Electrical Engineering From Field PDF

Electrical Engineering From Field
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http://e4electrical.blogspot.com/
12/17/2014 10:22 AM
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Sunday, 3 June 2012
Faults and Relays.

TYPES OF FAULTS AND RELAYS
In power system only two types of faults are present
1. Over-current Fault
2. Earth Fault
In these two main categories there are many types of faults present
Example:
1. Over-current Fault
Line to Line Fault
3 phase fault etc.
2. Earth Fault
Line to ground Fault
Double Line To Ground Fault etc.
So relate with equipment and environment, we use so many types of
relays used to protect the power system elements.
TYPES OF RELAYS:
1.O/C & E/F RELAYS

These relays are used for general protection.It give protection over
earth fault and over current fault.The main thing we have keep in mind
that it is used in short transmission lines up to 33KV limit(may be used
in 66KV).
2.Distance Relays
This Relay is used as over current relay in long transmission high
voltage lines. It is accurate than O/C & E/F RELAYS and we can figure
out the exact position of fault.So it is much helpful to locate the fault in
long tx.line.
3.Restricted earth fault relay.

This relays are used in equipment protection mainly for transformer.It is
connected to the C.T in the earthed neutral link,we called a Neutral
C.T.It is actually a earth fault relay that find any internal insulation
failure or heavy earth fault related with equipment surrounding.
4. Differential relays
The definition of such a relay is one that operates when the vector
difference of two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a
predetermined amount.That means in a trans former we know it
primary and secondary voltages so the ratio of Pr. And Sec. Always
constant so if any abnormality occur the ratio will change and relay will
operate.This is also for equipment protection.
5.Master Relay
All the above relays are connected to master relay in a panel board
and it will operate the breaker.
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Posted by ELECTRICAL FRIEND at 07:38
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Friday, 25 May 2012
Protective scheme
Protective Scheme For Power System
Hi friends now we can see the protective action in a power system.Here i am going to explain you the very
basic protective scheme.Don't think this is all,the power system contain very complex protective schemes
because each and every devices are very costly and dangerous. Here i just illustrate only one P.T and C.T
actually each phase has its own C.T and P.T .
The C.T is always series to the mains and its secondary should be short circuited(ie.always in a closed
circuit).The P.T is always parallel with mains open circuited secondary.In most of the area of power system the
C.T is the protecting device, ie we take the current reference . P.T is mainly for the metering of voltage.I think at
the generating side only the frequency and voltage terms come into protective action.
Both the C.T and P.T has many number of secondary cores for various purposes. Mainly the C.T has
dedicated cores for Metering,Protection,Backup Etc..The cores has some standards also like 5P10,.5s
etc..according to the accuracy and other parameters.The C.T secondary measures in Ampere. it may be 1A to 5A
normally. The P.T secondary measures in voltage, and it is normally 110v AC. we can discuss about C.T and P.T
in the next post.........................THANK YOU
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Tuesday, 22 May 2012
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Name Plate Examples

SAMPLE NAME PLATE DETAILS
33 KV Vacuum Circuit Breaker.
33KV current Transformer
L.A 11KV
P.T 33 KV side
11kv vacuum Circuit Breaker
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33/11 kv 5MVA transformer
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Monday, 21 May 2012
Real And Reactive Power
KVA,KW,KVAR,KWh,Kvar.....
As an electrical engineer we seen a lot as KW,MW,KVA
etc. These are some units related with power and energy. It
varies with the nature of the power and energy. Before that we
can just see what is reactive and real power.
REACTIVE POWER:
The book definition is it is the power absorbed by the inductor
or released by the capacitor. We know in AC circuit only the
inductance and capacitance are present. It may be a line
capacitance or winding inductance.It is the imaginary power
etc.
This reactive power is simply circulating power due to
the phase shift between the source and the loads. This
additional power that appears to be flowing requires the
equipment to be rated higher than that for a system operating
at unity. Obviously these circulating currents while
real..produce no useful work. It is the job of the Electrical
Engineer to correct the load reactance as close as possible to
unity to increase efficiency and reduce operational costs. That
means simply match the capacitance and inductance.
Start now,
Total power KVA = Kilo Volt Amp(v*I)
Real power
KW = Kilo Watt(v*I*cos)
Reactive power KVAR = Kilo Volt Amp Reactance (v*I*sin)
Total power KVA=KW+jKVAR
Power * Time= Energy
Eg:KW*Hour=KWh(unit of electrical energy)
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Friends, the field of reactive power is a wide area and

researches are now going on, so i am not yet expert. The
interesing fact is Reactive power is needed to transport the
real power!! So we minimize it what ever we can. We use
capacitor banks and other FACTS(Flexible AC Transmission
System) devices for minimize it.
1 comment:
Sunday, 20 May 2012
Star and Delta Connections
STAR AND DELTA CONNECTIONS

We seen the 3 phase concept and now we can discuss
the star and delta connection for 3 phase supply. Actually
where is these connections exist? The answer is at
Transformers(Both power and instrumentation).
At motor winding.
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At generator winding.
Actually where we handle the 3 phase supply directly,
we can prefer the star or delta connection. Previous post i
mentioned that only 3 phase loads are motors,so you may
confuse about the transformers, actually transformer is not a
load. It just change the voltage level.
Delta connection is also used to connect the windings of
most three-phase motors because the phase windings are
perfectly balanced and, therefore, do not require a neutral
connection.
Making a star connection has the advantage that two
voltages
become available a line voltage between any two phases,
and a
phase voltage between line and neutral which is connected to
the star point.
In any star-connected system currents fl ow along the

lines ( IL), through the load and return by the neutral
conductor connected to the star point. In a balanced
three-phase system all currents have the same value and
when they are added up by phasor addition, we find the
resultant current is zero.
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3 Phase Concept
WHY WE USE 3 PHASE ?
In the electrical field we use only 3 phases exactly. Not

more or less,Why? Because we minimum of 3 phases to
produce a rotating magnetic field(RMF). We studied that more
than one phase is enough to produce a torque, but imagine 2
equal magnitude phases come into action the phase angle will
be 1800 and will oppose each other.
So we use 3 phases to produce a rotating magnetic field
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and can carry more power than a single phase. Remember

one thing, the only 3 phase AC loads are motors. No other
loads are directly consume or use the 3 phase AC supply. You
can easily understand the concept with an IC engine with 3
cylinder.
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