NonconEner. Sour

Non-conventional
energy sources
Presentation by Abhishek
Srivastava
Non-conventional energy sources

1. SOLAR ENERGY
2. WIND ENERGY
3. TIDAL ENERGY
4. NUCLEAR ENERGY
5. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
6. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
7. BIOMASS ENERGY
8. BIO FUELS
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Most parts of India have 300 - 330 sunny
days in a year, which is equivalent to over

5000 trillion kWh per year - more than
Indias total energy consumption per year.
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Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the

Sun, has been harnessed by humans
Solar powered electrical generation depends on
photovoltaic cells .
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THE SOLAR CELLS are also called as

photo voltaic cells.
solar cells are
made of
thin
wafers of semi
conductor materials like silicon and
germanium. when solar radiations fall on
them a potential difference is produced which
causes the flow of electrons and hence
electricity is produced.
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Semiconductors.
Semiconductors:
When heated or exposed to light or
magnetic field the atoms of the

semiconductor material may lose their grip on
their electrons and so are capable of
conducting, by the movement of loose
electrons.
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SILICON
Silicon is a very popular choice as a
semiconductor material.
Silicon can form a 3D covalent network lattice
structure where each silicon atom is bonded
covalently to four other silicon atoms.
A silicon lattice that loses its grip on some of its
electrons when heated or exposed to light or
magnetic field.
Electrons moving through this piece of silicon.
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In order to make the silicon lattice to
conduct and to convert sunlight to

electricity, it is essential to add some
different elements to the lattice. This is
called DOPING.
The added elements are bonded
covalently with Si; they become part of
the structure into the lattice.
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When Boron doped with Si, Boron has three outer

shell electrons. So B slot into the lattice, there is an
electron MISSING; this is called a hole.
Since silicon doped with boron swallows up
electrons
It is acting like a POSITIVE electrode by pulling the
electrons. Therefore it is called a P-TYPE
semiconductor.
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If an element has five outer shell electrons and put it

into the silicon grid, we end up with one spare electron.

Phosphorous (P) is a good choice.
The P atom , when inserted into the silicon grid, has one
electron left over. That electron is free to move.
The extra negative charge provided by the electron
makes the Phosphorous doped silicon grid negatively
charged, and thus we have the N-TYPE semiconductor.
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P-type semiconductor and an N-type are
connected
The electrons in the N area will go to the holes
in the P area.
The electrons are simply pulled to the hole in
the P area by virtue of their negative charge.
a limited number of electrons (from n-type)
and positive holes (from p-type) can cross the
junction between the two types of
semiconductors.
This produce a potential barrier between the
two type of layers. This stops the flow of
electrons.
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When solar rays fall on the outer layer of
the p-type semiconductors, the electrons

in the valence band get excited to the
conduction band by absorbing light.
The conduction electrons in P-type can
cross the P-N junction into the N-type due
to the potential difference between the two
layers.
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The layer of P-type semiconductor is kept
very thin (10-4 cm), so that all the electrons

get a chance to cross the p-n junction into
the n-type layer
P-type layer is normally the outer layer of
the cell with thickness of 2.5 x 10-3 mm and
n-type is inner core with 1 mm thickness
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Physics of Photovoltaic Generation
n-type
semiconductor
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Depletion Zone
p-type
semiconductor
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SOLAR CELL
Presentation
by produce
Abhishek about 0.7 w of electricity
A typical solar
cell can
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Typical output of a module (~30 cells) is 15 V, with 1.5 A current

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Largest solar array in the world

Worlds largest solar array - 20,000-dish array
and 850 MW
4,500-acre solar energy generating station in
Southern California.
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The various methods of

harvesting solar energy
1. SOLAR CELLS
2. SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS
3. SOLAR COOKERS
4. SOLAR WATER HEATERS
5. SOLAR FURNANCE
6. SOLAR POWER PLANT
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SOLAR
COOKERS
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solar water heating systems
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Solar water heaters

Bangalore has the largest deployment of rooftop solar

water heaters in India that will generate energy
equivalent to 200 MW everyday and which are now
mandatory for all new structures.
Pune also recently made installation of solar water
heaters in new buildings mandatory
As on 2004, more than 2,700 villages and hamlets had
been electrified mainly using SPV systems.
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Solar furnace
3000o
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SOLAR POWER PLANT

Gurgaon in Haryyana (50 K Watt capacity)
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Advantages of solar energy

It is renewable energy resources
Eco-friendly
A typical solar cell can produce about 0.7 w
of electricity
Low maintenance cost
Can be used in remote inaccessible areas,
where the power transmission is difficult
and quite expensive
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Limitations of solar energy

Solar cells can produce electricity only on
sunny days
Installation cost is high
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WIND ENERGY
Wind is a form of moving air

Due to its motion the air acquires kinetic
energy, which we call as wind energy
Wind is a form of solar energy. Wind is caused

by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the
sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and
rotation of the earth.
Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's
terrain, water bodies and vegetation.
Humans use this wind flow, or motion energy,
for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and
even generating electricity.
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The terms wind energy or wind power

describe the process by which the wind is
used to generate mechanical power or
electricity.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in
the wind into mechanical power. This
mechanical power can be used for specific
tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping
water) or a generator can convert this
mechanical power into electricity.
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WIND MILL
A windmill is a machine that is powered by the
energy of the wind.
It is designed to convert the energy of the wind
into more useful forms using rotating blades or
sails.
The wind speed should be 15 km/hr
Wind mill (TURBIN)

It is a machine , which work with the energy of flowing air

or wind
It consists of large blades, mounted on the shaft on vertical
poles
The shaft is connected to a crank
The crank is connected to a dynamo (generator)
When wind strikes against the blades, then these start
rotating
The rotating blades can turn the coil of generator, thereby
generating electricity
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Wind farm
A single wind mill can produce only small
amount of electricity
A large number of wind mills constructed
over a very large area called as wind farm
The power obtained from all the wind mills
were combined for commercial uses
To generate 1MW of energy establishment
of wind farm requires about 2 hectares of
land area
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Humans have been using wind power for
at least 5,500 years to propel sailboats

and sailing ships.
Windmills served originally to grind grain,
though later applications included pumping
water and, more recently, generation of
electricity.
Recent electricity-generating windmills are
referred to as wind turbines.
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APPLICATIONS
To lift water from the ground or flooded

mines
To grind cereals and grains
Generation of electricity
Water pumping
Grinding purposes
Power generation- Wind turbine

A wind turbine is a rotating machine which
converts the kinetic energy of wind into electricity
energy.
Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single
home or building, or they can be connected to an electricity
grid
The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects
to a generator and makes electricity.
Advantages
Wind energy is fueled by the wind, so it's a clean fuel source.
Wind energy relies on the renewable power of the wind, which
can't be used up. Wind is actually a form of solar energy
Wind energy is one of the lowest-priced renewable energy
technologies available today
Wind turbines can be built on farms, where most of the best
wind sites are found. Farmers can continue to work the land
because the wind turbines use only a fraction of the land. Wind
power plant owners make rent payments to the farmer for the
use of the land.
Disadvantages of wind energy

Wind flowing with sufficient speed is required

Speed and direction of the wind is seasonal
Whole through the year cannot expect the required output
electricity
Installation cost is high, the technology requires a higher
initial investment than fossil-fueled generators.
Establishment of a wind farm requires a large land area, of
about 12 hectare, to generate energy of 1 MW
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Wind energy in India

India has one of the highest potentials for the effective use
of renewable energy. India is the worlds fifth largest
producer of wind power after Denmark, Germany, Spain,
and the USA.
India is endowed with a large, viable and economically
exploitable wind power potential.
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Aralvaimozhi, the Muppandal wind farm which the

largest in Asia is located near the village of Muppandal
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Tamil Nadu is the state with the most wind generating

capacity: 4889.765 MW at the end of the March 2010.
Enercon is also playing a major role in development of wind
energy in India. In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore and Tiruppur
Districts having more wind Mills from 2002 onwards.
Maharashtra (1942.25 MW)
Gujarat (1782 MW)
Karnataka (1340.23 MW)
Rajasthan (738.5 MW)
Madhya Pradesh (212.8 MW)
Kerala (26.5 MW)
West Bengal (1.10MW)
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Wind energy in world scenario

Europe countries are the best wind energy
producers
At the end of 2009, worldwide nameplate capacity
of wind-powered generators was 159.2 gigawatts
(GW).
Several countries have achieved relatively high
levels of wind power penetration (with large
governmental subsidies), such as 20% of stationary
electricity production in Denmark, 14% in Portugal
and Spain, 11% in Republic of Ireland, and 8% in
Germany in 2009.
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In Denmark, more than 25% of the its
electricity requirement is generated through a

vast network of wind farms, it is called as the
country of winds
Total worlds potential of electricity from wind
was about 1,20,000MW which is only 2 % of
electrical power supplied from other sources.
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Non-conventional

Non-conventional energy sources

Most parts of India have 300 - 330 sunny

days in a year, which is equivalent to over

Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the

THE SOLAR CELLS are also called as

magnetic field the atoms of the

In order to make the silicon lattice to

conduct and to convert sunlight to

When Boron doped with Si, Boron has three outer

If an element has five outer shell electrons and put it

into the silicon grid, we end up with one spare electron.

P-type semiconductor and an N-type are

When solar rays fall on the outer layer of

the p-type semiconductors, the electrons

The layer of P-type semiconductor is kept

very thin (10-4 cm), so that all the electrons

Physics of Photovoltaic Generation

Typical output of a module (~30 cells) is 15 V, with 1.5 A current

Largest solar array in the world

The various methods of

solar water heating systems

Solar water heaters

Bangalore has the largest deployment of rooftop solar

SOLAR POWER PLANT

Advantages of solar energy

Limitations of solar energy

Wind is a form of moving air

Wind is a form of solar energy. Wind is caused

The terms wind energy or wind power

Wind mill (TURBIN)

It is a machine , which work with the energy of flowing air

Humans have been using wind power for

at least 5,500 years to propel sailboats

To lift water from the ground or flooded

To grind cereals and grains

Power generation- Wind turbine

Disadvantages of wind energy

Wind flowing with sufficient speed is required

Wind energy in India

Aralvaimozhi, the Muppandal wind farm which the

Tamil Nadu is the state with the most wind generating

Wind energy in world scenario

In Denmark, more than 25% of the its

electricity requirement is generated through a

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