Program no.

1:To configure the IP address for a computer

connected to LAN.
Step 1: First we open the network properties then following dialog box is
appear

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Step 2: Then open the properties of LAN and click on status .

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Step 3: Then click on the properties of the status and select TCP/IP.

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Step 4: Select the IP address and fill any IP address, subnet mask and
default gateway .

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Practical No. 2
Practical no.2: To plan IPV6 address scheme for a LAN
comprising of n terminals.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of the Internet
Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification
and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the
Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion.
IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4, which still carries more than 96%
of Internet traffic world wide improvement in IPv6 over IPv4 is that IP
addresses are lengthened from 32 bits to 128 bits.

Local address:
These addresses are used when an organization wants to use IPV6 protocol
without being connected to global internet. In other words, they provide
private networks.
There are types of links on which an IPV6 can be defined for local
addressing. Some of them are:
Link local
Site local
A link-local address is a network address that is valid only for
communications within the network segment (link) or the broadcast
domain that the host is connected to. Link-local addresses are usually not
guaranteed to be unique beyond a single network segment. Routers therefore
do not forward packets with link-local addresses. For protocols that have
only link-local addresses, such as Ethernet, hardware addresses that the
manufacturer delivers in network circuits are unique, consisting of vendor
identification and a serial identifier.
IPv6 site-local addresses are similar to IPv4 private addresses. The scope of
a site-local address is the internetwork of an organizations site.

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IPV6 address scheme for a LAN comprising of n terminals:

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Practical no.3: To insole open source packet capture software,

wire shark.
Step 1: Download the setup of the wire shark from internet then run it on
your machine.

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Step 2: Click on the next button.

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Step 3: Select the folder to install wireshark portable .

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Step 4: Then click on the install button.

Step 5: Wait till the wire shark is being installed.

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Step 6: Click finish to close the wizard.

Step 7: Open the folder in which we save the wireshark.

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Step 8: The wizard window is open then click on next button.

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Step 9: Then click on the agree.

Step 10: After that click on install.

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Step 11: Wait till the installation is running.

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Step 12: Click finish to close this wizard.

Step 13: The wireshark window is opened.

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Step 14: Now we can see the first IP address and all addresses which are in
running state.

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Practical no.4:To configure Ad-hoc network.

Introduction: - A wireless ad hoc network (WANET) is a decentralized
type of wireless network. The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on a
pre existing infrastructure, such as routers in wired networks or access points
in managed (infrastructure) wireless networks. Instead, each node
participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes, so the
determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically on the basis
of network connectivity. In addition to the classic routing, ad hoc networks
can use flooding for forwarding data.
An ad hoc network typically refers to any set of networks where all devices
have equal status on a network and are free to associate with any other ad
hoc network device in link range. Ad hoc network often refers to a mode of
operation of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks.
Wireless communication enables information transfer among a network of
disconnected, and often mobile, users. Popular wireless networks such as
mobile phone networks and wireless LANs are traditionally infrastructurebased, i.e. base stations, access points and servers are deployed before the
network can be used. In contrast, ad hoc networks are dynamically formed
amongst a group of wireless users and require no existing infrastructure or
pre-configuration.

Infrastructure-based wireless network

Ad hoc network

The dynamic and self-organizing nature of ad hoc networks makes them

particular useful in situations where rapid network deployments are required
or it is prohibitively costly to deploy and manage network infrastructure.
Some example applications include:

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Attendees in a conference room sharing documents and other

information via their laptops and handheld computer;
Armed forces creating a tactical network in unfamiliar territory for
communications and distribution of situational awareness information;
Small sensor devices located in animals and other strategic locations
that collectively, monitor habitats and environmental conditions;
Emergency services communicating in a disaster area and sharing
video updates of specific locations among workers in the field, and
back to headquarters.

Unfortunately, the ad hoc nature that makes these networks attractive also
introduces many complex communication problems. Although some of the
first ad hoc networks were deployed in the early 1970's, significant research
problems remain unanswered.
Applications:
three features must be present in an application for it to deserve the ad hoc
label:

Mobility: in order to be able to use the application everywhere, the

user should not be limited by range. The range limit is set by the
business logic of the application.
Peer-to-Peer: direct communication between peers is mandatory. This
means that the client/server relationship is defined in an ad hoc
manner by the application logic (direct interaction between the pieces
of software).
Collocation : all logical interactions between applications must result
in a physical interaction between users. This means that in order to be
called an ad hoc application, the service has to be location-based.

Being infrastructure-less and without central administration control, wireless

ad-hoc networking is playing a more and more important role in extending
the coverage of traditional wireless infrastructure (cellular networks,
wireless LAN, etc). This book includes state-of the art techniques and
solutions for wireless ad-hoc networks. It focuses on the following topics in
ad-hoc networks: vehicular ad-hoc networks, security and caching, TCP in
ad-hoc networks and emerging applications. It is targeted to provide network
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engineers and researchers with design guidelines for large scale wireless ad
hoc networks. The decentralized nature of wireless ad-hoc networks makes
them suitable for a variety of applications where central nodes can't be relied
on and may improve the scalability of networks compared to wireless
managed networks, though theoretical and practical limits to the overall
capacity of such networks have been identified. Minimal configuration and
quick deployment make ad hoc networks suitable for emergency situations
like natural disasters or military conflicts. The presence of dynamic and
adaptive routing protocols enables ad hoc networks to be formed quickly.
Wireless ad-hoc networks can be further classified by their application:

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