Acids and Bases

1.
Which statement explains why ammonia can act as a Lewis base?

A.
Ammonia can donate a lone pair of electrons.
B.
Ammonia can accept a lone pair of electrons.
C.
Ammonia can donate a proton.
D.
Ammonia can accept a proton.

(Total 1 mark)
2.
Consider the equilibrium below.

CH3CH2COOH(aq) + H2O(l)
CH3CH2COO (aq) + H3O (aq)
Which species represent a conjugate acid-base pair?

A.
CH3CH2COOH and H2O
B.
H2O and CH3CH2COO
C.
H3O and H2O
D.
CH3CH2COO and H3O
(Total 1 mark)
3.
Define the terms acid and base according to the Brnsted-Lowry theory and state one
example of a weak acid and one example of a strong base.
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(Total 2 marks)
IB Questionbank Chemistry
4.
Describe two different methods, one chemical and one physical, other than measuring
the pH, that could be used to distinguish between ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid
solutions of the same concentration.
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(Total 4 marks)
5.
Black coffee has a pH of 5 and toothpaste has a pH of 8. Identify which is more acidic
+
and deduce how many times the [H ] is greater in the more acidic product.
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(Total 2 marks)
6.
Which salts will produce an acidic solution when dissolved in water?

I.
CH3COOK
II.
NH4NO3
III.
Al2(SO4)3
A.
I and II only
B.
I and III only
C.
II and III only
D.
I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
7.
The Kb value for a base is 5.0 10 mol dm

conjugate acid at this temperature?
A.
5.0 10
B.
2.0 10
C.
2.0 10
12
D.
2.0 10
13
at 298 K. What is the Ka value for its
(Total 1 mark)
8.
Which compounds can be mixed together as solutions of equal volume and

concentration to form a buffer solution?
A.
Nitric acid and potassium hydroxide
B.
Nitric acid and potassium nitrate
C.
Propanoic acid and potassium hydroxide
D.
Propanoic acid and potassium propanoate

(Total 1 mark)
9.
In an experiment conducted at 25.0 C, the initial concentration of propanoic acid and

3
3
methanol were 1.6 mol dm and 2.0 mol dm respectively. Once equilibrium was
established, a sample of the mixture was removed and analysed. It was found to
3
contain 0.80 mol dm of compound X.
(i)
Calculate the concentrations of the other three species present at equilibrium.

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(3)
(ii)
State the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, and calculate the equilibrium
constant for this reaction at 25.0 C.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
10.
(i)
Define the terms acid and base according to the Brnsted-Lowry theory. Distinguish
between a weak base and a strong base. State one example of a weak base.
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(3)
(ii)
Weak acids in the environment may cause damage. Identify a weak acid in the
environment and outline one of its effects.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
11.
The graph below indicates the pH change during the titration of 20.0 cm of 0.100 mol
3
3
dm of CH3COOH(aq) with 0.100 mol dm KOH(aq). From the graph, identify the
volume of KOH(aq) and the pH at the equivalence point.
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(Total 2 marks)
12.
(i)
Describe how an indicator works.

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(3)
(ii)
Using Table 16 of the Data Booklet, identify the most appropriate indicator for the
titration of ethanoic acid with potassium hydroxide. Explain your choice.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
13.
Explain, using an equation, whether a solution of 0.10 mol dm

acidic, alkaline or neutral.
FeCl3(aq) would be
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(Total 2 marks)
14.
Determine the pH of the solution resulting when 100 cm of 0.50 mol dm

3
3
mixed with 200 cm of 0.10 mol dm NaOH(aq).
HCl(aq) is
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(Total 5 marks)
15.
Which is not a conjugate acid-base pair?
A.
HNO3 and NO3
B.
CH3COOH and CH3COO
C.
H3O and OH
D.
HSO4 and SO4
(Total 1 mark)
16.
Which 0.10 mol dm

A.
HCl
B.
NH3
C.
CH3COOH
D.
H2CO3
solution would have the highest conductivity?
(Total 1 mark)
17.
The pH of a solution changes from pH = 2 to pH = 5. What happens to the

concentration of the hydrogen ions during this pH change?
A.
It decreases by a factor of 1000
B.
It increases by a factor of 1000
C.
It decreases by a factor of 100
D.
It increases by a factor of 100

(Total 1 mark)
18.
Define an acid in terms of the Lewis theory. Deduce, giving a reason, whether NF3 is
able to function as a Lewis acid or as a Lewis base.
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(Total 2 marks)
10
19.
Describe two different properties that could be used to distinguish between a 1.00 mol
3
3
dm solution of a strong monoprotic acid and a 1.00 mol dm solution of a weak
monoprotic acid.
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(Total 2 marks)
20.
Explain, using the Brnsted-Lowry theory, how water can act either as an acid or a base. In
each case identify the conjugate acid or base formed.
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(Total 2 marks)
21.
Based on information in the table below, which acid is the strongest?

Acid
pKa
Ka
A.
HA
2.0
B.
HB
C.
HC
4.0
D.
HD
1 10
1 10
(Total 1 mark)
11
22.
Which combination will form a buffer solution?

3
hydrochloric acid with 50 cm of 0.10 mol dm
ethanoic acid with 50 cm of 0.10 mol dm
A.
100 cm of 0.10 mol dm

hydroxide.
B.

hydroxide.
C.
hydroxide.
D.
hydroxide.
hydrochloric acid with 100 cm of 0.10 mol dm
ethanoic acid with 100 cm of 0.10 mol dm
sodium
sodium
sodium
sodium
(Total 1 mark)
23.
The graph below shows the titration curve of 25 cm of 0.100 mol dm of hydrochloric
3
acid with sodium hydroxide, of 0.100 mol dm concentration. The indicator methyl
orange was used to determine the equivalence point. Methyl orange has a pH range of
3.24.4.
If the hydrochloric acid was replaced by ethanoic acid of the same volume and concentration,
which property of the titration would remain the same?
A.
The initial pH
B.
The pH at the equivalence point
C.
The volume of strong base, NaOH, needed to reach the equivalence point
D.
The colour of the titration mixture just before the equivalence point is reached
(Total 1 mark)
12
24.
Ammonia, NH3, is a weak base. It has a pKb value of 4.75.

Calculate the pH of a 1.00 10
mol dm
aqueous solution of ammonia at 298 K.
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(Total 4 marks)
13
25.
(i)
25.0 cm of 1.00 10 mol dm hydrochloric acid solution is added to 50.0 cm

of
2
3
1.00 10 mol dm aqueous ammonia solution. Calculate the concentrations of
both ammonia and ammonium ions in the resulting solution and hence determine
the pH of the solution.
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(5)
(ii)
State what is meant by a buffer solution and explain how the solution in (i), which
contains ammonium chloride dissolved in aqueous ammonia, can function as a
buffer solution.
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14
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
26.
Salts may form neutral, acidic or alkaline solutions when dissolved in water.
(i)
Explain why a solution of sodium chloride is neutral but sodium carbonate forms
an alkaline solution when it dissolves in water.
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(2)
(ii)
Explain why iron(III) chloride, [Fe(H2O)6]Cl3, forms an acidic solution in water.

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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
15
27.
Which property is characteristic of acids in aqueous solution?

A.
Acids react with ammonia solution to produce hydrogen gas and a salt.
B.
Acids react with metal oxides to produce oxygen gas, a salt and water.
C.
Acids react with reactive metals to produce hydrogen gas and a salt.
D.
Acids react with metal carbonates to produce hydrogen gas, a salt and water.
(Total 1 mark)
16
28.
A student has equal volumes of 1.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide and ammonia
solutions.
Which statement about the solutions is correct?
A.
Sodium hydroxide has a lower electrical conductivity than ammonia.
B.
Sodium hydroxide has a higher hydrogen ion concentration than ammonia.
C.
Sodium hydroxide has a higher pH than ammonia.
D.
Sodium hydroxide has a higher hydroxide ion concentration than ammonia.

(Total 1 mark)
29.
Which statement about acids is correct?

A.
A Brnsted-Lowry acid donates an electron pair.
B.
A Lewis acid donates a proton.
C.
A Brnsted-Lowry acid accepts a proton.
D.
A Lewis acid accepts an electron pair.

(Total 1 mark)
30.
What is the Kb expression for the reaction of ethylamine with water?

+
A.
Kb = [CH3CH2NH3 ][OH ]
B.
[CH 3 CH 2 NH 3 ][OH ]
[CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 ]
Kb =
C.
[CH 3 CH 2 NH 3 ][H 2 O]
[CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 ]
Kb =
D.
Kb = [CH3CH2NH2][H2O]
(Total 1 mark)
17
31.
When these 1.0 mol dm acidic solutions are arranged in order of increasing strength
(weakest first), what is the correct order?
acid in solution X
acid in solution Y
acid in solution Z
A.
X<Z<Y
B.
X<Y<Z
C.
Z<X<Y
D.
Y<X<Z
Ka = 1.74 10
Ka = 1.38 10
Ka = 1.78 10
mol dm
at 298 K
mol dm
at 298 K
mol dm
at 298 K
(Total 1 mark)
32.
Consider an acid-base indicator solution.

HIn(aq)
colour A
H (aq) + In (aq)
colour B
What is the effect on this acid-base indicator when sodium hydroxide solution is added
to it?
A.
Equilibrium shifts to the right and more of colour B is seen.
B.
Equilibrium shifts to the left and more of colour B is seen.
C.
Equilibrium shifts to the right and more of colour A is seen.
D.
Equilibrium shifts to the left and more of colour A is seen.

(Total 1 mark)
33.
(a)
(i)
State an equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with water.

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(1)
18
(ii)
Calculate the pH of 0.200 mol dm
ethanoic acid (pKa = 4.76).
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(3)
(b)
Determine the pH of a solution formed from adding 50.0 cm of 1.00 mol dm

3
3
ethanoic acid, CH3COOH(aq), to 50.0 cm of 0.600 mol dm sodium hydroxide,
NaOH(aq).
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(4)
19
(c)
Explain how the solution formed in part (b) can act as a buffer. Use equations to
support your answer.
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
34.
Which species behave as Brnsted-Lowry acids in the following reversible reaction?
H2PO4 (aq) + CN (aq)
HCN(aq) + HPO4 (aq)
A.
HCN and CN
B.
HCN and HPO4
C.
H2PO4 and HPO4
D.
HCN and H2PO4
(Total 1 mark)
35.
Which of the following are weak acids in aqueous solution?

I.
CH3COOH
II.
H2CO3
III.
HCl
A.
I and II only
B.
I and III only
C.
II and III only
D.
I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
20
36.
Water is an important substance that is abundant on the Earths surface. Water

dissociates according to the following equation.
H2O(l)
(i)
H (aq) + OH (aq)
State the equilibrium constant expression for the dissociation of water.

(1)
(ii)
Explain why even a very acidic aqueous solution still has some OH ions present
in it.
(1)
(iii)
State and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the equilibrium constant
above given that the dissociation of water is an endothermic process.
(3)
(iv)
The pH of a solution is 2. If its pH is increased to 6, deduce how the hydrogen ion

concentration changes.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
37.
pKw for water at 10 C = 14.54. What is the pH of pure water at this temperature?
A.
6.73
B.
7.00
C.
7.27
D.
7.54
(Total 1 mark)
38.
What is Kb for the aqueous fluoride ion given that Kw is 1.0 10

10
14
and Ka for HF is 6.8
at 298 K?
1
A.
6.8 10 4
B.
(6.8 10 )(1.0 10
14
)
21
1.0 10 14
C.
D.
6.8 10 4
6.8 10
(Total 1 mark)
22
39.
Which of the following could be added to a solution of ethanoic acid to prepare a

buffer?
A.
Sodium hydroxide
B.
Hydrochloric acid
C.
Sodium chloride
D.
More ethanoic acid

(Total 1 mark)
40.
Which aqueous solution has a pH less than 7?

A.
KNO3(aq)
B.
Na2CO3(aq)
C.
[Fe(H2O)6]Cl3(aq)
D.
CH3COONa(aq)
(Total 1 mark)
41.
Water is an important substance that is abundant on the Earths surface.

(i)
State the expression for the ionic product constant of water, Kw.
(1)
(ii)
Explain why even a very acidic aqueous solution still has some OH ions present
in it.
(1)
(iii)
State and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the value of Kw given
that the ionization of water is an endothermic process.
(3)
(iv)
State and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the pH of water.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)
23
42.
Buffer solutions resist small changes in pH. A phosphate buffer can be made by
dissolving NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4 in water, in which NaH2PO4 produces the acidic ion
and Na2HPO4 produces the conjugate base ion.
(i)
Deduce the acid and conjugate base ions that make up the phosphate buffer and
state the ionic equation that represents the phosphate buffer.
(3)
(ii)
Describe how the phosphate buffer minimizes the effect of the addition of a
strong base, OH (aq), to the buffer. Illustrate your answer with an ionic equation.
(2)
(iii)
Describe how the phosphate buffer minimizes the effect of the addition of a
+
strong acid, H (aq), to the buffer. Illustrate your answer with an ionic equation.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
43.
A 0.10 mol dm ammonia solution is placed in a flask and titrated with a 0.10 mol dm
hydrochloric acid solution.
(i)
Explain why the pH of the ammonia solution is less than 13.

(2)
(ii)
Estimate the pH at the equivalence point for the titration of hydrochloric acid with
ammonia and explain your reasoning.
(2)
(iii)
State the equation for the reaction of ammonia with water and write the Kb
expression for NH3(aq).
(2)
(iv)
When half the ammonia has been neutralized (the half-equivalence point), the pH
+
of the solution is 9.25. Deduce the relationship between [NH3] and [NH4 ] at the
half-equivalence point.
(1)
(v)
Determine pKb and Kb for ammonia based on the pH at the half-equivalence

point.
(3)
24
(vi)
Describe the significance of the half-equivalence point in terms of its

effectiveness as a buffer.
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
44.
What is the conjugate base of H2CO3 according to the Brnsted-Lowry theory?

2
A.
CO3
B.
HCO3
C.
H3CO3
D.
CO2
(Total 1 mark)
45.
A solution of acid A has a pH of 1 and a solution of acid B has a pH of 2. Which

statement must be correct?
A.
Acid A is stronger than acid B
B.
[A] > [B]
C.
The concentration of H ions in A is higher than in B
D.
The concentration of H ions in B is twice the concentration of H ions in A
+
+
(Total 1 mark)
46.
(a)
The nitrite ion is present in nitrous acid, HNO2, which is a weak acid. The nitrate
ion is present in nitric acid, HNO3, which is a strong acid. Distinguish between the
terms strong and weak acid and state the equations used to show the
dissociation of each acid in aqueous solution.
(3)
(b)
A small piece of magnesium ribbon is added to solutions of nitric and nitrous acid
of the same concentration at the same temperature. Describe two observations
that would allow you to distinguish between the two acids.
(2)
25
(c)
A student decided to investigate the reactions of the two acids with separate
3
samples of 0.20 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution.
(i)
Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react

3
3
exactly with a 15.0 cm solution of 0.10 mol dm nitric acid.
(1)
(ii)
The following hypothesis was suggested by the student: Since nitrous acid
3
is a weak acid it will react with a smaller volume of the 0.20 mol dm sodium
hydroxide solution. Comment on whether or not this is a valid hypothesis.
(1)
(d)
The graph below shows how the conductivity of the two acids changes with
concentration.
Identify Acid 1 and explain your choice.

(2)
(Total 9 marks)
26
47.
Which mixtures act as buffer solutions?

3
ethanoic acid and 100 cm 0.1 mol dm
I.
100 cm 0.1 mol dm

ethanoate
II.
100 cm 0.1 mol dm

hydroxide
III.
100 cm 0.1 mol dm

hydroxide
A.
I and II only
B.
I and III only
C.
II and III only
D.
I, II and III
sodium
sodium
sodium
(Total 1 mark)
48.
Which solutions have a pH less than 7?

I.
Na2CO3(aq)
II.
[Fe(H2O)6]Cl3(aq)
III.
(NH4)2SO4(aq)
A.
I and II only
B.
I and III only
C.
II and III only
D.
I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
27
49.
Equal volumes and concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid are titrated
with sodium hydroxide solutions of the same concentration. Which statement is
correct?
A.
The initial pH values of both acids are equal.
B.
At the equivalence points, the solutions of both titrations have pH values of 7.
C.
The same volume of sodium hydroxide is needed to reach the equivalence point.
D.
The pH values of both acids increase equally until the equivalence points are
reached.
(Total 1 mark)
50.
Bromophenol blue changes from yellow to blue over the pH range of 3.0 to 4.6. Which
statement is correct?
A.
Molecules of bromophenol blue, HIn, are blue.
B.
At pH < 3.0, a solution of bromophenol blue contains more ions, In , than

molecules, HIn.
C.
The pKa of bromophenol blue is between 3.0 and 4.6.
D.
Bromophenol blue is a suitable indicator to titrate ethanoic acid with potassium

hydroxide solution.
(Total 1 mark)
51.
(a)
Ammonia can be converted into nitric acid, HNO3(aq), and hydrocyanic acid,
HCN(aq). The pKa of hydrocyanic acid is 9.21.
(i)
Distinguish between the terms strong and weak acid and state the
equations used to show the dissociation of each acid in aqueous solution.
(3)
(ii)
Deduce the expression for the ionization constant, Ka, of hydrocyanic acid
and calculate its value from the pKa value given.
(2)
(iii)
Use your answer from part (a) (ii) to calculate the [H ] and the pH of an
3
aqueous solution of hydrocyanic acid of concentration 0.108 mol dm .
State one assumption made in arriving at your answer.
(4)
28
(b)
A small piece of magnesium ribbon is added to solutions of nitric and hydrocyanic

acid of the same concentration at the same temperature. Describe two
observations that would allow you to distinguish between the two acids.
(2)
(c)
A student decided to investigate the reactions of the two acids with separate
3
samples of 0.20 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution.
(i)
Calculate the volume of the sodium hydroxide solution required to react

3
3
exactly with a 15.0 cm solution of 0.10 mol dm nitric acid.
(1)
(ii)
The following hypothesis was suggested by the student: Since hydrocyanic

3
acid is a weak acid it will react with a smaller volume of the 0.20 mol dm
sodium hydroxide solution. Comment on whether or not this is a valid
hypothesis.
(1)
(iii)
Use Table 16 of the Data Booklet to identify a suitable indicator for the
titration of sodium hydroxide and hydrocyanic acid.
(1)
(d)
The graph below shows how the conductivity of the two acids changes with
concentration.
Identify Acid 1 and explain your choice.

(2)
(Total 16 marks)
29
52.
For equal volumes of 1.0 mol dm solutions of hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), and
methanoic acid, HCOOH(aq), which statements are correct?
I.
HCl dissociates more than HCOOH
II.
HCl is a better electrical conductor than HCOOH
III.
HCl will neutralize more NaOH than HCOOH
A.
I and II only
B.
I and III only
C.
II and III only
D.
I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
53.
When equal volumes of four 0.1 mol dm solutions are arranged in order of increasing
pH (lowest pH first), what is the correct order?
A.
CH3COOH < HNO3 < CH3CH2NH2 < KOH
B.
HNO3 < CH3COOH < CH3CH2NH2 < KOH
C.
CH3CH2NH2 < HNO3 < CH3COOH < KOH
D.
KOH < CH3CH2NH2 < CH3COOH < HNO3

(Total 1 mark)
54.
(i)
Define a Brnsted-Lowry acid.

(1)
(ii)
Deduce the two acids and their conjugate bases in the following reaction:
H2O(l) + NH3(aq)
OH (aq) + NH4 (aq)

(2)
30
(iii)
Explain why the following reaction can also be described as an acid-base

reaction.
F (g) + BF3(g)
BF4 (s)
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
55.
Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, is a weak acid.

(i)
Define the term weak acid and state the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid
with water.
(2)
(ii)
Vinegar, which contains ethanoic acid, can be used to clean deposits of calcium
carbonate from the elements of electric kettles. State the equation for the
reaction of ethanoic acid with calcium carbonate.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
56.
What is the correct expression for the ionic product constant of water, Kw?
[H ]
A.
KW = [OH ]
[ H 2 O]
B.
KW = [H ][OH ]
C.
KW = [H ] + [OH ]
D.
KW = [H ][OH ]
(Total 1 mark)
31
57.
Which mixtures could act as buffers?

I.
NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq)
II.
NaOH(aq) and CH3COOH(aq)
III.
HCl(aq) and CH3COONa(aq)
A.
I and II only
B.
I and III only
C.
II and III only
D.
I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
58.
What is the approximate pH of a 0.01 mol dm

A.
B.
More than 2 but less than 7
C.
More than 7 but less than 12
D.
12
ammonia solution?
(Total 1 mark)
59.
(a)
The pKa value for propanoic acid is given in Table 15 of the Data Booklet.
(i)
State the equation for the reaction of propanoic acid with water.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
32
(ii)
Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration (in mol dm ) of an aqueous

3
solution of 0.100 mol dm propanoic acid.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)
(b)
The graph below shows a computer simulation of a titration of 25.0 cm of

3
3
0.100 mol dm hydrochloric acid with 0.100 mol dm sodium hydroxide and the
pH range of phenol red indicator.
33
Sketch the graph that would be obtained for the titration of 25.0 cm of 0.100 mol
3
3
dm propanoic acid with 0.100 mol dm potassium hydroxide using
bromophenol blue as an indicator. (The pH range of bromophenol blue can be
found in Table 16 of the Data Booklet).
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
60.
Which are definitions of an acid according to the Brnsted-Lowry and Lewis theories?
Brnsted-Lowry theory
Lewis theory
A.
proton donor
electron pair acceptor
B.
proton acceptor
electron pair acceptor
C.
proton acceptor
electron pair donor
D.
proton donor
electron pair donor

(Total 1 mark)
34
61.
Which list contains only strong acids?

A.
CH3COOH, H2CO3, H3PO4
B.
HCl, HNO3, H2CO3
C.
CH3COOH, HNO3, H2SO4
D.
HCl, HNO3, H2SO4

(Total 1 mark)
62.
An example of a strong acid solution is perchloric acid, HClO4, in water. Which

statement is correct for this solution?
A.
HClO4 is completely dissociated in the solution.
B.
HClO4 exists mainly as molecules in the solution.
C.
The solution reacts only with strong bases.
D.
The solution has a pH value greater than 7.

(Total 1 mark)
63.
100 cm of a NaOH solution of pH 12 is mixed with 900 cm of water. What is the pH of

the resulting solution?
A.
B.
C.
11
D.
13
(Total 1 mark)
35
64.
Ammonia acts as a weak base when it reacts with water. What is the Kb expression for
this reaction?
A.
[ NH 4 ][OH ]
[NH 3 ][H 2 O]
[ NH 3 ][H 2 O]
B.
[NH 4 ][OH ]
[ NH 3 ]
C.
[NH 4 ][OH ]
D.
[ NH 4 ][OH ]
[NH 3 ]
(Total 1 mark)
65.
The indicator, HIn is used in a titration between an acid and base. Which statement
about the dissociation of the indicator, HIn is correct?
HIn (aq)
colour A
H (aq) + In (aq)
colour B
A.
In a strongly alkaline solution, colour B would be observed.
B.
In a strongly acidic solution, colour B would be observed.
C.
[In ] is greater than [HIn] at the equivalence point.
D.
In a weakly acidic solution colour B would be observed.
(Total 1 mark)
36
66.
At the same concentration, which acid would have the lowest pH?
A.
HNO2
Ka = 5.6 10
mol dm
B.
HF
Ka = 6.8 10
mol dm
C.
C6H5COOH
Ka = 6.3 10
mol dm
D.
HCN
Ka = 4.9 10
10
mol dm
(Total 1 mark)
67.
Some of the most important processes in chemistry involve acid-base reactions.

(i)
Calculate the Ka value of benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, using Table 15 in the Data
Booklet.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(1)
(ii)
Based on its Ka value, state and explain whether benzoic acid is a strong or weak
acid.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)
37
(iii)
Determine the hydrogen ion concentration and the pH of a 0.010 mol dm

benzoic acid solution. State one assumption made in your calculation.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
68.
What is the formula of the conjugate base of the hydrogenphosphate ion, HPO4 ?
A.
H2PO4
B.
H3PO4
C.
HPO4
D.
PO4
(Total 1 mark)
69.
Which pH value is that of an aqueous solution of carbon dioxide?

A.
2.1
B.
5.6
C.
9.8
38
D.
12.2
(Total 1 mark)
70.
The equations of two acid-base reactions are given below.
Reaction A
NH 4 (aq)
NH3(aq) + H2O(l)
+ OH (aq)
The reaction mixture in A consists mainly of reactants because the equilibrium lies to
the left.
Reaction B
NH 3 (aq)
NH2 (aq) + H2O(l)
+ OH (aq)
The reaction mixture in B consists mainly of products because the equilibrium lies to
the right.
(i)
For each of the reactions A and B, deduce whether water is acting as an acid or
a base and explain your answer.
(2)
(ii)
In reaction B, identify the stronger base, NH2 or OH and explain your answer.
(2)
(iii)
In reactions A and B, identify the stronger acid, NH4 or NH3 (underlined) and
explain your answer.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
71.
(a)
Describe two different experimental methods to distinguish between aqueous

solutions of a strong base and a weak base.
(5)
(b)
Two acidic solutions, X and Y, of equal concentrations have pH values of 2 and 6

respectively.
(i)
Calculate the hydrogen ion concentrations in the two solutions and identify
the stronger acid.
(2)
39
(ii)
Determine the ratio of the hydrogen ion concentrations in the two solutions
X and Y.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
72.
(i)
Define a Lewis acid and state an example that is not a Brnsted-Lowry acid.
(2)
(ii)
Draw structural formulas to represent the reaction between the Lewis acid named
in (i) and a Lewis base and identify the nature of the bond formed in the product.
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
73.
According to the Brnsted-Lowry theory, how does each species act in the equilibrium below?
CH3COOH + H2SO4
CH3COOH2 + HSO4
+
CH3COOH
H2SO4
CH3COOH2
A.
acid
base
base
acid
B.
acid
base
acid
base
C.
base
acid
base
acid
D.
base
acid
acid
base
HSO4
(Total 1 mark)
74.
If 20 cm samples of 0.1 mol dm solutions of the acids below are taken, which acid
3
would require a different volume of 0.1 mol dm sodium hydroxide for complete
neutralization?
A.
Nitric acid
B.
Sulfuric acid
C.
Ethanoic acid
D.
Hydrochloric acid
(Total 1 mark)
40
75.
Which mixture of acid and alkali would produce a buffer solution?

Acid
Alkali
HCl
60 cm 0.1 mol dm
HCl
40 cm 0.1 mol dm
HCl
60 cm 0.1 mol dm
HCl
40 cm 0.1 mol dm
A.
40 cm 0.1 mol dm
B.
60 cm 0.1 mol dm
C.
40 cm 0.1 mol dm
D.
60 cm 0.1 mol dm
NaOH
NaOH
NH3
NH3
(Total 1 mark)
76.
Which aqueous solution would have a pH > 7?

A.
Sodium sulfate
B.
Ammonium nitrate
C.
Sodium ethanoate
D.
Aluminium nitrate
(Total 1 mark)
77.
Which indicator would be the most appropriate for titrating aqueous ethylamine,
CH3CH2NH2, with nitric acid, HNO3?
A.
Bromophenol blue (pKa = 4.1)
B.
Bromothymol blue (pKa = 7.3)
C.
Phenol red (pKa = 8.0)
D.
Thymolphthalein (pKa = 10.0)

(Total 1 mark)
41
78.
A 25.0 cm solution of a weak monoprotic acid, HA(aq), is titrated with 0.155 mol dm
sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq), and the following graph is obtained.
(i)
Determine the pH at the equivalence point.

(1)
(ii)
Explain, using an equation, why the equivalence point is not at pH = 7.

(3)
(iii)
Calculate the concentration of the weak acid before the addition of any
NaOH(aq).
(2)
(iv)
Estimate, using data from the graph, the dissociation constant, Ka, of the weak
acid, HA, showing your working.
(3)
42
(v)
Suggest an appropriate indicator for this titration.

(1)
(Total 10 marks)
79.
Describe qualitatively the action of an acid-base indicator.

(Total 3 marks)
80.
(i)
Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.

(2)
(ii)
Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by mixing 50.0 cm of 0.200 mol dm

3
3
CH3COOH(aq) and 50.0 cm of 0.100 mol dm NaOH(aq), showing your
working.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
81.
State whether AlCl3 is acidic, basic or neutral in an aqueous solution. Write an equation
to support your answer.
(Total 2 marks)
82.
0.100 mol of ammonia, NH3, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm of solution.
This solution has a hydroxide ion concentration of 1.28 10
(i)
mol dm .
Determine the pH of the solution.

(2)
(ii)
Calculate the base dissociation constant, Kb, for ammonia.

(3)
(Total 5 marks)
43
83.
Which species can act as a Lewis acid?

A.
BF3
B.
OH
C.
H2O
D.
NH3
(Total 1 mark)
84.
Which substance, when dissolved in water, to give a 0.1 mol dm

highest pH?
A.
HCl
B.
NaCl
C.
NH3
D.
NaOH
solution, has the
(Total 1 mark)
85.
The pKb values of some amines are shown in Table 15 of the Data Booklet. Write an
equation for the reaction of ethylamine with water. State and explain how the basicity of
ethylamine compares to that of ammonia.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
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....
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....
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...........................................................................................................................................
....
44
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(Total 4 marks)
86.
Which methods will distinguish between equimolar solutions of a strong base and a
strong acid?
I.
Add magnesium to each solution and look for the formation of gas bubbles.
II.
Add aqueous sodium hydroxide to each solution and measure the

temperature change.
III.
Use each solution in a circuit with a battery and lamp and see how bright
the lamp glows.
A.
I and II only
B.
I and III only
C.
II and III only
D.
I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
87.
Which values are correct for a 0.010 mol dm

14
2
6
(Kw = 1.010 mol dm at 298 K)
+
12
A.
[H ] = 1.010
B.
[OH ] = 1.010
C.
[H ] = 1.010
D.
[OH ] = 1.010
mol dm
12
12
mol dm
mol dm
12
mol dm
solution of NaOH(aq) at 298 K?
and pH = 12.00
and pH = 12.00
and pOH = 12.00
and pOH = 12.00

(Total 1 mark)
88.
At 25 C, Ka for an acid is 1.010 . What is the value of Kb for its conjugate base?
A.
1.010
B.
1.010
C.
1.010
12
45
D.
1.010
12
(Total 1 mark)
46
89.
Which statement about indicators is always correct?

A.
The mid-point of the pH range of an indicator is 7.
B.
The pH range is greater for indicators with higher pKa values.
C.
The colour red indicates an acidic solution.
D.
The pKa value of the indicator is within its pH range.

(Total 1 mark)
90.
(a)
Predict and explain, using equations where appropriate, whether the following
solutions are acidic, alkaline or neutral.
(i)
0.1 mol dm
FeCl3(aq)
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
(ii)
0.1 mol dm
NaNO3(aq)
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
47
(iii)
0.1 mol dm
Na2CO3(aq)
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
(b)
Acidic gases can be released into the atmosphere that have an environmental
impact when they are deposited as acid rain. State two elements that form the
acidic gases and describe two impacts they have on the natural environment.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
91.
An experiment was carried out to determine the concentration of aqueous ammonia by

3
3
titrating it with a 0.150 mol dm sulfuric acid solution. It was found that 25.0 cm of the
3
aqueous ammonia required 20.1 cm of the sulfuric acid solution for neutralization.
(a)
Write the equation for the reaction and calculate the concentration, in mol dm ,
of the aqueous ammonia.
(4)
(b)
Several acid-base indicators are listed in Table 16 of the Data Booklet. Identify
one indicator that could be used for this experiment. Explain your answer.
(3)
48
(c)
(i)
Determine the pOH of 0.121 mol dm
aqueous ammonia (pKb = 4.75).

(4)
(ii)
State what is meant by the term buffer solution, and describe the
composition of an acid buffer solution in general terms.
(3)
(iii)
Calculate the pH of a mixture of 50.0 cm of 0.100 mol dm aqueous

3
3
ammonia and 50.0 cm of 0.0500 mol dm hydrochloric acid solution.
(4)
(Total 18 marks)
49

Acids and Bases

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Acids and Bases

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1.

Which statement explains why ammonia can act as a Lewis base?

Ammonia can donate a lone pair of electrons.

Ammonia can accept a lone pair of electrons.

Ammonia can donate a proton.

Ammonia can accept a proton.

Consider the equilibrium below.

CH3CH2COO (aq) + H3O (aq)

Which species represent a conjugate acid-base pair?

CH3CH2COOH and H2O

H2O and CH3CH2COO

H3O and H2O

CH3CH2COO and H3O

Which salts will produce an acidic solution when dissolved in water?

I and III only

II and III only

The Kb value for a base is 5.0 10 mol dm

at 298 K. What is the Ka value for its

Which compounds can be mixed together as solutions of equal volume and

Nitric acid and potassium hydroxide

Nitric acid and potassium nitrate

Propanoic acid and potassium hydroxide

Propanoic acid and potassium propanoate

In an experiment conducted at 25.0 C, the initial concentration of propanoic acid and

Calculate the concentrations of the other three species present at equilibrium.

Describe how an indicator works.

Explain, using an equation, whether a solution of 0.10 mol dm

Determine the pH of the solution resulting when 100 cm of 0.50 mol dm

Which is not a conjugate acid-base pair?

HNO3 and NO3

CH3COOH and CH3COO

HSO4 and SO4

Which 0.10 mol dm

solution would have the highest conductivity?

The pH of a solution changes from pH = 2 to pH = 5. What happens to the

It decreases by a factor of 1000

It increases by a factor of 1000

It decreases by a factor of 100

It increases by a factor of 100

Based on information in the table below, which acid is the strongest?

Which combination will form a buffer solution?

hydrochloric acid with 50 cm of 0.10 mol dm

ethanoic acid with 50 cm of 0.10 mol dm

100 cm of 0.10 mol dm

100 cm of 0.10 mol dm

hydrochloric acid with 100 cm of 0.10 mol dm

ethanoic acid with 100 cm of 0.10 mol dm

The pH at the equivalence point

Ammonia, NH3, is a weak base. It has a pKb value of 4.75.

aqueous solution of ammonia at 298 K.

25.0 cm of 1.00 10 mol dm hydrochloric acid solution is added to 50.0 cm

Explain why iron(III) chloride, [Fe(H2O)6]Cl3, forms an acidic solution in water.

Which property is characteristic of acids in aqueous solution?

Sodium hydroxide has a lower electrical conductivity than ammonia.

Sodium hydroxide has a higher hydrogen ion concentration than ammonia.

Sodium hydroxide has a higher pH than ammonia.

Sodium hydroxide has a higher hydroxide ion concentration than ammonia.

Which statement about acids is correct?

A Brnsted-Lowry acid donates an electron pair.

A Lewis acid donates a proton.

A Brnsted-Lowry acid accepts a proton.

A Lewis acid accepts an electron pair.

What is the Kb expression for the reaction of ethylamine with water?

Consider an acid-base indicator solution.