Chap5 Open System

CHAPTER 5
MASS AND ENERGY

ANALYSIS OF
CONTROL VOLUMES
(OPEN SYSTEM)
DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003
CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, students should be able to :
Develop the conservation of mass principle
Apply the conservation of mass principle to various systems for
steady flow control volumes
Apply the first law of thermodynamics as the statement of the
conservation of energy principle to control volumes.
solve energy balance problems for common steady flow devices
such as nozzles, compressors, turbines, throttling valves, mixers
and heat exchangers.
MASS AND VOLUME FLOW RATES

The amount of mass flowing through a cross section per unit
&
time is called the mass flow rate and is denoted by m
The differential mass flow rate of fluid flowing across a small
area element dA is expressed as
& = VndA
m
Density
(kg/m3)
Velocity normal
To dA (m/s)
Small area
element
The mass flow rate through the entire cross-sectional area of

a pipe or duct is
& = m
& = VndA = Vavg A kg/s
m
A
A
The volume flow rate, V& = A VndA = Vavg A = VA

& = AV = V& =
m
V&
or m = V =
CONSERVATION OF MASS PRINCIPLE

The conservation of mass principle for a control volume can be expressed as
The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time interval
t is equal to the net change in the total mass within the volume during t
Total mass entering Total mass leaving Net change in mass
the CV during t the CV during t = within the CV during t
m m = mcv
in
kg
out
m& m& =
in
out
dmcv
kg/s
dt
For steady flow processes

0
dm
m& m& = dtcv kg/s
in
out
m& = m&
in
out
or AV = AV (kg/s)
in
out
For steady, incompressible flow, the density is assumed constant, thus

AV = AV or V& = V& m3 /s For single stream/flow V& 1 = V& 2 V1A 1 = V2 A 2
in
out
in
out
EXAMPLE 5-1
EXAMPLE 5-2
A 1.2 m high, 0.9 m diameter cylindrical water tank whose top is open to the atmosphere is
initially filled with water. Now the discharge plug near the bottom of the tank is pulled out
and a water jet whose diameter is 1.3 cm streams out. The average velocity of the jet is
given by V = 2gh , where h is the height of water in the tank measured from the center
of the hole and g is the gravitational acceleration. Determine how long it will take for the
water level in the tank to drop to 0.6 m from the bottom.
Assumptions : Water is incompressible substance, the distance between the bottom of
the tank and the center of the hole is negligible.
Analysis : Water level drops, variable control volume H unsteady-flow
& in m
& out =
m
dmcv
dt
& out = (AV )out = A jet 2gh

m
A jet 2gh = d(A tankh)

dt =
D 2tank
D 2jet
2
jet
2gh =
mcv = V = A tankh
D
4
2
tan k
dh
dt
dh
2gh
Integrating from t = 0 at which h = ho to t = t at h = h2

t
ho h2
D2tank h dh
h h t =
g/2
jet 2g
0 dt = D2
D tank
D
jet
Substituting, t =
1.2 0.6 0.9
= 694 s = 11.6 min

9.807/2 0.013
FLOW WORK OR FLOW ENERGY

An element of mass, m
Force, F (F = PA) is needed to push a

mass into the system
Work done on the element of mass,
W = Fdl = pA dl = pdV
Cross-sectional
area of piston, A
The total Work done by the

surrounding,
W = pV = Flow Work
1
The total energy, E = U + 2 m V 2 + mgz + pV

Internal
energy
Kinetic
energy
Potential
energy
2
Pipe
Flow energy
Substituting H = U + pV,
The total energy, E = H + 21 m V 2 + mgz
EXAMPLE 5-2
Steam is leaving a 4 L pressure cooker whose operating pressure is 150 kPa. It is
observed that the amount of liquid in the cooker has decreased by 0.6 L in 40 min after the
steady operating conditions are established, and the cross sectional area of the exit
opening is 8 mm2. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the steam and the exit velocity (b)
the total and flow energy of the steam per unit mass (c) the rate at which energy leaves the
cooker by steam.
Assumption : Steady flow, KE and PE are negligible, saturations conditions exist within
the cooker all the time.
Analysis : The liquid has the properties of sat liquid and the and the vapor has the
properties of sat vapor.
(a) From Table A-5, the saturation properties of water at 150 kPa are f = 0.001053 m3/kg,
g = 1.1594 m3/kg, ug = 2519.2 kJ/kg and hg = 2693.1 kJ/kg.
m Vf f 0.6 0.001053
=
=
= 0.0142 kg/min = 2.37 x 10 - 4 kg/s
t
t
40 x 1000
mg (2.37 x 10 4 )(1.1594 )
m
V=
=
=
= 34.3 m/s
g A
A
8 x 10 6
& =
m
(b) Neglecting KE and PE, thus

Total energy, Etotal = u + p + ke + pe = h = 2693.1 kJ/kg
eflow = p = h u = 2693.1 2519.2 = 173.9 kJ/kg
(c) The energy rate, E& = m
& E = (2.37 x 10 -4 )(2693.1) = 0.638 kJ/s = 0.638 kW
ENERGY ANALYSIS FOR STEADY FLOW SYSTEMS

1) Properties (pressure, temperature, density, mass flow rate and etc) are constant at
any point on the system and its boundary (inlet or outlet), average values are used
2
1
T = 30 oC
&1
m
T = 30 oC
&2
m
Vmin
T = 30 oC
& =
m
2) Inlet mass flow rate = outlet mass flow rate

1
&1
m
& s =m
& 2 m
&1
m
&2 =m
&1m
& s =0
m
AV
& =
m
&2
m
&
V
& = AV
m
&
& = V
m
A1 V1 A 2 V2
=
1
2
V& 1 V& 2
=
1 2
1A1 V1 = 2 A 2 V2
& 1 = 2V
&2
1V
3) Boundary work is zero (volume of the control volume is constant)

4) The total energy of CV remains constant, thus the change in the total energy of the CV
is zero (ECV = 0)
5) The heat and work interactions between system and its surroundings do not change
with time
Total energy Total energy Change in the total
entering the CV leaving the CV = energy of CV
Ein E out = E system

E& in E& out = dE system dt
In general, we can write
(Qin+ Win + Ein) (Qout + Wout Eout) = Esystem

Energy entering
The CV
Ein = U + KE + PE + pV
Energy leaving
the CV
Eout = U + KE + PE + pV
Change in the
total energy
U + KE + PE

W
Inlet
p11
u1
gz1
V12
2
1
System
Us, KE, PE
z1
Q
Rate of
Heat transfer
2 Outlet
p22
z2 u2
gz2
Gravitational
Acceleration
Power
V velocity (m/s)
V12
2
Mass flow rate

Of the system
V2
V2
V2
& +m
& -m
& 1(u1 + p11 + 1 + gz1 ) - W
& 2 (u2 + p 2 2 + 2 + gz 2 ) = m
& S ( uS + S + gz S )
Q
2
2
2
Energy entering
The system
Energy leaving
The system
Total energy
In the system
Outlet mass
Flow rate, kg/s
Inlet Mass flow

rate, kg/s

&s =m
& 2 m
&1=0
m
&
&
&
m1 = m2 = m
For steady flow, mass flow rate of the system is zero,

Inlet mass flow rate = Outlet mass flow rate,
V2
V2
& +m
& -m
& 1 (u1 + p11 + 1 + gz1 ) - W
& 2 (u 2 + p 2 2 + 2 + gz 2 ) = 0
Q
2
2
V2
V2
V2
& +m
& -m
& 1 (u1 + p11 + 1 + gz1 ) - W
& 2 (u 2 + p 2 2 + 2 + gz 2 ) = m
& S ( u S + S + gz S )
Q
2
2
2
V2
V2
& +m
& -m
& 1 (h1 + 1 + gz1 ) - W
& 2 (h2 + 2 + gz 2 ) = 0
Q
2
2
2
V
V
& -W
& = m
& 2 (h2 + 2 + gz 2 ) - m
& 1 (h1 + 1 + gz1 )
Q
2
2
&1=m
&2 =m
&
m
V2
V2
& -W
& = m
& (h2 + 2 + gz 2 ) - (h1 + 1 + gz1 ) kW
Q
2
2
V 2 V12
& -W
& = m
& (h2 - h1 ) + 2
+ (gz 2 - gz1 ) kW
Q
2
V 2 V12
+ (gz 2 - gz1 ) kJ
Q - W = m (h2 - h1 ) + 2
2
V 2 V12
+ (gz 2 - gz1 ) kJ/kg
q - w = (h2 - h1 ) + 2
2
STEADY STATE FLOW EQUATION

NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS

Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in jet engines, rockets, spacecraft and even
garden hoses.
Nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of pressure.
D2 < D1
p2 < p1
V2 > V1
Diffuser is a device that decreases the velocity of the fluid by increasing the pressure.
V2 < V1
D2 > D1
p2 > p1
_ The heat transfer through a nozzle or a diffuser is usually

very small, normally can be neglected
_ Energy transfer by work is zero for both nozzle and
diffuser
_ Change in potential energy is negligible
Energy balance for a diffuser or nozzle is
V V
q - w = (h2 - h1 ) +
2
2
2
2
1
+ (gz 2 - gz1 ) kJ/kg
V 2 V12
0 = (h2 - h1 ) + 2
2
h2 - h1 =
1
2
V12 - V22
2
EXAMPLE 5-4
Air at 10oC and 80 kPa enters the diffusers of a jet engine steadily with a velocity of 200
m/s. The inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2. The air leaves the diffuser with a velocity that is
very small compared with the inlet velocity. Determine
(a) the mass flow rate of the air
(b) the temperature of the air leaving the diffuser
Assumptions : Air is ideal gas, PE = 0, Q 0, KEout , W = 0
Analysis :
(a) Using ideal gas equation at inlet,
1 =
RT1 0.287 x 283

=
= 1.015 m3 /kg
p1
80
& = 1A 1V1 =
m
1
1
(200 )(0.4 ) = 78.8 kg/s
A 1V1 =
1.015
1
(b) Energy balance for diffuser

h2 h1 = c p (T2 T1 ) =
T2 =
V12 V22
2
V12 V22
200 2 - 0 2
+ T1 =
+ 283 = 302.9 K
2c p
2000x1.005
EXAMPLE 5-5
Steam at 1.8 MPa and 400oC steadily enters a nozzle whose inlet area is 0.02 m2. The mass
flow rate of steam through the nozzle is 5 kg/s. Steam leaves the nozzle at 1.4 MPa with a
velocity of 275 m/s. Heat losses from the nozzle per unit mass of the steam are estimates to
be 2.8 kJ/kg. Determine (a) the inlet velocity and (b) the exit temperature of the steam
Assumptions : Steady flow, no work interactions, PE = 0
2.8 kJ/kg
& 1=m
& 2 =m
&
Analysis : For steady flow, m
(a) At 1.8 MPa, Ts = 207.11oC, T1 > Ts H shs

p1 = 1.8 MPa
T1 = 400oC
& =
m
(b)
1 = 0.16849 m3/kg
h1 = 3251.6 kJ/kg
5 kg/s
Table A-6
0
0
V 2 V12
q - w = (h2 - h1 ) + 2
+ (gz 2 - gz 1 ) kJ/kg
2
P2 = 1.4 MPa
P1 = 1.8 MPa
T1 = 400oC
A1 = 0.002 m2
1
1
(V1 )(0.02 ) V1 = 42.1 m/s
V1A 1V 5 =
0.16849
V2 = 275m / s
V 2 V12
q = (h2 - h1 ) + 2
2
V 2 V12
275 2 42.12
= 3251.6 + (2.8) -
= 3211.9 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + q 2
2
2000
p2 = 1.4 MPa
h2 = 3211.9 kj/kg
T2 = 378.6oC (Table A-6)

MY EXAMPLE 5-1
Steam enters a nozzle at 40 bar, 400 oC and with a velocity of 10 m/s steadily. The steam
exits at 14 bar and with a velocity of 665 m/s. The flow rate of the steam is 2 kg/s. Heat
transfer and change in potential energy can be neglected. Determine the cross sectional
area of the outlet opening in m2.
& =
m
A1V1 A 2 V2
=
1
2
A2 =
& 2
m
V2
h2 - h1 =
At 40 bar, Ts = 250.3 oC, T>TS , shs

40 bar
400 oC
V12 - V22
2
2
& = 2 kg/s
m
2
p2 = 14 bar
V2 = 665 m/s
h1 = 3213.6 kJ/kg
h2 = 3213.6 +
p1 = 40 bar
T1 = 200 oC
V1 = 14 m/s
10 2 - 665 2
= 2992.5 kJ/kg
2000
At 14 bar, hg = 2790.0 kJ/kg, h2 > hg shs,

h
2927.2
2992.5
0.1635
2
3040.4
0.1823
2992.5 - 2927.5
2 =
(0.1823 0.1635 ) + 0.1635
3040.4 - 2927.5
3
= 0.1743 m /kg
Area, A =
2(0.1743)
= 5.24 x 10 - 4 m2
665
COMPRESSORS AND PUMPS

Compressors, pumps and fans are devices
used to increase the pressure of a fluid
Works is supplied to these devices from an
external source through a rotating shaft.
Compressor is capable of compressing a
gas to very high pressures
Pumps handle liquids instead of gases and
mainly used to increase the flow rate of a
fluid
Fans increases the pressure of a gas
slightly and is mainly used to mobilize a
gas.
Potential energy and heat transfer are
usually negligible
The process occur in these devices is a
compression process.
p 2 , T2 , V2 , z 2
W
1 p ,T ,V ,z
1 1
1
1
0
0
0
2
2
V V1
& -W
& =m
& (h2 - h1 ) + 2
+ g(z 2 - z 1 )
Q
2
& =m
& (h1 - h2 )
W
EXAMPLE 5.6
Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is compressed steadily to 600 kPa and 400 K. The mass flow rate
of the air is 0.02 kg/s and a heat loss of 16 kJ/kg occurs during the process. Assuming the
changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible, determine the necessary power
input to the compressor.
V 2 V12
& -W
& =m
& (h2 - h1 ) + 2
+ g(z 2 - z 1 )
Q
2
& -m
& =Q
& (h2 - h1 ) = m
& (q (h2 - h1 )) = m
& (q - c p (T2 T1 ))
W
= 0.02(-16 - 1.005(400 - 280))
= 2.73 kW
MY EXAMPLE 5-2
Air at 1 bar, 290 K and with a velocity 6 m/s enters a compressor steadily through an inlet
pipe which has cross-sectional area of 0.1 m2. The conditions of the air at outlet are 7 bar,
suhu 450 K and velocity 2 m/s. During the process heat is transferred from the
compressor to the surrounding air at the rate of 180 kJ/min. Assuming the air is ideal gas,
determine the input power of the compressor in kW. [Rair = 0.287 kJ/kgK and
cP = 1.005 kJ/kgK]
Assumptions : Steady flow, PE = 0, ideal gas
p 2 = 7 bar
Q=-180 kJ/min
T2 = 450 C
V2 = 2 m/s
V 2 V12
& -W
& =m
& (h 2 - h1 ) + 2
+ g (z 2 - z1 )
Q
2
V 2 V12
& -m
& =Q
& (h 2 - h1 ) + 2
W

2
m& =
A1V1
A1V1 p1
RT1
W
1
(0.1)(6)(1x10 2 )
= 0.72 kg/s
(0.287 )(290)
p = 1 bar
1
T1 = 290 C
V1 = 6 m/s
2
2
& = - 180 + 0.72 1.005(290 - 450) + 6 2
W
2000
60
= - 119.4 kW
MY EXAMPLE 5.3
A water pump is used to pump water in a pipe at the rate of 10 kg/s. The inlet conditions
are 1.0 bar, 25 oC and velocity 3 m/s while the outlet conditions are 1.5 bar, 30 oC and
velocity 15 m/s. The outlet pipe is located 15 m above the inlet pipe. Determine the power
needed by the pump in kW. The gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2.
Assumptions : Steady flow and heat transfer is negligible
V 2 V22
& -W
& =m
& (h1 - h2 + ) + 1
+ g(z 1 z 2 )
Q
2
V V
& =m
& (h1 - h2 +) +
W
+ g(z 1 z 2 )
2
2
1
p2 = 1.5 bar
T2 = 30 oC
V2 = 15 m / s
2
2
Since T1 < TS at 1 bar and T2 < Ts at 1.5 bar, thus the

condition of the inlet and the outlet water is compressed
liquid. From Table A-4,
h1 = hf at 25 oC = 104.83 kJ/kg
h2 = hf at 30 oC = 125.74 kJ/kg
Pump
15 m
p1 =1.0 bar
T1 = 25 oC
V1 = 15 m / s
2
2
& = 10 (104.83 - 125.74 +) + 3 15 + 9.81( 15)
W
= -211.55 kW
2000
1000
10
TURBINE
Turbine is the device that drives the electric generator
in steam, gas or hydro-electric power plant.
As the high velocity fluid passes through the turbine,
work is done against the blades, which are attached to
the shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates and the turbine
produces work
Potential energy is negligible
Heat transfer from turbines is usually negligible,
normally they are well insulated
The process occurs in turbine is an expansion process
which amount of work is produced
p 2 , T2 , V2 , z 2
W
1
p1 , T1 , V1 , z 1
Energy balance for a turbine is
0
0
0
2
2
V
V
2
1
& -W
& =m
& (h2 - h1 ) +
+ g(z 2 - z 1 )
Q
2
& =m
& (h1 - h2 )
W
EXAMPLE 5-7
The power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is 5 MW and the inlet and the exit
conditions of the steam are as shown in the Figure 5-28.
a) Compare the magnitudes of h, ke and pe
b) Determine the work done per unit mass of the steam flowing through the turbine
c) Calculate the mass flow of the steam
Assumptions : Steady flow process, no heat transfer (adiabatic)
a) At the inlet
Shs
P1 = 2 MPa
h1 = 3248.4 kJ/kg (Table A-6)
T1 = 400oC
At exit (mixture), h2 = hf + x2hfg = 225.94 + 0.9(2372.3)
= 2361.01 kJ/kg
h = h2 h1 = 2361.01 3284.4 = 887.39 kJ/kg
V22 V12 180 2 50 2
=
= 14.95 kJ/kg
2
2x1000
pe = g(z 2 z 1 ) = 9.81(6 10 ) = 0.04 kJ/kg
ke =
b)
V 2 V12
& -W
& =m
& (h2 - h1 ) + 2
+ g(z 2 - z 1 )
Q
2
& = ( 887.39 + 14.95 0.04 ) = 872.48 kJ/kg

W
c) Mass flow rate,
& =
m
&
W
5000
=
= 5.73 kg/s
w 872.48
11
MY EXAMPLE 5-4
Gas hasil pembakaran bahan api memasuki turbin loji kuasa turbin gas pada 7 bar dan
400 oC dan keluar pada 1 bar dan 30 oC. Kadar alir jisim gas adalah 2 kg/s dan garis pusat
salur masuk turbin adalah 200 mm. Semasa proses pengembangan berlaku, sebanyak
150 kJ/min haba tersingkir dari turbin ke sekitaran. Gas hasil pembakaran boleh dianggap
sebagai gas unggul dengan cp = 1.15 kJ/kgK dan R = 0.285 kJ/kgK. Dengan mengabaikan
perubahan tenaga kinetik dan tenaga upaya, tentukan kuasa yang dihasilkan dan halaju
gas semasa memasuki turbin
V 2 V12
& -W
& =m
& (h 2 - h1 ) + 2
Q
+ g (z 2 - z1 )
2
&
& =m
& c p (h1 - h 2 ) + Q
W
150
& =m
& [c p (T1 - T2 ) + ] + Q = 2 [1.15 (400 - 30 )] +
W
= 848.5 kW
60
m& =
A1V1
A1 =
m& 1
V1 =
A1
1 =
V1 =
D 2
4
(200x10-3 )
= 0.0314 m 2
RT1 0.285 (400 + 273)

=
= 0.274 m3 / kg
p1
7 x 102
m& 1 2 x 0.274
=
= 17.45 m/s
A1
0.0314
THROTTLING VALVES/DEVICES
Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices that cause a significant
pressure drop in the fluid and any device used to control the flow rate of a fluid.
Examples : adjustable valves, capillary tube and orifice tube
Commonly used in refrigeration and air-conditioning applications
Change in PE and KE and heat transfer are negligible and no work done
0
0
0 0
V 2 V12
+ (gz 2 - gz 1 ) kJ/kg
q - w = (h2 - h1 ) + 2
2
h1 = h2
1
12
THROTTLING VALVES/DEVICES
Refrigerant-134a enters the capilary tube of a refrigerator as saturated liquid at 0.8 MPa
and is throttle to a pressure of 0.12 MPa. Determine the quality of the refrigerant at the
final state and the temperature drop during this process.
Assumptions : Steady flow, heat transfer, PE and KE are negligible,
Analysis
0
0
0 0
V 2 V12
+ (gz 2 - gz 1 ) kJ/kg
q - w = (h2 - h1 ) + 2
2
h1 = h2
MIXING CHAMBERS
The function of mixing chamber is to mix two
or more streams of fluid
Examples : T-elbow or Y-elbow of a pipe,
engine carburetor, the mixing process of
fresh air and return air in a/c application.
PE, KE and heat transfer are negligible and
do not involve any kind of work.
The total inlet mass flow rate is equal to the
total outlet mass flow rate
m& in = m& out

Lets consider a mixing chamber with two inlets
and one outlet. For conservation of mass, we can
write
&1+m
&2 =m
&3
m
We can write the energy balance for this system as
&1
m
mixing
chamber
&2
m
&3
m
V2
V2
V2
& W
& =m
& 3 h3 + 3 + gz 3 m
& 1 h1 + 1 + gz 1 + m
& 2 h2 + 2 + gz 2
Q
2
2
2
In general,
& 1h1 + m
& 2h 2 = m
& 3h 3
m
m& inhin = m& outhout

13
EXAMPLE 5-9
Consider an ordirnary shower where hot water at 60oC is mixed with cold water at 10oC. If
it is desired that a steady stream of warm water at 45oC be supplied, determine the ratio of
the mass flow rates of the hot to cold water. Assume the losses from the mixing chamber
to be negligible and the mixing to take place at a pressure of 150 kPa.
Assumptions : Steady flow process, KE, PE and heat losses are negligible. W = 0
Analysis
T =60oC
1
&1+m
& 2 =m
&3
Mass balance, m
& inhin = m
& outhout m
& 1h1 + m
& 2h 2 = m
& 3h 3
Energy balance, m
& 1h1 + m
& 2h2 = (m
&1+m
& 1 )h3
Combining both equations m
&2
Dividing by m
& 1h1 m
& h
& +m
& 1
m
m
h
+ 2 2 = 1
&2
&2
& 2 3
m
m
m
& 1h1
&
m
m
+ h2 = 1 + 1h3 yh1 + h2 = (y + 1)h3
&2
&2
m
m
T3=45oC
T2=10oC
Ts at 150 kPa is 111.35oC, thus, the water in all streams exist as a compressed liquid,
h1 = hf @ 60oC = 251.18 kJ/kg, h2 = hf @ 10oC = 42.022 kJ/kg,
h3 = hf @ 45oC = 188.44 kJ/kg
&1
h h2 188.44 42.022
m
=y= 3
=
= 2.33
&2
m
h1 h3 251.18 188.44
MY EXAMPLE 5-5
In a air conditioning duct system, a mixing process occurs between stream of outside
fresh air stream of return air. 80 l/s of outside air at 30 oC is mixed with 240 l/s return air
at the temperature of 26 oC at constant pressure of 1.1 bar. Determine the flow rate and
the temperature of the mixed air. Assume air as an ideal gas with R = 0.287 kJ/kgK and
cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK.
1 =
RT1 0.287 x (30 + 273 )

=
p1
1.1 x 10 2
2 =
RT2 0.287 x (26 + 273 )

=
p2
1.1 x 10 2
= 0.7801 m3 /kg
= 0.7906 m /kg
3
V&
80
&1= 1=
m
1 1000 x 0.7906
&2=
m
V& 2
240
=
2 1000 x 0.7801
& 3 =m
&1+m
& 2 = 0.1012 + 0.3077 = 0.4089 kg/s
m
& 1c p T1 + m
& 2 c p T2 = m
& 3 c p T3
& 1h1 + m
& 2h 2 = m
& 3h 3
m
m
& 1c p T1 + m
& 2 c p T2
m
& 3c p
m
Return air
240 l/s
26 oC
= 0.3077 kg/s
= 0.1012 kg/s
T3 =
Outside air
80 l/s
30 oC
=
=
3
Mixed air
& 1T1 + m
& 2 T2
m
&3
m
0.1012 (30 + 273 ) + 0.3077 (26 + 273 )

= 300 K
0.4089
14
HEAT EXCHANGER
HE is a devices where two moving fluid streams
exchange heat without mixing.
Widely used in various industries such as condenser
in power plant, radiator in automobile engines,
evaporator in a/c system, oil cooler and etc.
The heat transfer between two fluids occurs at
constant pressure
Involve no work interactions (W = 0), PE, KE and
heat transfer to the surrounding are negligible
Fluid A
inlet
Q=0
Fluid B
outlet
Fluid B
inlet
Fluid A hotter than B

Fluid A
outlet
HEAT EXCHANGER
a) Considering the whole HE as a system, the energy
balance can be written as
& -W
& =m
& (h + 1 V 2 + gz ) + m
& (h + 1 V 2 + gz )
4 (Fluid B)
Q
2
1 (Fluid A)
Q=0
& 1 (h1 + 21 V12 + gz 1 ) m

& 3 (h3 + 21 V32 + gz 3 )
m
3 (Fluid B)
Neglecting the Q, PE and KE and for steady flow,
(m& 1 = m& 2 and m& 3 = m& 4 )

& 2 (h2 ) + m
& 4 (h 4 )-m
& 1 (h1 ) m
& 3 (h3 ) = 0
m
& A (h2 h1 ) = m
& B (h 4 h3 )
m
b) Considering the fluid B as a system, the energy

balance can be written as
V 2 - V12
& -W
& =m
& A (h2 - h1 ) + 2
Q
A
A
+ g(z 2 - z 1 )
2
2 (Fluid A)
Neglecting the PE and KE,

& =m
& (h h )
Q
A
15
EXAMPLE 5-10 page 241

Refrigerant 134a is to cooled by water in a condenser. The refrigerant enters the
condenser with a mass flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 MPa and 70oC and leaves at 35oC. The
cooling water enters at 300 kPa and 15oC and leaves at 25oC. Neglecting any pressure
drops, determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water required and the heat transfer
from the refrigerant to the water.
Assumptions : Steady flow process, KE and PE are negligible,
heat losses from the system are negligible, W = 0
& 1=m
& 2 =m
& W and m
& 3 =m
& 4 =m
&R
Analysis : For each stream, m
Energy balance, E& in E& out = dE system /dt
& 1h1 + m
& 3h 3 = m
& 2h 2 + m
& 4h 4 m
& W (h2 h1 ) = m
& R (h 4 h3 )
m
Ts at 300 kPa = 133.52oC, thus the conditions of both water

streams are compressed liquid,
h1 hf @ 15oC = 62.982 kJ/kg and
h2 hf @ 25oC = 104.83 kJ/kg (Table A-4)
At 1 MPa and 70oC, R134a exist as superheated vapor,
h3 = 303.85 kJ/kg (Table A-13)
At 1 MPa and 35oC, R134a exist as compressed liquid,
h4 hf @ 35oC = 100.87 kJ/kg (A-11)
&W=
m
& R (h 4 h3 ) 6(100.87 303.85 )

m
=
= 29.1 kg/min
(h2 h1 )
104.83 62.982
& = m (h h ) = 29.1(104.83 62.982 ) = 1218 kJ/min

Q
W
w
2
1
PIPE AND DUCT

Pipes are usually used to transport liquids, while ducts are usually used to transport
gases or air, particularly in air conditioning system.
Under normal operating conditions, the amount of heat gained or lost by the fluid may
be very significant, especially if the pipe/duct is long. Normally they are insulated to
prevent any heat gain or loss.
If the pipe or duct involves a heating section, a fan or a pump, the work interactions
should be considered.
The velocities in pipe and duct flow are relatively low, thus the KE changes are usually
insignificant.
16
PIPE AND DUCT

In an air duct system, air is heated as it flows over a 15 kW resistance wires. Air enters the
heating section at 100 kPa and 17oC with a volume flow rate of 150 m3/min. If heat is lost
from the air in the duct to the surroundings at a rate of 200 W, determine the exit
temperature of air.
Assumptions : Steady flow, air is an ideal gas, PE and KE are negligible
Analysis : Heating section is taken as the system, heat is lost from the system and
electrical work is supplied to the system
Energy balance, E& in = E& out
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
W
W
e,in + mh1 = Q out + mh 2
e,in Q out = mc p (T2 T1 )
RT1 (0.287 )(290 )

=
= 0.832 m3 /kg
p1
100
V&
150
& = 1=
m
= 3.0 kg/s
1 0.832 x 60
1 =
T2 =
&
&
W
15 0.2
e,in Q out
+ T1 =
+ 290 = 294.9 o C = 21.9 o C
& cp
m
3(1.005 )
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY-FLOW PROCESSES

_ Unsteady-flow or transient-flow processes are the processes
which involve changes in mass and energy contents within the
control volume with time as well as the energy interactions across
the boundary
_ Example of unsteady-flow processes : the charging of rigid
vessels from supply lines, discharging of fluid from a pressurized
vessel, driving a gas turbine with pressurized air stored in a large
container, inflating tires or balloons and cooking with an ordinary
pressure cooker.
_ The differences between unsteady-flow and steady flow :
Unsteady-flow processes start and end over some time
period, changes occur over some time interval, t.
The mass within the system boundaries does not remain
constant during a process.
Steady-flow systems are fixed in space, size and shape,
while the unsteady-flow systems are not and may involve
moving boundaries, thus boundary work.
_ Most unsteady-flow can be represented by the uniform-flow
process the fluid properties do not change with time or a cross
section of an inlet or exit.
Charging of a rigid tank

from a supply lines
Shape and size of a

control volume may
change
17
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY-FLOW PROCESSES

The mass balance for any system undergoing any process can
be expressed as
min mout = msystem or min mout = (m2 m1)CV
The general energy balance : Ein Eout = Esystem
The energy balance for a uniform-flow can be expressed as

Q in + Win + m(h + ke + pe ) Q out + Wout + m(h + ke + pe )

in
out
= (m2 (u + ke + pe )2 m1 (u + ke + pe )1 )system
If the ke and pe are negligible, then

Q W = mh mh + (m2u2 m1u1 )system
out
in
If no mass enters or leaves the CV during a process (mi = me = 0 and m1 = m2 = m) , this

equation reduces to the energy balance for closed system
EXAMPLE 5-12
A rigid tank, insulated tank that is initially evacuated is connected through a valve to a
supply line that carries steam at 1 MPa and 300oC. Now the valve is opened and steam is
allowed to flow slowly into the tank until the pressure reaches 1 MPa at which point the
valve is closed. Determine the final temperature of the steam in the tank.
Assumptions : uniform flow process, ke and pe are negligible for both streams and
system, no work interactions involve, no heat transfer (insulated)
Analysis : the CV initially evacuated, thus m1 = 0 and m1u1 = 0
The mass balance : min mout = msystem H mi = m2 m1 = m2
The energy balance : Ein Eout = Esystem
Since W = 0, Q = 0, ke = pe = 0, m1 = 0, thus mihi = m2u2
Combining both equation, u2 = hi
pi = 1 MPa
Ti = 300oC
hi = 3051.6 kJ/kg = u2 (Table A-6)
p2 = 1 MPa
u2 = 3051.6 kJ/kg
T2 = 456.1
(Table A-6)
18
THE END
19

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CHAPTER 5

MASS AND ENERGY

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

MASS AND VOLUME FLOW RATES

The mass flow rate through the entire cross-sectional area of

The volume flow rate, V& = A VndA = Vavg A = VA

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

CONSERVATION OF MASS PRINCIPLE

For steady flow processes

For steady, incompressible flow, the density is assumed constant, thus

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

& out = (AV )out = A jet 2gh

A jet 2gh = d(A tankh)

Integrating from t = 0 at which h = ho to t = t at h = h2

1.2 0.6 0.9

= 694 s = 11.6 min

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

FLOW WORK OR FLOW ENERGY

Force, F (F = PA) is needed to push a

The total Work done by the

The total energy, E = U + 2 m V 2 + mgz + pV

The total energy, E = H + 21 m V 2 + mgz

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

(b) Neglecting KE and PE, thus

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

ENERGY ANALYSIS FOR STEADY FLOW SYSTEMS

2) Inlet mass flow rate = outlet mass flow rate

3) Boundary work is zero (volume of the control volume is constant)

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

ENERGY ANALYSIS FOR STEADY FLOW SYSTEMS

Total energy Total energy Change in the total

entering the CV leaving the CV = energy of CV

Ein E out = E system

In general, we can write

(Qin+ Win + Ein) (Qout + Wout Eout) = Esystem

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

ENERGY ANALYSIS FOR STEADY FLOW SYSTEMS

Mass flow rate

Inlet Mass flow

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

ENERGY ANALYSIS FOR STEADY FLOW SYSTEMS

For steady flow, mass flow rate of the system is zero,

STEADY STATE FLOW EQUATION

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS

_ The heat transfer through a nozzle or a diffuser is usually

+ (gz 2 - gz1 ) kJ/kg

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

RT1 0.287 x 283

(b) Energy balance for diffuser

CHAP 5 : MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

(a) At 1.8 MPa, Ts = 207.11oC, T1 > Ts H shs

T2 = 378.6oC (Table A-6)