A SEMINAR REPORT

ON

HIGH SPEED PACKET ACCESS TECHNOLOGY

(HSPA)

Submitted by
A.SATISH KUMAR
(Roll No.: 12P35AO402 )

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRI SAI ADITYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
SURAMPALEM.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

It is a great pleasure for me to express my great full thanks to our honorable

principal Mr.R.SRINIVAS inspired a lot through his speeches. He is the only
personality who had

given meaning to the technological studies and told us

how to survive in this competitive world.

I express my deep sense of gratitude and heart full thanks to Mr.R.V.V.
KRISHNA Head of department of electronics and communication engineering
for his cheerful motivation and encouragement at each stage of this Endeavour
and I am highly indebted to him.

I record my deep sense of gratitude to our beloved project guide Mr.N.APPA

RAO for stimulating guidance and profuse assistance, I shall always cherish our
association with my encouragement approachability and freedom of thought and
action I enjoyed during this work.

I wish to express my heart full thanks to all the staff members and friends who
have made my work possible.

ABSTRACT

The High Speed Packet Access technology is the most widely used mobile
broadband technology in communication world. It was already built in more than
3.8 billion connection with GSM family of technologies. The HSPA technology is
referred to both High Speed Downlink Packet Access (3GPP Release 5) and to
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (3GPP Release6).
The Evolved HSPA technology or HSPA + is the evolution of HSPA that
extends operators investments before the next generations technology 3GPP
Long Term Evolution (LTE or3GPP Release 8). The HSPA technology is
implemented on third generation (3G) UMTS/WCDMA network and accepted as
the leader in mobile data communication.
Using the HSDPA optimization on downlink is performed, whereas the
HSUPA technology applying Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) sets some
improvements for the uplink performance optimization. The products that support
HSUPA became available in 2007 and the combination of both HSDPA and
HSUPA were called HSPA. Adopting these technologies the throughput, latency
and spectral efficiency were improved.
Introducing HSPA resulted to the increase of overall throughput
approximately to 85 % on the uplink and a rise more than 50 % in user
throughput. The HSPA downlink available rates are 1 to 4 Mbps and for the
uplink are 500 kbps to 2Mbps as of 1 quarter of 2009. The theoretical bit rates are
14Mbps at the downlink and 5.8 Mbps at the uplink in a 5MHz channel. Besides,
the latency is notably reduced as well. In the improved network, the latency is less
than 50ms, and after the introduction of 2ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI)
latency is expected to be just 30ms.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

II

ABSTRACT

III

I.

INTRODUCTION

II

HIGH SPEED DOWNLINK PACKET ACCESS

1. Channel- Dependent Scheduling

2. Rate control and higher-order modulation
3.High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel
4.Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)

5.Dual-Cell
III HIGH SPEED UPLINK PACKET ACCESS

IV CONCLUSION

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1.INTRODUCTION
HIGH SPEED PACKET ACCESS (HSPA)

Todays mobile communication systems have been enhanced recently

to more efficiently support packet switched services. In UMTS HSDPA and EDCH have been specified in downlink and uplink respectively.
By now UMTS is a well-established technology with manifold
networks running globally and competitive terminals on the market. A significant
shift from traditional circuit-switched, often constant bit-rate ser- vices to IP
packet switched services is expected in the near future. UMTS Release 99, based
on dedicated resource allocation per user, is not well suited for IP packet data
traffic. Therefore High Speed Packet Downlink Access (HSDPA) and Enhanced
Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) have been introduced as new features of UMTS for
Downlink and Uplink in UMTS Release 5 and Release 6, respectively. This
technology called High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) claims significant
enhancements in end-to-end service pro- visioning for IP based services. This
introduces these future technology enhancements and assesses the potential gains
for future applications and in term user perception.

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile

telephony protocols, High Speed Packet Access is also universally known as 3G .
This technology is made up of two different technologies High Speed Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that
extends and improves the performance of existing 3 rd generation mobile
telecommunication networks utilizing the WCDMA protocols. The first HSPA
specifications supported increased peak data rates of up to 14 Mbits/s in the
downlink and 5.76 Mbits/s in the uplink.

A further improved 3GPP standard, Evolved HSPA (also known as

HSPA+), was released late in 2008 with subsequent worldwide adoption

beginning in 2010. The newer standard allows bit-rates to reach as high as 168
Mbits/s in the downlink and 22 Mbits/s in the uplink. It also reduced latency and
provided up to five times more system capacity in the downlink and up to twice as
much system capacity in the uplink compared with original WCDMA protocols.
These improvements are achieved in several ways:

Shared-channel transmission, which results in efficient use of available code

and power resources in WCDMA.
A shorter transmission time interval (TTI), which reduces round-trip time and
improves the tracking of fast channel variations.
Link adaptation, which maximizes channel usage and enables the base station
to operate at close to maximum cell power.
Fast scheduling, which prioritizes users with the most favorable channel conditions.
Fast retransmission and soft-combining, which further increase capacity
16-QAM and 64-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), which yields higher bit rates.
MIMO, which exploits antenna diversity to provide further improvements in
bit-rates and system capacity.

II. HIGH SPEED DOWNLINK PACKET ACCESS (HSDPA)

The introduction of High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, (HSDPA),
implies a major extension of the WCDMA radio interface, enhancing the
WCDMA downlink packet-data performance and capabilities in terms of higher
peak data rate, reduced latency and increased capacity.
This is achieved by several of the techniques described in higher-order
modulation, rate control, channel-dependent scheduling, and hybrid ARQ with
soft combining.
1. Channel- Dependent Scheduling
The radio conditions for the radio links to different UEs within a cell
typically vary independently, at each point in time there is almost always a radio
link whose channel quality is near its peak. As this radio link is likely to have
good channel quality, a high data rate can be used for this radio link. This
translates into a high system capacity.
The gain obtained by transmitting to users with favorable radio-link
conditions is commonly known as multi-user diversity and the gains are larger, the
larger the channel variations and the larger the number of users in a cell. Thus, in
contrast to the traditional view that fast fading is an undesirable effect that has to
be combated, with the possibility for channel-dependent scheduling fading is
potentially beneficial and should be exploited. Due to multi-path fading and fast
interference variations, while maintaining some degree of long-term fairness
between the users. In principle, the larger the long term unfairness the higher the
cell capacity. A trade-off between fairness and capacity is therefore required.
2. Rate control and higher-order modulation
For HSDPA, rate control is implemented by dynamically adjusting the
channel coding rate as well as dynamically selecting between QPSK and
16QAM modulation.

TABLE Peak rates in downlink and uplink with higher-order modulation.

Figure .Illustration of the HSDPA architecture.

Higher-order modulation such as 16QAM allows for higher bandwidth
utilization than QPSK, but requires higher received Eb/N0 as described in
Consequently, 16QAM is mainly useful in advantageous channel conditions. The
data rate is selected independently for each 2 ms TTI by the NodeB and the rate
control mechanism can therefore track rapid channel variations.

An important design objective of HSDPA was to retain the Release 99

functional split between layers and nodes as far as possible. Minimization of the
architectural changes is desirable as it simplifies introduction of HSDPA in
already deployed networks and also secures operation in environments where not
all cells have been upgraded with HSDPA functionality. Therefore, HSDPA
introduces a new MAC sub-layer in the NodeB, the MAC-hs, responsible for
scheduling, rate control and hybrid-ARQ protocol operation. Hence, apart from
the necessary enhancements to the RNC such as

admission control of HSDPA

users, the introduction of HSDPA mainly affects the NodeB (Figure 1).
Each UE using HSDPA will receive HS-DSCH transmission from one
cell, the serving cell. The serving cell is responsible for scheduling, rate control,
hybrid ARQ, and all other MAC-hs functions used by HSDPA. Uplink soft
handover is supported, in which case the uplink data transmission will be received
in multiple cells and the UE will receive power control commands from multiple
cells. Mobility from a cell supporting HSDPA to a cell that is not supporting
HSDPA is easily handled. Uninterrupted service to the user can be provided, albeit
at a lower data rate, by using channel switching in the RNC and switch the user to
a dedicated channel in the non-HSDPA cell. Similarly, a user equipped with an
HSDPA-capable terminal may be switched from a dedicated channel to HSDPA
when the user enters a cell with HSDPA support.

3.High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel

For HSDPA, a new transport layer channel, High-Speed Downlink
Shared Channel (HS-DSCH), has been added to UMTS release 5 and further
specification. It is implemented by introducing three new physical layer channels:
HS-SCCH, HS-DPCCH and HS-PDSCH. The High Speed-Shared Control
Channel (HS-SCCH) informs the user that data will be sent on the HS-DSCH, 2
slots ahead. The Uplink High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HSDPCCH) carries acknowledgment information and current channel quality
indicator (CQI) of the user. This value is then used by the base station to calculate
how much data to send to the user devices on the next transmission. The High

Speed-Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) is the channel to which

the above HS-DSCH transport channel is mapped that carries actual user data.
4.Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)
Data is transmitted together with error correction bits. Minor errors can
thus be corrected without retransmission; see forward error correction.
If retransmission is needed, the user device saves the packet and later
combines it with retransmitted packet to recover the error-free packet as
efficiently as possible. Even if the retransmitted packets are corrupted, their
combination can yield an error-free packet. Retransmitted packet may be either
identical (chase combining) or different from the first transmission (incremental
redundancy).
Since HARQ retransmissions are processed at the physical layer, their
12 ms round-trip time is much lower compared to higher layer retransmissions.
5.Dual-Cell
Dual Cell (DC-)HSDPA, known also as Dual Carrier, is the natural
evolution of HSPA by means of carrier aggregation in the downlink.[2] UMTS
licenses are often issued as 10 or 15 MHz paired spectrum allocations. The basic
idea of the multicarrier feature is to achieve better resource utilization and
spectrum efficiency by means of joint resource allocation and load balancing
across the downlink carriers.

An advanced HSPA network can theoretically support up to 28 Mbit/s

and 42.2 Mbit/s with a single 5 MHz carrier for Rel7 (MIMO with 16QAM) and
Rel8 (64-QAM + MIMO), in good channel conditions with low correlation
between transmit antennas. An alternative method to double the data rates is to
double the bandwidth to 10 MHz (i.e. 25 MHz) by using DC-HSDPA.
Additionally, some diversity and joint scheduling gains can also be
expected[3] with improved QoS for end users in poor environment conditions
where existing techniques such as MIMO spatial multiplexing cannot be used to
increase data rates. In 3GPP a study item was completed in June 2008. The

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outcome can be found in technical report 25.825.[4] New HSDPA User Equipment
categories 21-24have been introduced that support DC-HSDPA. DC-HSDPA can
support up to 42.2 Mbit/s, but unlike HSPA, it does not need to rely on MIMO
transmission.

From Release 9 onwards it will be possible to use DC-HSDPA in

combination with MIMO used on both carriers.[5] This will allow theoretical speed
of up to 84.4 Mbit/s.

The support of MIMO in combination with DC-HSDPA will allow

operators deploying Release 7 MIMO to benefit from the DC-HSDPA
functionality as defined in Release 8. While in Release 8 DC-HSDPA can only
operate on adjacent carriers, Release 9 also allows that the paired cells can operate
on two different frequency bands. Future releases will allow the use of up to four
carriers simultaneously.

III. HIGH SPEED UPLINK PACKET ACCESS (HSUPA)

The name HSUPA was created by Nokia. The official3GPP name for
'HSUPA' is Enhanced Uplink (EUL). The second major step in the WCDMA
upgrade process is to upgrade the uplink, which is introduced in 3GPP Release 6.
Upgrading to HSUPA is usually only a software update. Enhanced Uplink adds a
new transport channel to WCDMA, called the Enhanced Dedicated Channel (EDCH). An enhanced uplink creates opportunities for a number of new applications
including VoIP, uploading pictures and sending large e-mail messages. The
enhanced uplink increases the data rate (up to 5.8 Mbit/s), the capacity, and also
reduces latency. The enhanced uplink features several improvements similar to
those of HSDPA, including multi-code transmission, short Transmission Time
Interval (TTI), fast scheduling and fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
(HARQ).

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HSUPA uses a packet scheduler, but it operates on a requestgrant principle where the UEs request a permission to send data and the scheduler
decides when and how many UEs will be allowed to do so. A request for
transmission contains data about the state of the transmission buffer and the queue
at the UE and its available power margin. However, unlike HSDPA, uplink
transmissions are not orthogonal to each other.
In addition to this scheduled mode of transmission the standards also
allows a self-initiated transmission mode from the UEs, denoted non-scheduled.
The non-scheduled mode can, for example, be used for VoIP services for which
even the reduced TTI and the Node B based scheduler will not be able to provide
the very short delay time and constant bandwidth required.
Each MAC-d flow (i.e. QoS flow) is configured to use
either scheduled or non-scheduled modes;

the

UE

adjusts

the

data

rate

for scheduled and non-scheduled flows independently. The maximum data rate of
each non-scheduled flow is configured at call setup, and typically not changed
frequently. The power used by the scheduled flows is controlled dynamically by
the Node B through absolute grant (consisting of an actual value) and relative
grant (consisting of a single up/down bit) messages.
At the Physical Layer, HSUPA introduces new channels E-AGCH
(Absolute Grant Channel), E-RGCH (Relative Grant Channel), F-DPCH
(Fractional-DPCH), E-HICH (E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel), EDPCCH (E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel) and E-DPDCH (E-DCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel).
E-DPDCH is used to carry the E-DCH Transport Channel; and EDPCCH is used to carry the control information associated with the E-DCH.
APPLICATIONS OF HSPA TECHNOLOGY

Faster Connection Via Mobile Browsers - Mobile browsers can now connect
to any website. The HSPA technology allows the user to view every page, irrespective of its size or richness of content.

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Faster Audio And Video Streaming - Users now watch videos, television
shows and listen to music, without experiencing any time lags.

Faster Gaming - The biggest benefactor is the mobile gaming industry. Mediarich and Multi-player games can be easily accessed via mobile phones which
use HSPA technology.

Benefits Of HSPA Technology

Better Real-Time Access - At the overall lag time is reduced; there has been an
increase in the usage of real-time mobile applications.

Better Data Uploads And Downloads - Since the speeds available are high,
users upload or download any information. Delays in transfer of data are no
longer an issue.

Better Productivity - The combination of low lag time and high speeds allows
users to conduct all their business transactions via their mobile phone, thus increasing their productivity.

Disadvantages Of HSPA Technology

Network Strength - Areas with poor network, reduce the overall performance.

User Strength - If, many users are using the 3G network, overall speeds will
reduce significantly.

Better And Cheaper Technologies Available - The market today has technologies cheaper and faster in comparison to HSPA.
IV. CONCLUSION
The data rate in HSPA is increased by 7 times than in compare with

theprior Internet Access Method i.e. 14.4mbps than EDGE, GPRS and WCDMA
FDD. It has also reduces the latency up to 70ms, handover delay may be of 300500ms, Maximum theoretical bandwidth of 14.4Mbps, Higher Spectral efficiency
than EDGE, VoIP(Voice over IP) cell capacity is in range of 72-104 users, user
can have their mobility of maximum 180kmph. But the fact is this technology is

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under the deployment all over the world. And for further upgrading technology
are still to be deployed as there research are in progress which will have the data
rate of above 100Mbps few examples of these technology are EV-DO rev A and
B, 4G technologies WiMax(IEEE 802.16e-2005), LTE-Advance and IEEE
802.16m.

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