababa Citys Gross Domestic Product (in million Birr)..14
Table 7: Major health indicators 17
Table 8.1: Literacy rates of Addis Ababa city (10 years and above) . 18
Table 8.2: Educational attainment of Addis Ababa city .. 19
Table 8.3: Enrollment ratios and drop out rates in Addis Ababa . 19
Table 8.4: Major education indicators of Addis Ababa City data 20
Table 9.1: Housing condition and facilities 24
Table 9.2: Condominium Houses Data .. 26
Table 10: Features of the environment data . 27
Table 11: Waste generation, collection and disposal 29
Table 12: Trend of Tourist flow in Addis Ababa Museum . 30
Table 13: Land use indicators data .. 31
Table 14: Number of orphan children in Addis Ababa 33
Table 15: Empowerment ratio by sex in Addis Ababa .

35

Table 16: Road length and area coverage data 37

Table 17: Water production, distribution and consumption in Addis Ababa data ...38
Table 18: Status and trend of information & communication sector service in Addis
Ababa 40
Table 19.1: Electric power consumption of Addis Ababa city Administration
by sectors 41
Table 19.2: Distribution of households by type of cooking fuel . 42
Table 20: Annual trend of traffic accident data 43

List of figures
Figure 1: The composition of citys total revenue 1997 to 2001 .. 12
Figure 2: Expenditure trend 1997 to 2001

13

Figure 3: The share of main economic sectors from total GDP ... 15
Figure 4: The average share of main economic sectors for GDP . 15

ACRONYMS

UDI =

Urban Development Indicators of Addis Ababa

BOFED = Bureau of Finance & Economic Development of Addis Ababa

MFIs =

Micro finance institutions

ADLI =

Agricultural Development Led Industrialisation

UNDP =

United Nations Development Programme

NGOs =

Non Governmental organizations.

EEPCo =

Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation

AAWSA = Addis Ababa, Water Sewerage Authority

CSA =

Central Statistics Agency

MFIs =

Micro Finance Institutions

ICT =

Information Communication Technology

MDGs =

Millennium Development Goals

CBB

Construction and Business Bank

CSA WMS = Central Statistics Agency Welfare Monitoring Survey

FOREWARD
Finance & Economic Development Bureau of Addis Ababa is generating different
studies as an input for decision making, policy formulations and planning activities.
Among the different studies conducted and published documents at Bureau level is
Urban Development Indicator which gives highlights about the socio-economic
condition of the city for decision makers, stakeholders and researchers.

The lack of well established Urban Development Indicators (UDI) have been one of
the major constraints in decision-making, policy formulation and planning process at
all levels of the metropolitan of Addis Ababa.

The urban development indicators compiled in this document are gathered mainly
from secondary data, and efforts have been made to collect the recent available data
as much as possible. Hence, it is hoped that users will benefit from this document for
their decision making, research and planning activities.

Finally, we welcome any comments, suggestions, and opinions to further develop this
document.

Abera Lulessa Gobu

Deputy Bureau Head and

Study, Plan & Budget
Core Process Leader

PART I
INTRODUCTION
1.1

BACKGROUND

Urbanization is growing at higher growth rate in both developed and developing countries.
However, rapid urbanization, particularly the growth of large cities in conjunction with the
associated problems of unemployment, poverty, inadequate health facilities, poor sanitation, urban
slums and poor infrastructure facilities pose a formidable challenge in many developing countries
(http://www.google com.et)
For most of the developing economic cities of the world, urbanization is becoming a great challenge
be it environmental, economic or social as they lack well-built and wide resource base that
adequately fulfills basic requirements associated to their ever increasing residents. According to
Urban Development Indicators of Addis Ababa (1998), mayors from 135 cities worldwide have
rated those pressing urban problems as: unemployment 63%, inadequate housing 43%, Garbage
Disposal 38%, violence/crime 36%, poverty 34%, sanitation/sewerage 33%, inadequate social
services 22%, civil apathy 22% and discrimination 14%. Most of the spotted factors are also true
for Addis Ababa.
In order to mitigate these challenges, a multitude of efforts with a variety of development
dimensions is a must. Having this situation, developing a policy oriented urban indicators might
help for research; benchmarking, monitoring & evaluation.
In the case of Addis Ababa, the city has been facing various problems which include insufficient
and sub-standard infrastructure provisions, insufficient public facilities, acute shortage and
deteriorations of houses, poor sanitation, and unemployment. All these in fact are manifested in
deprived poverty of the metropolis. To challenge these problems, an enormous effort has so far
been exercised by the city government, even though they are not adequate.

To this effect, designing appropriate urban development policies, strategies, programs and plans are
relevant to overcome all social, economic and governance problems of the city. Thus, it requires
relevant data and information to be used as input and a basis for taking appropriate decision making.
Hence, the preliminary works of identifying principal Urban Development Indicators (UDI) are
necessary.

Therefore, the Addis Ababa City Government, Bureau of Finance and Economic

Development (BOFED) have taken the initiative of realizing this Urban Development Indicators
study.
Accordingly, vital elements of urban development indicators have been identified and presented
along with the existing statistics and records which were compiled from the concerned sectors. In
general, this document organized in to three parts, the first part states about introduction while the
second part describes major development indicators. Finally, the last part concludes the major
findings.

1.2

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Addis Ababa has been facing various problems that include insufficient and sub-standard
infrastructure provisions, insufficient public facilities, acute shortage and deteriorations of houses,
poor sanitation, and unemployment. All these in fact are manifested in deprived poverty status of
the metropolis. In order to minimize these challenges, an enormous effort has so far been made by
the city government even though they are not adequate.
In the city, the road coverage to total built up area is less than 10 percent, there exists about 300,000
housing shortage, and the city manages about 70 percent of the daily solid waste generated. To
address these infrastructural problems and other social, economic and governance problems of the
city designing appropriate urban development policies, strategies, programs, and plans are very
important. This requires relevant data and information which could be used as an input and a basis
for taking appropriate decision making. Therefore, the Addis Ababa city government, Bureau of
Finance and Economic Development (BOFED), is mandated to conduct urban development
indicators study, so as to provide relevant data and information to government and concerned non
government organizations that supports the decision making process.

1.3

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to provide recent information about the socio-economic as well
as geo-political status of Addis Ababa and highlights the developmental priorities of the city.

1.4

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is limited to presenting major socio-economic and geo-political facts which
reveals the actual socio-economic status of Addis Ababa city for the period of 1997 2001.

1.5

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study envisaged to provide relevant information for government, non government
organizations, policy makers and researchers, which helps them for taking appropriate decision
making and designing appropriate intervention development strategies and to minimize shortage of
aggregate data for further research and policy making endeavors.

1.6

METHODOLOGY

Since the study requires intensive datas from both government and non-government organization,
the methodology was establishes on both primary and secondary data sources.

1.7

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The in availability of adequate and recent data, from government and non-government organizations
were considered as a major limitation of the study.

PART II
DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
Population is the total number of people in a defined geographic area at a particular point in time.
Population is characterized by its size, population growth rate, age and sex structure and spatial
distribution.
Bringing the development of the urban area into harmony with its environment and the overall
system of settlements is one of the basic tasks need to be undertaken in order to achieve the general
goal of sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing world. The trend of population growth in
fact needs to be harmonized with the available resources to adequately provide basic services and to
bring sustainable development. High population growth which does not goes in par with a
corresponding infrastructure development, adequate supply of basic services, accessible and
affordable land and shelter, sufficient employment and economic opportunities results in urban
disorders and environmental degradation.
In Addis Ababa, as per 1999 population and housing census result, the total population was about
2.7 million. Accordingly, female accounted for about 52.4 percent and male accounted for 47.6
percent (see table 1).
Table 1: Demographic Indicators of Addis Ababa, 2001
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Demographic Indicators
Total fertility rate (children per women)
Life expectancy at birth
- Male
- Female
Annual population growth rate (in %)
Age dependency ratio
Sex ratio (number of male per 100 female)
Infant mortality rate (the number of deaths of infants under age one per
000 live births)
Under five mortality rate (the number of deaths of infants under age five
per 1000 live births)
Crude death rate (the number of deaths per 1000 population)
Crude birth rate (the number of live births per 1000 population)
Female literacy rate
Source: Addis Ababa population images 2001

Indicator values
1.4
64.5
62.6
66.5
2.1
38
90.8
45
72
6.9
23
79.9

As indicated in table 1 above, on the average, the city population is growing at 2.1% annually, and
overall age dependency ratio was about 38%. The infant mortality rate is 45 out of 1000 live births,
while less than five mortality rate is 72 out of 1000 live births. The crude death rate was estimated
to be 6.9 out of the number of deaths in a year per 1000 mid year population and the crude birth rate
is 23 out of the number of live births in a year per 1000 mid year population (BOFED, Addis Ababa
population images 2001).

2.2 ECONOMIC INDICATORS

2.2.1

MICRO AND SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

Small scale industry sector occupies a place of strategic importance in any economic structure. Small
scale industries play a key role in the industrialization and development of a country. This is because,
they provide immediate large scale employment, compared to higher capital intensive industry they
need lower investment, offer a method of ensuring a more equitable distribution of national income and
facilitate an effective mobilization of resources, capital and skill.
To this end, the Ethiopian government has given priority to micro and small-scale industries which
have a significant contribution to the development of the country.
In the Ethiopian context, MSE is defined as:

Micro Enterprises are those enterprises with a paid up capital of not exceeding birr 20,000
and excluding high - tech consultancy firms and other high establishments.

Small Enterprises are those enterprises with a paid up capital of above birr 20,000 and not
exceeding birr 500,000 and excluding high-tech Consultancy firms and other high - tech
establishments.

In line with the above definition, micro and small scale enterprises agency of Addis Ababa was
established with the mission of reducing unemployment through organizing, creating conducive
environment and strengthening micro and small scale enterprise operators. The micro and small
scale enterprise agency has the following objectives:

To create job opportunity for the unemployed and increase their income by expanding and
supporting them in order to reduce poverty.

To identify the problems of the existing and newly created micro and small enterprise and

provide them with various support to development, and strengthen the MSE for further job
creation.
To create and expand new enterprises by organizing the operators into cooperatives and

providing various supports in order to generate new job opportunities and reduce poverty
Create market opportunities for existing and new established micro and small enterprises.

The main focus areas of these enterprises are textile and garment, wood and metal works, food
processing, construction and other municipal activities. These areas are assumed to have good
potential in the creation of new jobs.
The activities of these institutions were constrained by lack of working and selling spaces, display
rooms, road and infrastructures. Thus, attention should be given to promote small and micro
enterprise which is thought to be the most important intervention area to significantly reduce
poverty in urban areas (SPM of Addis Ababa city Administration, 2002).
Table 2: Support Provided for Micro & Small Enterprises and Types of Jobs Created in
Addis Ababa during 1997 to 2001
No
1

Annual Trend
1999
2000

Unit of
measurement

1997

Operator

8408
14658

1805
1265

781
834

1271
1151

384
893

12,649
18,801

9046
16,282
4052

1302
1015
485

997
912
699

147
2397
642

1083
1974
1974

12,575
22,580
7852

Operator
Birr in mil.

26,944
109.56

8,995 13,917 21,078

36.05
83.6 157.1

30,994
229.9

101,928
616.2

- Construction & market

93,298
area supply
- Training & consultation
40,435
8375 16,538 10,894
- Effort to solve market
Operator
30,662
7500 18,779 25,876
problems
- Technological support
- Established enterprises
Operator
74,941
8225
6406
9909
- Development services
Enterprise
5353
4848
7425
2479
Source: Trade and Industrial Development Bureau of Addis Ababa, 2002

93,298

33,547
58,687

109,789
141,504

28,216
6642

127,697
26,747

Description
Jobs created

Textile and garment

Wood and metal
works
Food processing
Construction

Municipal activities
2 Support provided
- Credit support
- Credit support in Birr

1998

2001

Total

As shown in table 2 above, during 1997 2001 a total of 74,457 new job opportunities have been
created for operators by small and micro enterprises. Besides, a credit worth of Birr 616,222,620
supports were given to 101,928 operators by City Administration. According to city SPM (2002),
about 83,166 small scale enterprises were established in 1999.

2.2.2

INVESTMENT

The investment situation in Addis Ababa shows that a total number of 12,730 projects were
registered with a total capital outlay of Birr 236 billion and these projects are expected to create job
opportunity for 1,067,431 individuals. Among the total operational investment projects about
67.8% engaged in machinery rent, 17.3 % engaged in manufacturing, 3% in construction, 2.8% in
hotels, 2% in education, 1.5% in health and 0.17% in real-estate. In the existing high prevalence of
unemployment in Addis Ababa and the abundance of investment potentials much could have been
done as the total number of projects held operational is 1,143 (9%) of the total number of 12,730
projects registered. Therefore, the city investment has to be strengthened and more efforts should
be made to reduce the gap between licensed and operational projects so to eradicate the city
unemployment problems.

Table 3: Status of Licensed approval investment project (1997-2001) in 000 birr

Manufacturing

2556

40

No. of
projects
(Operation)
198

Real-estate

661

21,316,919.43

73,923

Construction

1662

35

87,249,344.5

456,711

Machinery rent

4619

11

775

41,845,199.05

95,624

Hotel

628

32

20,698,959.05

56,131

Education

370

23

3,268,108.27

32,424

Health

235

17

4,539,777

22,369

Others

784

61

6,278,001.6

75,064

Total

11,515

72

1,143

236,074,379.8

1,067,431

Sectors

No. of projects
(pre-

No. of projects
( implementation)

implementation)

Total
Investment
capital
50,878,070.93

Total Employment
created (Permanent,
contract, temporary)
255,185

Source: Investment Agency of Addis Ababa City Administration & Federal Investment Agency,
2002

2.2.3

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Currently, one central bank (National Bank of Ethiopia), 13 commercial banks (3 governmental and
10 private), 12 insurance organizations (1 governmental and 11 private) and 20 small saving and
credit institutions are operating in the city.
Banks
In 2001, the coverage of a single branch in Addis Ababa provides service for 11,842 people. The
expansion of financial institutions is greater in the city as compares to other part of the country
since it is the capital city of the country, African union and residents of different international
organizations. The Commercial Banks have a total of 636 branches operating throughout the
country in 2001. Among these, 38% are found in Addis Ababa (Central Bank of Ethiopia, 2002).
The National Bank of Ethiopia serves as the central bank while the commercial banks both
governmental and private, provide saving account services, checking accounts, short term loans
delivering, foreign exchange currency marketing, correspondence, cable money transfer, security
services and other services.
Similarly, the Ethiopian Development Bank and the Construction and Business Bank provide
banking services. The Ethiopian Development Bank delivers short term and long term loan services
for industrial and agricultural projects. It also conducts checking and saving account services. The
Construction and Business Bank, on its part, renders long term loan services for the construction of
residential houses and buildings.
Insurance organizations
Out of the 194 branches of insurance organizations are operating in the country, 50.5% are found in
Addis Ababa. However, the insurance services rendered by these institutions are operating in a
limited scope of intervention. With the growth of the city of Addis Ababa and the diversity of
institutions and companies, the existing types of insurance services are not sufficient to deal with
the complex urban related activities, and human and material damages due to accidents.

Small Scale Microfinance institutions

Several studies noted that poverty caused by different factors. Some argued that the cause of
poverty in developing economies among other things is that the poor does not have access to credit
facilities. To this end many developing economies have developed and providing credit to the poor
through microfinance schemes.

In Ethiopia, several micro finance institutions (MFIs) have

established and have been operating towards resolving the credit access problem of the poor
particularly to those participates in the petty business. (http://www.google com.et)
In Addis Ababa, there are 20 small saving and credit institutions that support the community by
providing loans and counseling services, which enable the community to engage in business of their
choice and produce according to their ability and skill.

However, these institutions are not

sufficient compared with the growing population size and the extent of urban poverty in the city.

2.2.3

POVERTY AND UNEMPLOYMENT

The number of poor, measured through the number of households below the poverty line, provides a
traditional measure of the general level of poverty. It indicates the relative number of people in
poverty which constitute the major part of disadvantaged groups. Progress in this area is achieved
through general socioeconomic development, poverty alleviation and eradication programs and
special support measures to disadvantaged groups. Reducing poverty is also a guarantee to improve
social integration (Urban Development Indicators of Addis Ababa, 1998).
According to the standard set by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, households
who earn below Birr 1,075.03 annually are categorized as living below poverty line. Currently, the
level of absolute poverty is approximated to constitute as 50% of the total households in the city
(Addis Ababa population images, 2001).
In Addis Ababa, the average economic activity rate, which is a total population above 10 years old,
is estimated to be 62.3%. And based on the data, the economic activity rate is generally lower
among women and higher for male population (see table 4.1).

Table 4.1: Activity status and rate for population aged 10 years and above: Addis
Ababa, 2001
Age group and
sex
All ages

All persons

Activity Status
Active
Non-Active

Activity rate

Total

2,367,059

1,473,577

893,482

62.3

Male

1,094,237

771,766

322,471

70.5

Female

1,272,822

701,811

571,011

55.1

Source: CSA, urban employment unemployment survey, 2001

The city unemployment rate was near to 28% in 2001 and comparatively the unemployment rate is
still severe among female population (see table 4.2).

Table 4.2: Unemployment rate for population aged 10 years and above: Addis Ababa,
2001
Age group and
sex
All ages

Unemployed
Total
Unemployment
unemployed
rate

Economically
active

Employed

Total

1,473,577

1,062,772

410,805

27.9

Male

771,766

630,084

141,682

18.4

Female

701,877

432,688

269,123

38.3

Source: CSA, urban employment unemployment survey, 2001

The leading reason for not engaged in any productive activity in the considered year was due to the
engagement in educational activities, that is, being a student. Other reasons were due to old age,
house maid, and illness (see table 4.3).

10

Table 4.3: Reasons Being Inactive for Population aged 10 years and above: Addis Ababa,
2001
Reasons for Not Being Active

Total

Total
nonactive
893,482

Male
Female

Sex

Home
makers

Injury/
disabled

Illness

Old age/
pensione
d

Others

Not
stated

16,908

97,095

40,565

3,021

6,683

4,110

32,962

15,651

628

7,269

12,798

64,133

24,914

2,393

Too
young

Pregnancy

Student

73,571

34,690

560,345

5,599

47,736

13,951

322,471

2,066

241,877

2,647

15,848

571,011

71,505

34,690

318,468

2,953

31,888

Remitt
ance

Source: CSA, urban employment unemployment survey, 2001

The informal sector has played an increasing role in the expansion of production in rapidly growing
cities in developing countries. The informal sector may generate substantial activity and may
constitute a basis for the development of urban economies, if adequate policies are in place to
enable the sector to perform and expand productivity (Urban Development Indicators of Addis
Ababa, 1998).
According to CSA (2001), out of the totally employed population in Addis Ababa nearly 75% were
engaged in the formal sector and the rest are engaged in the informal sector. The share of informal
sector in the city economy indicates that the informal sector would play an important role in
bringing institutional changes for more flexible fiscal policies and better financial credit
arrangements for small units of production.
According to CSA (2001), the major sectors which employed most of the labor force in the city are
service (71%) and industry (25%) and while agriculture constitute only 1.5%.

11

2.2.5 FISCAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Revenue
The trend of the citys revenue increases continuously over the period of 1997 2001 from year to
year, except in 1999. In 2001, of the city total revenue, the tax revenue, which comprises of direct
and indirect components, accounted for about 51.8% while the non-tax revenue sources accounted
for the remaining 49% (see table 5.1).

Table 5.1: Revenue Trend of Addis Ababa City

Annual Trend in million

Total
Revenues
Total revenue

1997

1,976.44

direct tax

807.91

indirect tax

177.31

non-tax

934.41

1998

2,677.60
40.9
9
47.3

875.62
154.09
1,686.49

1999

2000

2,425.22
32.7
5.8
63

1,015.08
122.60
1,238.57

3,008.59
41.8

1,458.26

124.63

51

1,359.28

2001

4,313.06
48
4
45

2,040.70
193.70
2,114.13

47.3
4.5
49

Source: Bureau Finance & Economic Development of Addis Ababa, 2002

Figure 1: The Composition of Citys Total Revenue 1997 2001

revenue in million Birr

5,000.00
4,500.00
4,000.00
3,500.00
3,000.00

total revenue
direct tax

2,500.00

indirect tax

2,000.00
1,500.00

non-tax

1,000.00
500.00
1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

budet year

Source: Bureau Finance & Economic Development of Addis Ababa, 2002

12

Expenditure
The citys expenditure, over the period of 1997 2001 grew, on average, at the rate of 31.4%
annually. The recurrent and capital expenditure grew, on average, at the rate of 24 % and 35.7%
annually, respectively.

The growth trends of capital expenditure was growing at higher rate

successively over of time indicating that the City Administration has paid due emphasis on
investment and developmental projects (see table 5.2).

Table 5.2: Expenditure trend of Addis Ababa City

Total
Expenditures

1997

1998

Annual Trend in million

1999
2000

2001

Recurrent

572.35

814.76

876.97

991.75

1,558.81

Capital

934.81

1,420.77

1,824.50

2,848.12

4,047.54

1,507.16

2,235.53
48.3

2,701.47
20.8

3,839.87
42

5,606.35
46

Total
Growth rate %

Source: Bureau Finance & Economic Development of Addis Ababa, 2002

Figure 2: Expenditure trend 1997 2001

expenditure in million Birr

expenditure trend
6,000.00
5,000.00
4,000.00

reccurent

3,000.00

capital

2,000.00

total

1,000.00
1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

budget year

Source: Bureau Finance & Economic Development of Addis Ababa, 2002

13

2.2.6

CITY GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

GDP is one of the major variables of macro economic indicator which provides datas such as per
capita income, saving, investment, inflation and others. It is defined as the measurement of the
value of all goods and services produced in a period minus the goods and services consumed in the
production process during the same period.
According to the city BoFED GDP estimation result (1999-2004), the gross value added in nominal
terms increased from Birr 15,598.4 billion in 2005 to Birr 43,332.7 billion in 2009. Similarly, the
GDP estimation value at constant using 1993 as a base year, the city gross value added increased
from Birr 12,405.3 billion in 1997 to Birr 18,659.7 billion in 2001. In real term, the citys economy
grew, on average, at rate of 8.6% annually (see table 6).

Table 6: Estimated Results of Addis Ababa Citys Gross Domestic Product (in million
Birr) during 1997 - 2001
Description
GDP at current factor cost
Agriculture
Sector Industry
Service
GDP at constant factor cost

1997
15,598.4

Annual Trend
1998
1999
2000
18,738.3 23,971.1 30,347.4

2001
43,332.7

50.30
3,319.40
11,090.00

60.20
4,260.90
13,146.50

78.60
5,569.40
16,904.80

100.30
7,103.40
21,560.90

144.90
10,264.80
31,156.60

12,405.3

13,905.3

15,309.7

16,886.6

18,659.7

Source: Policy study and analysis sub process, AABOFED, 2002

14

Figure 3: The Share of main economic sectors

share of sectors from total GDP
35,000.00
30,000.00
total GDP

25,000.00
agri

20,000.00

industry
15,000.00

service

10,000.00
5,000.00
1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

budget year

Source:

Policy study and analysis sub process, AABOFED, 2002

Figure 4: The average share of main economic sectors

share of sectors from GDP

0.35%

24.29%
agri

75.37%

industry
service

Source:

Policy study and analysis sub process, AABOFED

As indicated in the figures above, the service sector is the mainstay of the citys economy. The
service sector, on average, contributes about 75.4% to the city total GDP. This implies that the
sector is a strategic sector with a potential to trigger the economy through employment creation and
revenue generation. The industrial and agricultural sectors contributed, on average, for about 24.3%
and 0.35% per annum, respectively during 1997 2001.
15

2.3 SOCIAL INDICATORS

2.3.1

HEALTH

Health is one of the fundamental social development indicators of a country. Getting health service
is part of human right, and with out it economic development of a country becomes inconceivable.
(BOFED, Development Indicators of the Amhara National Regional State, February 2001).
Besides, improved health status of society in fact has an affirmative effect in enhancing the quality
of life and promoting social development. If equitable and sustainable development is to be
achieved, an initial step may be to give adequate emphasis for health as a means of identifying
priorities in urban development endeavors. This would enable the urban development agenda to be
guided by the long-term goal of human well-being rather than the short-term goal of economic wellbeing.
strategy.

In this regard, the Ethiopian government has operationalized prevention based health
Consequently, the health sector development program is mainly focusing on the

establishment of primary health care services and capacity building. In line with this the prevention
of contagious diseases has been given attention.
Health related indicators are manifested in a number of ways. Few of them may include status of
different health services coverage, health professionals to population ratio, and HIV/AIDS
prevalence. In 2001, doctors to population and nurse to population ratios were 1:5007 & 1:3894,
respectively. Moreover, HIV prevalence was 8.5% in 2001 while status of the health coverage
based on the governments total number of health centers was only 36%. But this did not take in to
account the service being provided by the private health institutions.

In relation to mother-child

health services, antenatal care service coverage showed an increase to 108% in 2001. Generally,
the health indicators of the city have shown progresses (see table 7).
By and large, the above portrayed indicators imply that more and more efforts have to be executed
by the concerned organizations to bring about an equitable distribution of health services in the city.
In other words, the effectiveness of basic health care and supporting services as well as inter
sectoral interventions largely rely on the extent of the entire stakeholders (the public sector, the
private sector, the community, others) participation at all stages in realizing the aimed goal of
equitable health distribution.
16

Table 7: Major health indicators for the year 1997 2001

No

Health indicators

DPT3 immunization coverage

Measles (immunization coverage)

TT2 coverage pregnant

TT2 coverage non pregnant

Antenatal care service coverage

Postnatal health service coverage

Hospital delivery service

Family planning /CPR

contraceptive

Doctors
- doctors to population
Nurses
- Nurse to population ratio
Number of Hospitals
Number of Hospital beds
- Hospital bed to population
Number of clinics
Number of health posts
Number of health centers
- Health service coverage
HIV prevalence

10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Unit of
measure
ment
No.

1997

Annual Trend
1998
1999
2000

2001

43616

45995

44618

49799

52160

%
No.
%
No.
%

(70%)
41689
(66%)
35588
(54.3%)

(45.4%)
41440
(40.9%)
41159
(59.2)

(42.8%)
40194
(38.54%)
-

(46.4)
42719
(39.8%)
-

(84%)
48323
(78%)
3789
(71%)

No.
%
No.
%

48368
(5.2%)
54689
(83.4%)

49728
(5.2%)
62394
(58.8%)

57988
(81%)

67010
(91%)

8644
(4.1%)
73870
(108%)

No.
%
No.
%
No.

19673
(30.0%)
24013
(36.6%)
183,063

22131
(20.9%)
29755
(28%)
438,607

21365
(29.8%)
23678
(33.1%)
468020

25088
(34.1)
32072
(43.55%)
353,652

30177
(44%)
38036
(56%)
298,938

%
No.
Ratio
No.
Ratio
No.
No.
Ratio
No.
No.
No.
%
%

(19.7%)
94
1:3071
610
1:4733
05
927
1:3114
8
35
24
29
14.5

(47.9%)
142
1:2094
659
1:4511
05
927
1:3207
8
35
24
29
11.7

(47.6%)
99
1:2766
807
1:3393
05
927
1:2954
8
35
24
28
7.5

(35%)
68
1:4110
1366
1:2046
05
927
1:3015
7
35
24
28
7.5

(33%)
57
1:5007
733
1:3894
05
927
1:3079
6
34
24
36
8.5

Source: Addis Ababa Health Bureau, 2010

N.B
* - Reliable information was not available
o DPT 3- is a vaccine given for children under one year of age.
o TT2- is a vaccine given for pregnant women (in our case) to care the mother and her
newborn baby before and after birth.
o (-) data not available

17

2.3.2

EDUCATION

Improving the capabilities of people should be in the forefront if real development is to be pursued.
Thus, education is one area where any development effort should pay priority attention. Education
is a means to sustain and accelerate over all development in a country and it has a direct effect on
individual productivity and earnings as well. As a result of this, in recent years, strengthening the
links between economic growth and human development is given due attention as a means to escape
from poverty trap. In the Ethiopian case, primary education and educating girls are important areas
of development endeavors.

Besides, it is believed that the realization of agricultural-led

development, industrialization and democratization would be possible through education. (BOFED,

Development Indicators of the Amhara National Regional State, February 2001).
The key indicator of education is the level of literacy rate. Literacy rate is used as a measure of the
effectiveness of the primary education system, which is often seen as a proxy measure of social
progress and economic achievement.

A person is considered to be literate if one can read with

understanding and write a short statement at least in one language. Otherwise, the person is
considered to be illiterate. In Addis Ababa, both literacy and numeracy rates are slightly higher for
male population as compared to female. This might be due to lower school enrolments and early
dropouts among females (see table 8.1)

Table 8.1: Literacy rates of Addis Ababa city (10 years and above)
Gender

Literacy

Numeracy

Male

50.83%

51.54%

Female

49.17%

48.46%

Source: CSA, Welfare Monitoring Survey, 1996

Besides, the differences in the status of educational attainment among male and female population
are also the other important indicator in education. In the city, male educational attainment is
higher especially in the tertiary education, while it declines at primary & secondary education levels
(see table 8.2).

18

Table 8.2: Educational attainment of Addis Ababa

Primary
Secondary
Male
50.92%
12.87%
Female
56.64%
14.50%
Source: CSA, Welfare Monitoring Survey (WMS), 1996

Tertiary
36.21%
28.86%

School enrolment ratio is also one of the vital indicators in assessing the performance of the
education sector. By measuring participation of educational opportunity for all in terms of school
enrolment, this indicator addresses the issue of gender equality in achieving universal primary
education (MDG goal). Because eliminating gender disparity at all levels of education will help to
increase the status and capabilities of women.

Table 8.3: Enrollment ratios in Addis Ababa, for the period 1997 2001
Gross enrollment ratio
Primary
(1-8)
Boys
Girls

122.4%
113.8%

Secondary
1st cycle
(9-10)
97.85%
70.75%

Secondary
2nd cycle
(11-12)
27.1%
17.7%

Net enrollment ratio

Primary
(1-8)
84.2%
69.5%

Secondary
1st cycle
(9-10)
41.6%
32.2%

Secondary
2nd cycle
(11-12)
-

Drop out rates (1996-2000)

Primary
(1-8)
-0.77%
0.09%

Secondary
1st cycle
(9-10)
-

Secondary
2nd cycle
(11-12)
-

Source: City Government of Addis Ababa Education Bureau, 2002

From table 8.3, both gross and net enrollment ratios are higher among male than women. This
clearly indicates lower participation of women at all levels of education perhaps due to early drop
outs and socio-economic as well as cultural barriers.
On the other hand, information obtained from the citys education bureau showed that in Addis
Ababa there are about 757 kinder garden, 506 primary schools, 285 junior schools and 112
secondary schools (both private & government) in 2001.
According to table 8.4, the net enrolment rate of primary education improved from 1997 to 1998,
while declined from 1999 to 2001. In the case of net enrollment rate in secondary education, it
increases from 1997 to 1999, while it declines from 2000 to 2001.

For instance, the net primary

enrollment was about 95.5% in the year 1997 which latter increased to 96.7% in the year 1998.
Regarding quality of the education, a relative progress has been exhibited particularly in terms of
teacher to student ratio and drop out rates (see table 8.4).
19

Table 8.4: Major education indicators of Addis Ababa for the year 1997 2001
N
o
1

6
7
8

Annual Trend
1998
1999 2000

Unit of
measureme
nt

1997

Access indicators
- Gross enrollment rate at primary (grade 1-8)

Rate (%)

116.4%

117.3%

- Net enrollment at primary (grade 1-8)

- Gross enrollment rate at secondary (grade 9-10)

95.5%
73.0%

96.7%
81.9%

110.8
%
91.5%
88.7%

- Net enrollment rate at secondary (grade 9-10)

39.0%

40.1%

Ratio

1:19
1:36
1:39
3.1%

Ratio

Rate

Education indicators

2001

46.3%

135.9
%
93.0%
111.8
%
43.7%

106.3
%
75.6%
81.8%
36.1%

1:17
1:32
1:39
1.1%

1:19
1:29
1:31
0.9%

1:17
1:26
1:27
0.3%

1:17
1:25
1:23
-

1:58
1:70

1:56
1:72

1:43
1:56

1:43
1:59

1:43
1:58

3.1 %
2.7%
4.2%

1.1%
0.6%
5.0%

0.9%
0.2%
2.1%

0.3%
0.1%
2.8%

1:1
1:1

1:1
1:1

1:1
1:1

Quality indicators
- Teachers to student ratio at KG
- Teacher to student ratio at primary grade (1-8)
- Teacher to student ratio at secondary (9-12)
- Dropout rates at primary (Grade 1-8)
Efficiency indicators
- Section to student ratio at primary
- Section to student ratio at secondary (Grade 910)
- Total primary school dropout rate (Grade 1-8)
- Primary school dropout for girls rate (Grade 1-8)
- Primary school repetition rate for girls (Grade 18)
- Primary school text book student ratio
- Secondary school text book student ratio
Number of schools (KG)
- Private
- Govt
Number of primary schools
- Private

Numbers

260
6

400
6

507
6

737
6

751
6

Numbers

- Govt

92
84

202
85

239
94

355
111

393
113

Numbers

69
77

95
81

116
83

171
103

180
105

Numbers

26
21

37
24

54
31

63
42

68
44

Number of Junior schools

- Private
- Govt
Number of secondary schools
- Private
- Govt
Colleges & Universities *** (under AAEB)
- Private *** Under MOED
- Govt *** Only KCTE

Ratio
Ratio

Number

Source: City Government of Addis Ababa Education Bureau, 2002

20

2.3.3

HOUSING SECTOR

Housing in its very nature has different connotations that range across social, economic and cultural
spirits beside its direct function of sheltering. It is a universal fact that shelter is one of the basic
necessities of life and occupies the biggest portion of any human settlement.

To this end,

assessment of basic features of the citys housing sector has to be made in order to draw imperative
policy recommendations and to understand the general performance of the sector.
In the case of Addis Ababa, housing sector is highly characterized by poor quality due to old age,
massive shortages, congested, unsecured accompanied by unplanned settlement.

In terms of

quality, most of the houses constructed are of substandard class that is mainly built using
conventional wood and mud materials.

Durability
One indicator of a housing quality is its durability. Durable house is defined as a housing unit built
on a non-hazardous location and adequate enough to protect its inhabitants from the extremes of
climatic conditions such as rain, heat, cold, humidity. In relation to this, most of the Addis Ababas
housing units could be categorized as poor.
Based on the welfare monitoring survey statistical report (CSA, 1996), nearly 83% of the
households live in dwelling units made of non-durable wall material, that is, wood and mud. Only
12% of the households dwell in housing quarters built of relatively durable wall material such as
cement, stone and hollow blocks. Similarly 98% of the households live in houses that have
corrugated iron sheet. These all depicts how the majority of housing units in the city are featured
with dilapidations which imply the need for appropriate interventions towards slum improvements
through wide urban upgrading and urban renewal schemes.

Ownership
The other indicator of housing is ownership. It measures the extent to which the urban population is
housed legally. In the case of Addis Ababa, households who privately own a housing unit and who
rent either from government (Kebele & rental housing agency) or private households accounted for
35.29% & 55.29%, respectively (CSA WMS, 1996). As per CSA (1986), 16.7% were rented from
21

private house owners or other organizations, 2.5% were RHA (Rental Housing Agency) owned
houses, 38% were Kebele owned houses and the remaining 34.42% were privately owned houses.
Generally, this information depict that nearly 40.5% of the houses in the city are owned by the
public sector. However, such government owned houses are in a much dilapidated conditions.
Most of them are old, deteriorated and made of non-durable housing construction materials such as
wood and mud block and thus in most cases do not satisfy the criteria of descent housing.
The extent of unauthorized housing or informal settlement can also be measured as an urban
indicator. Lower value for this indicator is a sign that housing development is proceeding without
proper government controls, and that government is either tolerant of housing which does not
comply with its regulations or is unable to prevent illegal constructions. In relation to this, in Addis
Ababa, the size of informal houses is estimated to be about 60,000, which accounts for about 20%
of the total residential housing stock in the city and occupy about 4% of the total city area, 7% of
the built up areas and are expected to provide shelter for about 300,000 people living in the city
(BOFED of Addis Ababa, UDI, August 1998). This quite huge size of informality implies the need
for appropriate policy measures to address the problem sustain ably.

Connection to services
Status of connection to different services is also another indicator of urban development in relation
to housing. These principally include access to toilet facility, electricity, piped water & telephone.
In the case of developing nations, limited access to, or poor quality of, infrastructure services can be
considered as major barriers to business productivity and the major unsatisfactory situation for the
people. Access to these services in many cases is related to affordability. Thus, poor households
who can not afford private connections are usually forced to use primitive means, supplies and also
exposed to exploitation by private vendors. This is true especially in the case of water and electric
supply. In addition to, reducing the quality of life for settlements, the absences of connection to
basic services among poor communities living in informal settlements often make them vulnerable
to disease and epidemics.
In Addis Ababa, those houses who have no toilet and kitchen facility account for about 25% & 26%
respectively. In terms of toilet usage, 75% of the households in the city use pit latrines and only 1%
of the houses have access to improved sewerage connection. With respect to electric power and

22

water supply connections, about 96% of the housing units have private & shared electric lines and
more than 97% of the housing units own private water meter links (CSA, 1996).
In many cities, households resided in informal settlements are rarely connected to water supply
networks and can only rely on water from vendors up to 200 times the tap price. Improving access
to safe water implies less burden on people, mostly women, to collect water from available sources.
It also means reducing the global burden of water related diseases and the improvement in the
quality of life. In terms of water usage by source, almost all households (99.6%) have access to safe
water and only (0.4%) use unprotected water sources. Out of the safe water sources; 17% from
piped water inside the house, 48% from piped water outside the house, 35% from a communal tap
/bono/ (see table 9.1).
Similarly, 95% of the households in the metropolis uses electricity for lighting & close to 42% of
the households have fixed telephone lines (CSA WMS, 1996). In general, the above described facts
clearly witness the need to call for appropriate interventions by the concerned organizations in order
to reduce those acute shortages and quality problems observed in the provision of basic services.

23

Table 9.1: Housing condition and facilities (Addis Ababa)

No.
1

Housing indicators
Type of building
Non storied
- Attached
- Detached
Multi storied
- Attached
- Detached
Housing ownership
By houses
Privately owned
Rented from government
Rented from private household
Others
By households
Privately owned
Rented (from government & private household)
Free of charge
Others
Construction Material
Distribution of houses by construction material of wall, roof &
floor in a dwelling unit
Wall
- Mud & wood
- Stone, brick, hollow block and cement
- Others
Roof
- Corrugated iron sheets
- Others
Floor
- Mud
- Wood tiles
- Cement concrete and brick tiles
- Others
Distribution of households by construction material of wall in a
dwelling unit
Wall
- Mud & wood
- Stone, brick, hollow block and cement
- Others
Roof
- Corrugated iron sheets
- Others
Housing facilities
Distribution of houses by the following facilities
Toilet
- Private with flush
- Private with out flush
- Shared
- No toilet

Unit of
measurement

Indicator
values

97.15
58.14
39.01
2.66
1.99
0.67

34.42
40.4
16.4
8.78

35.4
55.29
7.59
1.3

75
15
10

96
4

52.8
17.9
24.8
1.9

82.72
13.26
4.02

98
2

4
18.16
48.94
24.9

24

Kitchen
- Private
- Shared
- No kitchen
Water
- Housing unit with private water meter connection
- Tap water shared meter
- Others
Electric light
- Housing unit with private electric meter connection
- Shared electric meter
- No electric light
Houses with one room
Households with television set
Houses with telephone line
Distribution of households by the following facilities
Toilet
- Flash toilet
- Pit latrine
- Container/household items
- Field /forest
- Others
Source of water
- From piped water inside the house
- From piped water outside the house
- From a communal tap/bono/
- From unprotected sources of water
Electric light
- Electricity with private meter
- Electricity with shared meter
- Others (Kerosene, fire wood, etc)
Distribution of households by number of rooms of a
dwelling unit
- One room
- Two room
- Three room
- Four and above
Houses with telephone line
Over-crowding
Average household size
Household per housing size
Person per room

38
52
9

26.8
70.9
2.3

45.05
50.49
4.46
30.7
75
47

16.93
74.32
0.86
6.95
1

17
48
35
0.4

56
39
5

29.61
31.48
19.89
18.96
42.19

No.

4.6
1.1
2.1

Source: BOFED of Addis Ababa, UDI, August 1998 & Addis Ababa food security and
vulnerability study by Unicef, June 2001.

25

Overcrowding
Overcrowding is another key indicator for measuring the adequacy of the basic human need of
shelter. Reduced space per person is often associated with certain categories of health risks and
therefore considered as key criteria to define the slum. A house is supposed to provide a sufficient
living area for the household members if three or less people share the same room. In the case of
Addis Ababa, the average person per room is estimated to be 2.1 which can be considered as
relatively sufficient as compared to the standard. Nonetheless, it should not be ignored that the
number of persons per room varies across sub cities of the city. According to (BOFED of Addis
Ababa, UDI, August 1998), nearly 41% of the dwelling units in the city are overcrowded, 51% are
sufficiently occupied and around 8% are under occupied if 2.5 persons per room are taken as
acceptable standards.
In general, to reduce the housing problems of low and middle income societies of the city, Addis
Ababa city administration has constructed about 77,991 condominium houses during the period of
1996 2002 by investing 1.1 Billion birr (16% of total cost of construction). Of which 52,928
houses are distributed to users. This minimizes the city housing shortage by 17.6%. There are
300,000 housing shortage potentials in Addis Ababa, and to address the problem it was planned to
construct 50,000 condominium houses during 2003-2005 (SPM of Addis Ababa city
Administration, 2002). The construction of condominium houses in the city have created for about
172,926 employment opportunity to both permanent & temporary city residences. Therefore, the
city government should continue its effort to minimize the housing and unemployment problems of
the city.
Table 9.2: Condominium Houses condition in Addis Ababa
Unit of
measurement

No
Indicators
1 Number of condominium houses constructed
No.
2 Number of houses distributed to users
No.
- Female
No.
- Male
No.
3 Total cost of construction
Birr
4 Total cost of subsidized by government
Birr
5 Employment opportunity
- Permanent
No.
- Contract/temporary
No.
Total
No.
Source: Addis Ababa Housing Development Project Office, 2002.

From year 1996 - 2001

77,991
52,928
32,230
20,698
6,994,434,394.27
1,128,766,695
56,846
104,256
172,926

26

2.3.4 ENVIRONMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Environment
Associated with the global warming, Ethiopia like other developing countries is facing
environmental crisis, which threatens to precipitate and deepen the country's uncertain economic
and social state. Among other things, this environmental crisis is caused by unwise use of natural
resources, unplanned operation and development of projects, and rapid population growth. Now a
days climatic change (the spread of carbon) greatly affects African countries including Ethiopia.
Environmental problems are also among the most serious challenges of socio-economic
development of Addis Ababa. According to the data obtained from environmental protection
authority, the existing level of non point source of water pollution and point source of water
pollution are highly deviating from the international standard and this calls for considering
environmental issues as a major development strategy. Hence, appropriate policies need to be
developed to meet the international standard.
Table 10: Features of environment in Addis Ababa for the year 1997 2001
No.
1

Indicators

Standard

Addis Ababa

Industrial point source water pollution (all

categories of industries)
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD520 at
20oc)
- Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

- Total Suspended solid (SS)

- Treatment Plant (TP)

Unit of
measurement

- Chromium (Cr) (trivalent and hexavalent)

Non point source water pollution indicators
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD520 at
20oc)
- Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
- Suspended solid (SS)

- E.coli
Density of public parks

Change in total green area

Mg/L

100

505.9mg/l

Mg/L

It is generally more
than BOD520 but it is
dependent on the type
of industry
50
Primary, secondary,
Territory depending on
the effluent

3771.1 mg/l

Mg/L
Type of
treatment plant

Mg/L

Less than 1

2583.7mg/l
Some industries have primary
treatment where they need
secondary and some have
secondary where they need
tertiary and therefore it is not
possible to say they have
complete treatment plants.
45mg/l

Mg/L

5mg/l 02

130 mg/l

Mg/L
Mg/L

< 35 mg/l
25 mg/l
(annual mean)
200mpn/100 ml
9m2/inhabitants
(standard was used
from WHO
(9m2/inhabitants)
-

566mg/l
312 mg/l

Mpn/100ml
M2/inhabitants

Ha

6.68*109mpn/100ml
0.5m2/inhabitant (for conversion
3 mil. Inhabitants per existing
and proposed park
121.8ha/number of inhabitants)
-

Source: Environmental Protection Authority, 2002

27

WASTE MANAGEMENT
Like in many developing cities, a rapid population growth and high rural-urban migration poses
many environmental challenges for Addis Ababa city. One of these challenges is related to dry
waste management.

The in adequate solid waste management system has resulted in the

accumulation of waste on open lands, in drains and around residential area of the city, causing huge
trouble especially due to unclean smelling pools, water and soil pollution and burning of waste (air
pollution), blockage of drains, and consequently aggravates the spread of diseases. In many areas of
the city unattended piles of waste are becoming a breeding place for disease vectors (insects and
rats). This situation is believed to result in poor urban environmental conditions and a chronic risk
of epidemics, which in turn present a formidable threat to health and productivity of the inhabitants
of the city. (Tadesse Kuma, January 1997).

Solid waste
In the case of Addis Ababa, solid and liquid waste collection is undertaken by governmental and
private organizations. With regard to solid waste, the total amount of solid waste generated daily
(in 1998) was 1,808.6m3 whereas the capacity of waste disposal was only 1,480.2m3 per day (81.8%
only). From the total waste generated, wastes from households, industries and institutions and street
sweeping constitute about 76%, 18% and 6%, respectively. (See table 11)

Liquid waste
In 2000, the total daily liquid waste generated in the city was 155,013 M3, while the daily collection
capacity was 10,000 (only 6.4% of the total daily liquid waste generation) and according to water &
sewerage authority of Addis Ababa (2002) the per capita production was 88 liter/day.
Generally, we can say that there is a big gap in the level of solid and liquid waste generation and
disposal. Especially, in liquid waste generation and collection the problem is Sevier.
Therefore, further efforts need to be introduced to enhance the capacity of waste management in an
effective manner.

28

Table 11: Waste generation, collection and disposal

No

Indicators

1
2

Annual solid waste generated

Daily total solid waste
generated
Daily per capita solid waste
generated
Source of solid waste
- Household

3
4

- Industries and institution

- Street sweeping
5
6
7

8
9

Daily solid waste collection

capacity
Annual solid waste collection
capacity
Solid waste disposal
- Collected
- Illegal dumping
- Recycled
- Composted
Total number of vehicles
engaged in waste disposal
Number of garbage collection
containers

Unit of
measureme
nt

1997

M
M3

642,48.15
1759.3

660,128.45
1808.57

Kg/capital/
day

0.221

Percent
(%)
Percent
(%)
Percent
(%)
M3

Annual Trend
1998
1999

2000

2001

700,035.6
1917.9

0.221

0.221

0.221

0.221

76

76

76

76

76

18

18

18

18

18

1708.55

1480.18

1,685.85

1,471.37

1834.64

Percent
(%)

97.11

81.84

87.9

79.1

93.4

M3
M3
No.

623,624
139591

540,266.91
232,058.09

615,335.65
171,970

537,050
141,561.9

669,645
47,501.25

65

65

65

85

85

No.

473

773

Source: Cleansing Management Agency, 2002

(-) data not available

Another important indicator with regard to urban solid waste management is the distribution of
households by type of waste disposal facilities. According to CSA (1996), nearly 64% of the citys
households disposed their wastes using vehicles or containers while 11% of them were disposing on
open fields, 10% of the households burn their generated waste and 15% buried their waste and used
it as compost. This reveals that a significant portion of the solid waste generated was disposed
illegally and thus bringing much pressure on the citys environment and the health of its inhabitants.

29

2.3.5

TOURISM

Addis Ababa city is one of the most important tourist destinations in Africa. Therefore, tourism in
Addis Ababa, is one of the major industries that help the socio-economic development of the city.
There are many tourist destinations in Addis Ababa.
Some of the important tourist attractions of Addis Ababa are:

The Lion of Judah Monument

St. George Cathedral in Addis Ababa

Abune Petros Memorial

Yekatit 12 Martyrs Square

Ethiopian National Museum

Menelik Mausoleum

Trinity Cathedral

Meyazia 27 Square

Based on the information obtained from Culture and Tourism Bureau of Addis Ababa about 357
foreign tourists visited the Addis Ababa Museum in 2001 (see table 12).
The number of domestic and foreign tourists visited Addis Ababa were 6,722 and 1,967
respectively in 1997. This was a peak time for tourists to visit Addis Ababa. However, the number
of domestic and foreign tourists was declining to 1,214 and 357 respectively in 2001.
Table 12: Trend of Tourist flow in Addis Ababa Museum for the Year 1997-2001
Tourist Flow
Domestic tourists
1997

6722

1998

4940

1999

5350

2000

781

Foreign tourists
2001

1214

1997

1998

1967

1328

1999

1071

2000

153

2001

357

Source: Addis Ababa, Culture and Tourism Bureau, 2002

30

2.3.6

LAND USE

For effective urbanization and organized urban development, a well thought urban planning
exercise is a prerequisite.

Besides, urban areas need development strategies tailored to the

geographical and demographic specificitys of their local areas. To this end, exploring the status of
land use significantly helps for strategic urban planning that matches with the available resources in
line with the requirements of the rapidly increasing population. In other words, effective land
management helps to equate the supply of land with the demand for different functions such as
industry; housing, commerce and the like. (BOFED of Addis Ababa, UDI, August 1998)
Even though land is the largest economic resource of Addis Ababa, the land use pattern is
characterized by haphazard development which mainly geared towards horizontal expansion.
Particularly, most of the riverside areas in the city are not well kept and utilized as per the
acceptable standard. Out of the entire 54,000 hectare of the citys land, built-up area comprises
31.3%, green area (forest, riverside greens etc) accounts for 23.4%, existing agriculture area 13.8%,
proposed mixed use expansion area 13.4%, existing industries 2.4% and social services account for
1% (see table 13)
Table 13: Addis Ababa City Land use indicators
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Land use categories

City centers *
Forest
Agriculture
Existing industry
Proposed industry
Mixed use built up
Proposed social service
Existing social service
Reserved
Transport
Mixed use expansion
Road Network (Arterial street only excluding local
street, collector street
Total
Source: Urban Planning & Information Institute, 2002

Area/in hectare
1317
12647
7453
1292
1846
16,900
624
514
1085
1029
7243
2050
54,000

Percentage
share

2.4
23.4
13.8
2.4
3.4
31.3
1.2
1.0
2.0
1.9
13.4
3.8
100

* City centre areas are areas which are allocated to accommodate major commercial and business service giving
institutions, governmental and NGOs, transport centers, high rise building developments, public spaces, civic
centers etc.

31

The prime concern regarding the land use indicator is to investigate whether the distribution is
appropriate in terms of future development and meeting the need for the people. In order to
evaluate the performance of this indicator, one has to examine the following key issues:

What is the amount of land reserved by the city authorities for future development?

Is there a strategic plan for new developments for the city?

Is the city strategic plan accompanied with appropriate funding for implementation?

Has the planning process and the budgeting process of the strategic plan formally
involved the concerned stakeholders?

Are there regularization programs for informal settlements?

Do building and land subdivision regulations reflect affordability constraints of low

income groups? Are there special norms and standards for low income groups for
new residential developments?

In relation to the above, Addis Ababa city administration has fulfilled most of the issues raised at
least during the master plan revision exercise undertaken. For instance, the revised master plan has
proposed 1,317 hectare (2.4% of the entire area) for city centre, 2,050 hectare (3.8%) for road
network development, and 624 hectares (1.2%) of land for social services. Besides, five year
strategic plans and strategic development action plans were also prepared for the city. In addition,
issues concerning informal settlement regularization (such as enacting new regulation), participation
of the stakeholders during the planning process and devising regulatory aspects in relation to
affordability for low income groups at least are not new exercises for the city administration.

32

2.3.7 SOCIAL AFFAIRS

Social problems have been increasing in both scope and magnitude at an alarming rate. The major
problems included under the social problems are prostitution, lumpiness, begging, drug and alcohol
abuse, street life, juvenile delinquency, and others. Those problems affect not only those who are
directly involved but also their families and the society at large.
According to the assessment on the situation of women and girls in Addis Ababa, February 2006,
there were between 50,000-60,000 street children in Addis Ababa. The number of prostitutions also
reached up to 150,000 (BOFED of Addis Ababa, 4 years population program, 2002). In addition to
this, there were about 182,217 orphan childrens in the city. Relatively the figure declines when
compared with 1997.
To address the above mentioned problems, it requires effective implementation of social welfare
program through the participation of communities, religious organization, civic organization,
private sector, non-governmental organization and government.

Table 14: Number of orphan children in Addis Ababa, for the period
1997 - 2001.
Annual Trend
Number of orphan children

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

195,534

196,877

194,244

188,225

182,217

Source: HAPCO (HIV Aids Prevention & Controlling Office) 2002

33

2.3.8

WOMENS SITUATION

There are a lot of measures which are taken by the city government to empower women
economically, socially and politically. The city government allocated 30% of the condominium
houses for women alone and equally eligible to participate on the remaining 70% among men. This
ensures property ownership of women. In Addis Ababa, the numbers of women constitute 52.4% of
the total population. This brings attention to have full-bodied participation in the activities of
development.

In other words, poverty would be reduced if and only if women are properly

addressed in the development efforts.

Women education

The Addis Ababa city SPM 2002 indicates that womens participation kinder garden was 50%,
primary education (9-10) was 50%, and preparatory (higher education) was 49 % and technical and
vocational was 58%.

Women health

In the city both females and males accessibility to health services was low. However, due to
poverty, economic dependency, re-productivity and rapes, relatively womens are more vulnerable
to health problems.

Women empowerment

The women participation in the public sector is more or less equal to those of men. However, they
are very few in number at the management level and constitutes only 16% of Bureau head, 20% of
vice Bureau heads, 17% of department heads, 21% of team leaders and 16% of section heads.

Women political participation

On the other hand, as it is indicated in table 15 below to empower women politically, the city
government has taken good initiatives to improve their participation in the regional, sub-city and
kebele councils. Even though this initiative is good and encouraging additional efforts should be
done to bring women in par with male in political participation.

34

Table 15: Empowerment ratio by sex in Addis Ababa, 2000

Percentage
Role in Political Activities

Female

Male

Regional council representative

21%

79%

Sub-city council representative

24%

76%

Kebele council representative

39%

61%

Source: Womens and Children Affairs Bureau, 2002

35

2.4

INFRASTRUCTURE AND WATER SUPPLY

2.4.1 ROAD NETWORK

Although modern infrastructures are infinitely more varied and complex than in the past, the
traditional function of the road network is no less important. Throughout the world, roads carry the
bulk of goods being traded and people being transported.
Road construction plays a significant role in realizing economic development and for the expansion
of investment. The role of construction of roads is crucial for sustainable development. Road
development is also essential with the perspective of saving of time, minimizing traveling expenses
and improving services in trade, education and health sectors. For the realization of sustainable
social and economic development, building new roads, maintaining and upgrading of the existing
ones is vital. In Addis Ababa, road networks are the main bloodlines of every day activities. As
indicated in table 16, the total road network coverage of the city of Addis Ababa in 2001 was 25.8
km2.
As indicated in table 16 below, the total length of road in the city has increased from 2,200 km in
1997 to 2,814 km in 2001. Of which 1,280 km (45.5%) was asphalt roads and the rest 1534 km
(54.5%) was gravel roads. From the total length of roads, roads with pedestrian walkway &
drainage facilities cover about 12.76% & 47.57% respectively in 2001.

% of roads with walkway = total length of roads with walkway total length of roads X 100
% of road with drainage connection = total length of roads with drainage connection total length of
roads X100

36

Table 16: Road length and area coverage

N
o

Road
category/indicators

Unit of
measur
ement

Km

Total Asphalt road

length

Up to 1997
With
7m
width
817

Km

250

336

262

352

297

477

319

512

344

652

Km
Km
Km
Km

95
151
167
1383

133
181
167

99
152
177
1400

139
182
177

101
155
181
1453

145
187
181

105
161
193
1488

151
193
193

116
174
208
1534

211
209
208

1. Principal arterial
road
2. Sub arterial road
3. Collector road
4. Local road
Gravel road

With
various
width

Up to 1998
With
7m
width
850

With
various
width

Up to 1999
With
7m
width width
990

With
various

Up to 2000
With
7m
width
1049

With
various
width

Up to 2001
With
7m
width
1280

With
various
width

Total Road length

(A+B) = a

Km

2200

2250

2443

2537

2814

D
E

Sidewalk way
Road length with
drainage
Total
road
area
(a*0.007 km*)
Road length with
drainage + sidewalk
way*0.003km*

Km
Km

264
815

285
874

307
950

319
1556

387
1630

15.4

15.75

17.1

17.76

19.7

3.24

3.48

3.77

5.63

6.1

18.64

19.23

20.87

23.39

25.8

F
G

Total road
coverage (F+G)
Length of road
indicators
% of arterial road
(1/a)* 100
% of sub arterial road
(2/a)*100
% of collector road
(3/a)* 100
% of local road (4/a)
*100

Km2

Km2
%

11.36

11.6

12.16

12.57

12.22

4.3

4.4

4.13

4.14

4.12

6.86

6.76

6.34

6.35

6.18

7.6

7.9

7.4

7.6

7.4

Km2
%

290
6.4

290
6.6

290
7.19

290
8

2901
8.9

3.45

3.56

3.9

4.3

4.8

Road density
indicator
I

Total built up area*

% of road density
(from the built up
area) H/I*100
% of road density
from the total area
H/540 km2*100

Source: Addis Ababa Road Authority, 2002

*0.007 km is an average width of roads

*
0.003 km is an average width of drainage and sidewalk
*
The total built up area of the city is currently increased from 290 km2; it was a data in 2005. However, there is no available
data from the concerned sector that is in what value it increases.

37

2.4.2 WATER SUPPLY

Water is one of the basic necessities of human life and supply of clean water is absolutely necessary
for healthy life.
In Addis Ababa, water both for household and industry consumption is provided by Addis Ababa
Water and Sewerage Authority. In 2001, the authority has an average capacity of accessing 92
mil.m3 of water to the city and this capacity has been increasing over the last five years as it was
indicated in table 17.

Table 17: Water production, distribution and consumption in Addis Ababa for the
Year 1997 2001

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Indicators
Annual water production
Water distribution
Leakage /water loss/
physical
Annual growth rate of water
distribution
Water production capacity
Annual growth rate of water
production capacity
Per capita water supply
Per capita water
consumption
Daily liquid waste generated
Daily liquid waste collection
capacity
Daily per capita liquid waste
generated
Daily liquid treated

Unit of
measurement

Annual Trend
1997
80.7
62.46
17.62

1998
82.86
65.05
17.81

1999
86.28
68.16
18.12

2000
88.41
70.72
17.68

2001
92.20
73.76
18.44

3.98

4.57

3.63

4.12

5.97

220,000
4.35

230,000
2.95

237,380
4.44

248,000
6.42

265,000
10.17

--

110
-

110
-

110
-

110
-

136,893
10,000

136,027
10,000

149,392
10,000

155,013
10,000

161,668
10,000

M3

88

88

88

88

88

M3

8,530

8,592

8,760

8,024

6,728

Mil. M
Mil. M3
%
%
M3/day
%
L/person
L/person
M3/day
M3/day

Source: Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority, 2002

* Since 1999, there were borehole pumps which start operation, and since June 2001 the water production
capacity was 265,000 M3/day.

38

Distribution of drinking water by source for households is also considered as one of the indicators
for various policy interventions. According to Addis Ababa food security and vulnerability study
by Unicef, (June 2001), almost all households (99.6%) have access to safe water and only (0.4%)
use unprotected water sources. Out of the safe water sources; 17% from piped water inside the
house, 48% from piped water outside the house, 35% from a communal tap /bono/.

2.4.3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

Now a days, information and communication development is becoming an indisputable input for
well informed and planned urban development. The role of media, information technologies and
communication services and networks like telephone, internet, fax and postal services is very
important to speed up all rounded development.

Information technology has been the chief device

in the structural transformation of cities.

Addis Ababa, as a capital city and the only metropolitan model of urban centers in the country, has
an ever-increasing demand for information and communication services and networks. In Addis
Ababa, most of socio-economic sectors employ computer technology for financial operations,
production planning and control, administration, and the like. At present, urban communication and
information in the city is growing relatively at a faster rate. In 2000, a total of 359,292 connected
land line telephone sets in Addis Ababa, giving a density of 129 land line telephones per 1,000
persons.
The trend towards accessing internet subscribers & mobile telephones is improving from time to
time. For instance, mobile phones subscribers had reached 584 per thousand people in 2000, and
the internet subscribers had reached 22 per thousand people in 2001, (see table 18).

39

Table 18: Status and trend of information & communication sector service in Addis
Ababa
Unit of
Annual Trend
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Indicators
measurement
Total population of
No
2,887
2,973
2,738
2,795
2,854
Addis Ababa (000)
1
Land line (LL)
No
290,831 307,660 348,213
359,292
356,697
telephone delivered
Growth Rate
%
5.78
13
3.18
-0.72
- Per population ratio
101LL
103LL
127LL
129LL
125LL
2
Mobile phone (MP)
No
330,494 780,030 1,033,524 1,632,202
distributed
- Per population ratio
114MP 262MP
377MP
584MP
3
Fax line delivered
No
Growth rate
%
- Per population ratio
4
Internet subscribers
No
15,939
23,152
28,260
30,699
63,953
(IS)
Growth rate
%
45
22
8.6
108
- Per population ratio
5.5IS
7.8IS
10.3IS
11IS
22IS
5
Postal Box
No
78,330
75,353
77,734
77,234
94,669
(PB)delivered
Growth rate
%
-3.8
3.2
-0.64
22.6
- Per population ratio
27PB
25PB
28PB
28PB
33PB
6
Television set owned
No
191,700 195,300 205,500
225,000
350,000
Growth rate
%
1.9
5.2
9.5
55.5
- Per population ratio
66TS
66TS
75TS
81TS
123TS
Source: Ethiopian Telecommunications, Ethiopian postal office, Ethiopian
Television and Radio enterprises, 2002

No.

Note
a. Data for internet service (1997-1999 E.F.Y) are estimated ones
b. Any fixed (Land line) can give a fax service

40

2.4.4 ENERGY CONSUMPTION

The type and extent of energy utilization, in one way or the other, reflects the foremost social issues
that affect sustainable development, which includes the prevalence of poverty, employment and
income levels gender disparity and the like. Several literatures witness that there is a need to plan
and implement energy and settlement policies with extensive public participation and thus energy
must be viewed as a means of contributing to the solution of major urban problems. In short, the
principal goal for energy in urban areas is bringing sustainable development. (BOFED of Addis
Ababa, UDI, August 1998)
In 2001, the highest electric energy consumption was exhibited in the household sector, which
consumed close to 45.3% of the entire electric utilization in the metropolis, and followed by
commerce and industrial sectors, which accounted for 31% & 23%, respectively.
Table 19.1: Electric power consumption of Addis Ababa city Administration by
Sectors for the year 1997 2001

No.
1
2
3
4

Sectors
Household
Commercial
Industry
Street
Total

Unit of
measurement
%
%
%
%
%

Annual percentage share of power

consumption
1997

1998

1999

2000

451.93
287.02
247.02
11.85
997.82

572.15
370.84
322.50
20.92
1286.41

562.53
371.75
329.78
13.82
1277.88

560.32
383.70
286.29
7.51
1237.82

Source: Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, 2002

According to Addis Ababa food security and vulnerability study by Unicef (June 2001), the citys
residents about (29%) use fuel wood for cooking. Kerosene is utilized for the same purpose as a
second source of energy, next to fuel wood (see table 19.2).

41

Table 19.2: Distribution of households by type of cooking fuel

Fuel
Wood
29

Kerosene

Charcoal

27

23

Butane
gas
12

Electricity

other

Source: Addis Ababa food security and vulnerability study by Unicef, June 2001.

2.4.5

TRANSPORT

The major mode of public transport in the city of Addis Ababa is buses and taxis. There is no rail
transit within the city. The existing public transportation is of a low quality because of the limited
number of buses and taxis, poor management, and poor driving ethics of drivers.

Public

transportation is an important element in day-to-day activities in Addis Ababa because:

(1) It is a relatively affordable means of transportation,

(2) It promotes reduction of environmental pollution and traffic accidents.

Even though the role of public transportation is noteworthy, the service provision is not good
enough as the demand is much greater than its supply. As the population and the number of
passengers increase, service should be expected to grow proportionally. This is not practically true
in the city because of financial and managerial constraints. (Mintesnot Gebeyehu and Shin-ei
Takano, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan)
According to city SPM (2002), of the total 2.2 million transport users, about 69% uses taxi, 19%
uses city bus, 8% use medium bus and the rest 4% uses public transport.
Based on the 2002 statistical data, a total of 10,500 vehicles (10,000 minibuses and 500 taxies) are
registered to give transportation services in the city. It provides a transportation services for 1.5
million passengers daily through 114 lines. In addition to this, 6,500 salon taxies are providing
transport services (80% in contract basis and 20% short trip services).
The city has 335 city buses. However, due to mechanical technical problems, half of them provide
transport services to an estimated number of 413,725 passengers. Besides to these, there are about

42

460 midi buses in the city which are giving transport services for the society. (BOFED of Addis
Ababa, 4 years population program, 2002)
Even though there are efforts to improve the transport service of the city, there are still constraints
in the transport service facility to meet the demand of city dwellers.
With increasing the number of vehicles also proportionally there is no sufficient traffic
administration capacity. Incidence of traffic accidents is found to be increasing substantially from
1997 to 1998 but it showed declining trend from 1999 to 2000 as it was indicated in the table 20.
Out of the total registered traffic accidents in the specified period (1997-2001), on average 76.44%,
9.92%, 7.5% and 3.87% were property damage, light injury, heavy injury and death, respectively.
Table 20: Annual trend of traffic accident for the year 1997-2001
N
o.
1
2
3
4
5

Type of accidents
Death
% of death from the total car
accidents
Heavy injury
% of heavy injury from the total
car accidents
Light injury
% of light injury from the total
car accidents
Property damage
% of property damage from the
total car accidents
Total car accidents
Annual growth rate of car
accident

Unit of
measur
ement
No.
%

1997

Annual Trend
1998
1999
2000

2001

320
3

374
3.4

347
3.9

381
4.7

371
4.35

No.
%

731
7

823
7.47

640
7.15

594
7.27

731
8.6

No.
%

1381
13

1259
11.4

850
9.5

735
9

576
6.7

No.
%

8111
77

8558
77.7

7112
79.5

6459
79

5845
69

No.

10543

11014
4.5

8949
-18.7

8169
-8.7

8523
4.3

Source: Traffic control and investigation Department, 2002

43

PART III CONCLUSION

Designing appropriate urban development policies, strategies, programs and plans are very essential
to overcome all social, economic and governance problems of the city. For these to be realized there
should be adequate and reliable socio-economic and urban development datas, which could be used
as an input and basis for decision making.

To this end, Bureau of Finance and Economic

Development (BOFED) of Addis Ababa Government has taken the initiative to compile and avail
the Urban Development Indicators of the city.
Accordingly, vital elements of urban development indicators have been identified and presented
along the existing statistics and records which were compiled from the concerned sectors. Basic
development indicators such as demographic, economic, social and infrastructures of Addis Ababa
are summarized in this study.
In Addis Ababa, as per 1999 (CSA) population and housing census result, the total
population was about 2.7 million. The sex proportion shows that of the total city population
52.4% were female and 47.6% were male, and, on average, the city population was growing
by 2.1% annually. The over all age dependency ratio of the city was about 38%. The infant
mortality rate in the city was found to be 50:1000 while less than five children mortality rate
was found to be 66:1000. The crude death rate estimated to be 6.9 and the crude birth rate
was 23.8 (BOFED, 2001).
With regards to Micro & Small Scale Enterprises, during 1997 2001 a total of 74,457 new
job opportunities have been created for operators.

Besides, a credit worth of Birr

616,222,620 was given to 101,928 operators. According to city SPM 2002 in 1999 about
83,166 small scale enterprises are operating in the city.
In Addis Ababa, about 12,730 projects were registered with a total capital outlay of Birr 236
billion and these projects are expected to create job opportunity for 1,067,431 persons.
Among the total operational investment projects 67.8% engaged in machinery rent, 17.3 %
engaged in manufacturing, 3% in construction, 2.8% in hotels, 2% in education, 1.5% in
health and 0.17% in real-estate.

44

 The GDP estimation result of city (BOFED, 2004) indicate that, the gross value added in
nominal terms increased from Birr 15,598.4 billion in 1997 to Birr 43,332.7 billion in 2001.
Using 2001 as a base year, the real gross value added of the city increased from Birr
12,405.3 billion in 1997 to Birr 18,659.7 billion in 2001. Accordingly the citys economy in
real term grew, on average, by about 8.6% per annum.
According to the standard set by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development,
households who earn below Birr 1,075.03 annually are categorized as living below poverty
line. In Addis Ababa, 50% of the total households living in absolute poverty. The city
unemployment rate also constituted as near to 28% in 2001
The city, doctors to population and nurse to population ratios were 1:5007 and 1:3894,
respectively in 2001. Moreover, HIV prevalence was 8.5% while status of the health
coverage based on the governments total number of health centers was only 36% in 2001.
But this did not take into account the service being provided by the private health
institutions.

In relation to mother-child health services, antenatal care service coverage

improved to 108% in 2001.

In the case of education sector, there are about 757 kinder garden, 506 primary schools, 285
junior schools and 112 secondary schools (both private & government) in 2001. The net
enrolment rate of primary education is showed improvement from 1997 to 1998, while
declines from 1999 to 2001. The city net enrollment rate in secondary education, had
improved during 1997 to 1999, and on contrary declines from 2000 to 2001. Regarding the
quality of the education in the city, a relative progress has been exhibited particularly in
terms of teacher to student ration and drop out rates.
In the case of housing sector of the city, it is highly characterized by poor quality, massive
shortages, as well as unplanned settlement. To reduce the housing problems of low and
middle income societies, the city administration constructed about 77,991 condominium
houses at a cost of 1.1 Billion birr (16% of total cost of construction). Of which 52,928
houses were distributed to users. In line with this, a total 172,926 job opportunity was
created (both permanent & temporary).

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 In the city of Addis Ababa, both solid and liquid wastes are managed by governmental and
private organizations. With regard to solid waste, in 1998 the daily solid waste generation
was 1808.57m3 and of this only 1480.18m3 (81%) were managed properly. In 2000, the daily
liquid waste generation was 155,013m3, and of this only 10,000 m3 (6 %) was managed
properly. Accordingly, the city per capita waste generation was 88 liter/day.
Since the number of womens constitutes about 52.4% of city population, the city
government has taken various initiative and measures in order to empower women. For
example, 30% chance is given to women in the distribution process of condominium houses.
This ensures property ownership of women.
The total length of road in the city had increased from 2,200 km in 1997 to 2,814 km in
2001. Of which 1,280 km (45.5%) was asphalt roads and the rest 1534 km (54.5%) was
gravel roads. From the total length of roads, roads with pedestrian walkway and drainage
facilities cover about 12.76% and 47.57%, respectively in the year 2001.
In Addis Ababa, water consumption both for household and industry consumption is
provided by Addis Ababa Water & Sewerage Authority. In 2001, the authority had an
average capacity of accessing 92 mil.m3 of water to the city and the trends indicate the city
capacity has been increasing over the last five years. In 2001, of the total water produced
about 18M3water was wasted due to leakage.
Regarding transport services, there are about 10,000 minibuses, 500 taxies and 6,500 salon
taxies owned by the private sector registered to give transportation service in the city.
Among these the minibuses and taxies provide transport services to around 1.5 million
people daily over 114 destinations on a fee bases. Moreover, the city has 335 city buses,
which provide public transport service.
While the total fleet sizes of transport vehicles are proportionally increasing, the traffic
accidents in the city due to poor traffic management are increasing. Incidence of traffic
accidents is found to be increasing substantially from 1997 to 1998 while it showed
declining trend from 1999 to 2000. Out of the total registered accidents in the specified
period (1997-2001), on average 76.44%, 9.92%, 7.5% and 3.87 property damages, light
injury, heavy injury and death, respectively.

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REFERENCES
Addis Ababa Womens Affairs Office in Collaboration with ACTION AIDETHIOPIA and UNICEF, Assessment on the situation of women and girls in
Addis Ababa, February, 1999
Addis Ababa City Administration, SPM 2002
BOFED, Urban Development Indicators of Addis Ababa, 1998
BOFED, Development Indicators of the Amhara National Regional State,
February 2001.
BOFED, Addis Ababa Population images, 2001.
Central Statistics Agency , Housing & Population Census, 1997
Central

Statistics

Agency,

Statistical

report

on

urban

employment

unemployment survey, 2001

Central Statistics Agency, Welfare Monitoring Survey, 1996
Data from different sectors of Addis Ababa city, 2002
- Health Bureau of Addis Ababa city
- Education Bureau of Addis Ababa city
- Culture and Tourism Bureau of Addis Ababa city
- Womens and children Affairs Bureau of Addis Ababa city
- Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation
- Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
- Ethiopian Postal Service
- Addis Ababa Road Authority
- Addis Ababa water and sewerage Authority
- Addis Ababa Trade and Industry Development Bureau
- Ethiopian Radio and Television Agency

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- Urban Planning and Information Institute.

- Environmental Protection Authority
- Cleansing Management Agency of Addis Ababa City Administration
- Anbassa City Bus Service Enterprise
- Traffic control and investigation Department
- Addis Ababa Housing Development Project Office
- Central Bank of Ethiopia
- Addis Ababa city Investment Agency & Federal Investment Agency
- Addis Ababa Civil Service Agency
- Addis Ababa Transport Authority.
- HIV Aids Prevention & Controlling Office
Ministry of Finance & Economic Development, Dynamics of Growth and
Poverty in Ethiopia (1988-1997) April, 2001 Addis Ababa.
UNICEF, Addis Ababa food security and vulnerability study, June 2001.

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