Lori Waddington

Mr. Smith
10th December, 2014
AP World History
Test #7: Study Guide
Key Terms: Part I
1. Coercive Labour: Forced to work.
2. Columbian Exchange: A period of cultural and biological exchanges between the
New World and Europe. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology
transformed European and Native American ways of life.
3. Empire: An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority,
formerly especially an emperor or empress.
4. Indian Ocean Trade System: The Indian Ocean trade network was a series of trade
routes on the Indian Ocean. People would use these routes for bulk trading.
5. Colonisation: The forming of a settlement or colony by a group of people who seek
to take control of territories or countries. It usually involves large-scale immigration
of people to a 'new' location and the expansion of their civilisation and culture into
this area.
Focus Questions: Part II
1) What were the motives for European expansion after 1450?
Gold: The Crusades helped stimulate a growing demand for Indian pepper, Chinese ginger,
and Malukan cloves and nutmeg. By the fourteenth century (1300s), European demand for
Asian spices and luxury items far exceeded supply. Muslims and Venetians controlled trade
routes to the east. The new monarchs of Spain and Portugal wanted direct access to
lucrative Asian markets. Europeans also hoped to find lands where they could establish
sugar plantations.
God: The Crusades left a legacy of hostility between Christians and Muslims. Led by Spain
and Portugal, Europeans hoped to reconquer northern Africa from the Muslims. Europeans
believed they had a duty to spread Christianity.
Glory: European monarchs and individual explorers hoped to increase their own power and
prestige and that of their countries by establishing colonies and controlling trade with the
East.
2) What new technologies made voyages of exploration possible after 1450 CE, the
discovery and conquest of the New World and the creation of the Atlantic System?

The caravel had square sails for sailing with and against the wind. The magnetic compass
and the astrolabe enabled mariners (sea travellers) to determine their location at sea.
3) Who discovered the New World, and when?
Christopher Columbus discovered the New World in 1492.
4) What European countries colonised the new world?
Spain, Portugal, Britain, and France.
5) What European country had the largest empire in the Americas?
Spain.
6) How did Spain administer its colonies in the New World?
The king of Spain governed his American empire through a Council of the Indies in Spain
and viceroys in Mexico City and Lima, Peru.
7) How did the religious beliefs of people in Latin America change as a result of
colonisation? How does this compare to religious changes in North American
colonies?
The Spanish and Portuguese were far more adamant about conversion than the English and
French. Therefore, many Latin American colonies had more converts to Christianity than
the colonies in North America.
8) What was the Atlantic System, and when was it in use?
The Atlantic Circuit was a trading network that connected Europe, Africa, and the
Americas. It was in use from 1500 to 1800 C.E..
9) What major commodities were traded as part of the Atlantic System? What else was
spread along the Atlantic Network?
The Triangular Trade was part of the Atlantic Circuit. As part of triangle trade,
manufactured goods were sent to Africa and were traded for slaves; African slaves were
sent, by ship, to the Americas; and raw materials were sent to Europe for manufacture.
10) Who enslaved Africans before Europeans? Why did Europeans begin enslaving
Africans during the 16th century?
African slaves were previously prisoners of war (or born into slavery) and sold to
Europeans by African kings. Europeans began enslaving Africans in the 16th century after
Native Americans began to die out, and African slaves were cheaper than Indentured
Servants and had to work for life.

11) How did African slaves reach the New World?

African slaves were sent by ship. One out of every six slaves shipped to the Americas died
of disease. Sometimes, as much as 50% of a ships cargo of slaves died in route to the New
World.
12) What kind of work did African slaves do in the New World?
Work plantations in the fields, work inside the home, clean.
13) What were conditions like for African slaves?
Poor. Punishments were often harsh, living conditions were bare minimum, and they had to
work all hours of the day.
14) How did slavery change with the onset of the African slave trade?
Purchasing and importing slaves became a normal behaviour. It became east to do, fairly
cheap, and convenient.
15) Compare slavery with another form of coercive labour, indentured servitude, which
was used in the Americas by colonial powers.
Indentured servitude was voluntary, whereas slavery was not. Indentured servants worked
5-7 years, a slave worked for life unless they were freed. Indentured servants were typically
European (mostly English going to English colonies), slaves were mostly African.