Chapter 4

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices
Keyboard
A keyboard's primary function is to act as an input device.
Using a keyboard a person can type a document, use keystroke
shortcuts, access menus, play games and perform a variety of other
tasks.
Input text and character

Control the operation of computer
Computer keyboard
Modeled after typewriter keyboard.
different keys depending on the manufacturer and the OS
Designed and governed by ISO 9995 international standard.
original keyboard IBM/PC/XT had 83 keys
Keyboard has following components: Keyboard Switches

Keyboard Circuitry
Key matrix
Keyboard Switches
Main component of keyboard

convert our typing action into proper signal for keyboard interface
interfaces will know that key is depressed
In most of the computer Membrane switches are used.
Page 1
Types of Keyboard Switches
Capacitive switch
Hall effect switch
Opto electronic switch
Membrane switch
Mechanical switch
1.Capacitive switch
two metal plates are used one plate is fixed(TOP) and another is
movable(bottom)
When key is pressed plates comes closer
When key is released plates move away
When the plates come closer or move away the capacitance of the
switch is changed.
sense amplifier measure the voltage change across the switch.
Sense amplifier receive one voltage when switch is in open position
another voltage when switch is in closed position.
voltages are converted into proper logic signal (keyboard circuitry)
to inform CPU
lifespan of about 20 millions keystrokes.
Page 2
2.Hall effect switch

This switches are based on the HALL EFFECT which specifies that
When magnetic field is applied to any device perpendicular to
the direction of the current flow inside the device ,the resistance
of the device increases and when this magnetic field is removed
the resistance decreases so current starts to flow without any
resistance.
This effect can be used as a switch to turn current flow on or off.
The current flow can be turned off by applying a very strong
magnetic field to completely block the current flow through the
device.
Lifespan of switch is about 1oo million keystroke
Page 3
3.Opto Electronic Switch
LED and Phototransistor are used.

LED which generate light when proper electric power is applied
opposite to LED phototransistor is used
Phototransistor allows the current as long as light is applied to it
if light falling to phototransistor is removed then current not flow
when key is not press ,light fall onto phototransistor, current flow
through the phototransistor and produced very low voltage at
the output Vout
when key is depressed light emitted from LED is blocked, Stop
current flow through phototransistor ,different value is produced
at the output Vout
Page 4
4.Membrane Switch
it is multilayer plastic or rubber assembly

two rubber or plastic sheet are used as row and column conductor
sheet
row and column sheet having lines made up of silver or some
other conductor ink
This row and column sheet separated by another sheet with holes
at key top position
When Key top pressed- it forces the row conductor sheet through
the hole to touch the column conductor sheet
Row conductor lines now touches with column conductor lines
,key contact is made
Keyboard interface interpreted as key is pressed.
Page 5
5.Mechanical Switch
This is one of the most common types of switches.

In this type of switches, two Metal pieces or contacts are used.
When key is not pressed contact is in open position
When key is depressed some mechanical action close the contact
and this closure sensed by the keyboard interface at the location
X.
This type of switches works when contact closed, these contact
becomes oxidized or dirty and make switches useless.
To improve lifespan of switch gold plating done on this contact
Life of switch is around 1 million keystroke.
Page 6
Keyboard circuitry or Processor: keyboard is a lot like a miniature computer.

It has its own processor and circuitry that carries information to
and from that processor.
A large part of this circuitry makes up the key matrix.
The keyboard controller is single chip microcomputer
(8042,8048,8049)
The circuitry has processor , RAM , ROM inside the chip.
ROM is programmed to control different operations of keyboard
Key matrix
The key matrix is a grid of circuits underneath the keys.
In all keyboards each circuit is broken at a point below each key.
The keyboard switch matrix is often drawn with horizontal wires
and vertical wires in a grid which is called a matrix circuit
When key is press, it presses a switch, completing the circuit and
allowing a tiny amount of current to flow through.
The mechanical action of the switch causes some vibration, called
bounce, the processor filters out.
Page 7

When the processor finds a circuit that is closed, it compares the
location of that circuit on the key matrix to the character map in its
read-only memory (ROM).
A character map is basically a comparison chart or lookup table.
It tells the processor the position of each key in the matrix and what
each keystroke or combination of keystrokes represents.
For example, the character map lets the processor know that
pressing the key by itself corresponds to a small letter "a," but the
Shift and a keys pressed together correspond to a capital "A."
Keyboard Working
When Key is pressed pushes rubber dome dome touches a pair of
conductive lines on the circuit.
Allow current to flow ,changing signal strength
Chip scan a signal along with the pairs of lines to all the keys
signal in one pair becomes different
Then Chip generate make code
Then Code send to the computer via keyboard cable
Page 8

Chip inside computer receive signal bits
Decode into appropriate key press event or character
When Key is released , break code is send by keyboard To indicate
key is released.
Debouncing: When key press contact is made

Output from switch bounces for few milli secs before setting down
to proper signal
If these signals are fed to computer without any proper condition
Computer may treat this as multiple key press
to avoid this ,keyboard use a very small delay after key press and
then rereads the same key
If key is still depressed then interface treats it as multiple key press
Page 9
Keyboard Connector
1. At Keyboard connector(DIN 5)
2. PS/2 Keyboard connector or MINI-DIN6
3. USB keyboard connector
4
1
DIN 5
Page 10
DIN 6
USB
Page 11
1. AT Keyboard Connector(DIN 5):--Connector Pin #

Purpose
Pin 1
KBD CLK
Pin 2
KBDAT
Pin 3
KBRST
Pin 4
GND
Pin 5
VCC
Function
Provide clock pulses
to the keyboard
Send and receive the
data from this pin
It is used to reset the
Keyboard(Not Used)
It provides ground to
the keyboard
It provides Power to
the keyboard
2. PS/2 Keyboard Connector or (MINI-DIN 6):Connector Pin #

Pin 1
Purpose
KBDAT
Pin 2
Pin 3
Not used
GND
Pin 4
VCC
Pin 5
KBDCLK
Pin 6
Not used
Page 12
Function
Send and receive
the data from this
pin.
Not Connected
It provides to
ground of
keyboard.
It provides power
to the keyboard.
Provide clock
pulses to the
keyboard.
Not Connected

3. USB keyboard Connector:Connector Pin #
Purpose
Pin 1
VCC
Pin 2
Data -
Pin 3
Data +
Pin 4
Ground
Function
It Provides power to
the keyboard.
Carries ve data
signals.
Caries + ve data signals.
It provides ground to
the keyboard.
Installation of keyboard
Trun OFF the computer
Observe and locate the keyboard port
Plug the keyboard carefully on keyboard port of your
computer
Turn ON your system
Installation of keyboard driver software

Windows OS has built-in driver software for keyboard
Page 13
Mouse
Mouse is much more easier for first time user ,rather than pressing
the combination of keys
Mouse is very useful for doing tasks such as moving and pointing to
on-screen objects.
Construction of mouse:
A roller ball which signals movement to the system

Buttons for making the selection.
Cable for connecting mouse to the system
Connector for interfacing mouse to the system
Types of Mouse
1. Mechanical Mouse
2. Opto-Mechanical Mouse
3. Optical Mouse
Page 14
Mechanical Mouse
It Contain:---- Rubber ball
Wheels(called encoders)
Metal contact points on wheel rims
Working: As mouse moved across flat surface Ball starts to rotate in the
direction of movement.
Ball touches and turns two roller inside the mouse
These rollers mounted 90 degree angle to each other
One roller for vertical movement Other for horizontal movement
Page 15

Each roller attached to encoder having wheel like structure
Two pair of contact bars
Each time bars touches a point, an electrical signal is generated.
The no of signal indicate no of points the contact bars touched
Signal generated by rollers send to PC over mouse cable
Mouse driver convert signal into distance , direction and speed
necessary to move the cursor on screen
Pressing any button sends signal to PC based on which button is
preessed.
Opto-mechnical Mouse
It Contain:----
Page 16
One small rubber ball

Two small rollers
End of rollers wheels
LED and Photo sensor
As mouse move Rollers also move to tract movements on x-axis

and y-axis
Wheels also move with rollers
One side of wheel LED and on other side Photo sensor is
located.
When wheel moves through holes (small openings on the rim
of each wheel) allow light from LED.
This light Picked up by photo sensor
Generate signals passed to the PC
Mouse driver convert signal into distance , direction ,speed
Every mouse button also produce signal
Optical mouse
Improvement over mechanical mouse

Uses camera technology and digital processing
Less maintenance and cleaning needed
Small camera inside mouse takes thousands of snapshot pictures
in every second
Page 17

LED provides light underneath the mouse
LED produces red light that is emitted onto a surface

Light reflected off the surface back to the CMOS sensor
(complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor)
CMOS sensor sends each image DSP (Digital signal processor) for
analysis
DSP detects patterns in the images and examines how the
patterns have moved since the previous image. (thousands of
images)
Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images, the
DSP determines how far the mouse has moved and sends the
corresponding coordinates to the computer.
The computer moves the cursor on the screen based on the
coordinates received from the mouse.
This happens hundreds of times each second, making the cursor
appear to move very smoothly.
Page 18
Advantages of optical mouse:--- No moving parts means less wear and a lower chance of failure.
There's no way for dirt to get inside the mouse and interfere with
the tracking sensors.
Increased tracking resolution means a smoother response.
They don't require a special surface, such as a mouse pad.
Installation of Mouse:
1. Turn OFF the PC
2. Observe and locate mouse port (USB,PS/2) on computer system
back
3. Plug the mouse carefully on mouse port of your system
4. Turn ON your system
Installation of mouse Driver:
WOS has in-built driver for mouse
Page 19
Mechanical
Mouse
OptoMechanical
Mouse
Optical
Mouse
It uses small metal

contact points for
finding movement
of mouse
It uses photo
detector and LED
for finding
movements of
mouse
It uses LED
and CMOS
sensor for
finding
movement of
mouse
It requires
maintenance
frequently.
It requires less
maintenance.
It does not
require
maintenance.
It uses more
mechanical parts so
life of mouse is less.
It uses less
It has no
mechanical parts mechanical
so life of mouse is parts.
more.
It requires cleaning
of mouse
frequently.
It requires less
cleaning of
mouse.
Page 20
No required
cleaning.
Scanner
Input device
Convert picture and text into stream of data
Best for getting existing graphical images such as photograph , logo
into computer
Types Of Scanner:--1.Flat-Bed(Desktop) scanners :
Commonly used scanners. Procedure is just place a sheet of paper on
the glass(or platen) and push a software button and the scanner copies
your image to the computer.
Flat Bed Scanner
Sheet Fed Scanner
2.Sheet-Fed scanners:
Here the document is moved and scan head is immobile. Here instead
of moving head of the page, the paper is pulled over the scan head.
Advg: Small Size but improper mechanism can skew the paper being
scanned.
Page 21

3.Hand-Held Scanners:
This scanner is held in hand and then moved over the document sliding
over it. (doesnt provide good image quality but its useful for quickly
capturing text). Advg: Low cost and portability, DisAdvg: poor quality.
4.Drum Scanners:
Uses Tech called PMT(Photo Multiplier Tube). Here the

document to be scanned is mounted on glass cylinders. At
center of cylinder there is a sensor that splits light bounced
from document into 3 beams. Each beam is sent through a
color filter into a PMT where light is changed into electric
signal.
Page 22
SPECIFICATIONS :
Page 23

Major parts of Flat-Bed Scanner:
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FLATBED SCANNER
Page 24
Working of flat bed Scanner
light source(lamp) illuminate a piece of paper placed face down

against glass window (lamp in newer scanners is either a cold cathode
fluorescent lamp (CCFL) or a xenon lamp , while older scanners may
have a standard fluorescent lamp . )
2.A motor moves the scan head beneath the page (The entire
mechanism (mirrors, lens, filter and CCD array) make up the scan head.)
3.The scan head is moved slowly across the document by a belt that is
attached to a stepper motor.
4. scan head captures light reflected from areas of the page, reflected
through system mirrors (one mirror to another mirror. In some
scanners, there are only two mirrors while others use a three mirror
approach),The last mirror reflects the image onto a lens.
1.
5.Lens focuses a single line of the image onto CCD ,the CCD contain a
row of light detector, as light shines onto these detectors, each detect
the amount of light as voltage level .(the beam of light onto lightsensitive diodes translate light into electrical current)
6.The voltage generated by CCD are sent to ADC
7.black or white spaces reflect more light then black or colored letters
or images more light reflected ,greater the voltage of the current
8.ADC converts each analog reading of voltage as digital pixel
representing the scanned area , ADC monochrome scanner stores only
1 bit per pixel representing black or white . Scanner is colored then scan
head makes three passes under the images Light on each pass is
directed through red , green , blue filter before strikes the original
image. reflected signals are converted into digital information
Page 25

this info send to computer . Data is stored in a format with which
graphics program work (OCR,TWIN)
Installation of scanner
H/W installation: Turn OFF the system
Connect scanner interfacing cable/parallel port interfacing cable to
scanner and system
Connect power adapter to AC main
Turn ON scanner and system
S/W installation:
Double click on My computer icon

Double click on control panel icon
Double click on Add new hardware icon
Then it shows window click on other devices and then press next
Then press on have a disk
Select scanner driver from CD disk and install
Page 26
PRINTER
PRINTER CHARACTERISTICS:
SPEED: Character Per Second, Line Per Minute or Pages Per
Minute. It indicates how fast a printer works.
QUALITY: It is specified as DRAFT, NLQ(Near Letter Quality) or
LQP(Lette Quality Printer). This implies how good the shape of the
printed char is.
CHARACTER SET: Indicating the total number of data characters
and control characters recognized by printer.
INTERFACE: printer receives character from printer in parallel
form or in serial form.
BUFFER SIZE : Indicating how many data characters can be stored
in the printer buffer memory before printing
PRINT MECHANISM : Dot Matrix, Impact Daisy Wheel , Inkjet or
laser.
PRINT MODE : Serial or parallel.
PRINT SIZE : specified as Character Size and no of Characters per
Line.
PRINT DIRECTION: Unidirectional , Bidirectional, reverse logic
seeking
Page 27
1. DOT-MATRIX PRINTER
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DOT MATRIX PRINTER
Page 28
Page 29
1. PC sends a series of ASCII code to printer through parallel or serial

cable and some printer movement info (tabs,carriage return etc)
which controls the position of print head.
2.ASCII codes stored inside a buffer (RAM)
3.Printer processor select dot pattern on the basis of ASCII code.
(bitmap table)
4. Signals send to the print head
5. Print head fires the different pins on the basis of this info
6. The current from processor energized electromagnet , which
creates a magnetic field that repels a magnet on the end of the pin ,
causing the pin to move towards the paper.
7. The moving pins strikes a ribbon that coated with ink.
8. After the pin fires , the electromagnet is de-energized and the
spring pulls the print pin back into its original position
9. The print head is mounted on track so it can slide back and fourth.
ADVANTAGES OF DOT-MATRIX:--
Dot matrix printers are inexpensive.

Small size
Light weight
Very versatile, as it produces graphs,charts and even pictures
They are impact devices, so they can use multi port stationary.
Ribbon cartridges can be re-ink or refilled at very cheap rates.
Page 30
DISADVANTAGES OF DOT MATRIX PRINTER:-- These are light duty printers. They cannot be used continuously for
more than 1 hr.
Not so good quality.
Printers generate noises.
Requires more servicing
2.Inkjet Printer
Non impact type of printer
Create character or image by spray ink from tiny nozzles into the
paper
Specification:
1.Print Speed:-upto 30PPM
2.Print technology:-Thermal Inject
3.Interface:-USB
4.Max Resolution :-600*600dpi (B/W) and 4800*1200 dpi(color)
5.Memory:-2MB to 4MB
6.Media type supported:-Paper,transparencies,envelopes.
Page 31
Ink pumped through nozzle pass through charged electrode due this
nozzle breaks the ink into droplets then pass through deflecting plates
and then deposited on paper forming character drop by drop.Excess ink
drops are collected at gutter.
Page 32
WORKING:--- An ink filled cartridge attached to the Inkjets print head moves
sideways across the width of sheet of paper.
The print head is made up of small ink-filled chambers, each
attached to a nozzle smaller than a human hair.
An electrical pulse flows through a heating element.
When an electrical current flows through the resistor, the register
heats a thin layer of ink at the bottom of the chamber to more
than 9000 Fahrenheit and forms small bubble of vapor.
As this vapor bubble expands, it pushes ink through the nozzle to
form a droplet at the tip of the nozzle.
When the bubble further expands, the ink droplet overcomes the
surface tension of the ink and the pressure of the bubble forces
the droplet on the paper.
As the resistor cools, the bubble collapses and the resulting
suction pulls fresh ink from the attached reservoir into the ink
chamber.
Advantages:
1.Silent in operation
2.high quality output
3.support color printing
4.high speed
Page 33
Disadvantages:
1.Cost is high as compared to dot-matrix
2.it requires periodic maintenance
3.ink cartridge are costly than ribbon
4.requires special quality paper of best quality.
3.Laser printer
Very popular
Clear and sharp images
Specifications:1.print speed
:-upto 19ppm
2.Print technology
:-Laser
3.Print quality
:-upto 1200 * 1200 dpi
4.Memory
:-8MB
5.Standard interface :-USB
6.Postscript support :-Standard
7.Power consumption :-320 Watt
8.Graphics resolution :-300 to 2400 dpi
Page 34
a.System interface:
1.Communicate with computer
2.store configuration info
3.store font info
4.convert incoming data in proper format
5.communicate with DC controller assembly
Page 35
b.Control System (DC controller assembly)

1.Co-ordinating all the activities of the printer ,required for the printing
process.
2.To drive laser beam
3.co-ordinate the image data from the interface assembly with paper
size,drum sensitivity and laser beam motion info
4.control paper motion,high voltage system,fuser temperature,erase
lamp and all motors
c.IMAGE FORMATION SYSTEM:

To form an image on the paper a Laser requires electronics,
mechanical, optical, electro-photographical etc. many different
technologies.
Inside a Laser printer the image formation process revolved around
an OPC drum(Organic Photo Conductive)
The complete image formation process(6 steps) :
1. Clearing the OPC Drum.
2. Conditioning of the OPC Drum.
3. Electro statically writing the image onto the OPC Drum.
4. Developing the image on the OPC Drum.
5. Transferring of the image from OPC Drum to the paper.
6. Fusing the image on the paper.
Page 36
1.CLEANING THE OPC DRUM

Before transferring any image to the OPC Drums surface, the
surface needs to be cleaned and prepared to hold the image being
transferred.
The drums surface cleaned physically to removed any trace of the
old toner particle from the previous printing operation and it is
cleaned electro statically to remove any charge on the drums
surface from the last printing.
Page 37
2.CONDITIONING OF THE OPC DRUM

Once the drum surface is cleaned , then uniform charge of 600 V is
applied to the complete surface of the OPC Drum. This is done by a
primary corona assembly.
This high charge creates a corona effect on the surface of the OPC
Drum.
3.WRITING OF IMAGE ON THE OPC DRUM

Once the drum is through the conditioning process its surface has a
uniform 600V potential. To write any info on this drum , Laser
beam is focused on the selected areas of the drum.
The image created by the Laser beam on the OPC drum; this image
is called a latent electrostatic image. This image is later developed
into a visible image.
4.DEVELOPING OF THE IMAGE ON THE OPC DRUM

Once the writing of the electrostatic image on the OPC drum is over,
next to develop this latent image into a visible image.
To convert the latent image into visible image, the toner is
transferred to the discharged areas of the drum. This develops the
image of the OPC drum using the toner particles.
5.TRANSFER OF THE IMAGE FROM OPC DRUM TO

PAPER
Once the image is developed or generated on the OPC drum using
toner particles, then this image is to be transferred to the paper or
some other O/P medium.
Page 38

In this a transfer roller positive charge is given to the paper, the
positive charges applied to the paper is stronger than the charge on
the OPC drum, this makes the vely charged toner particles to be
pulled off from the drum to the paper. And image is transferred on
paper.
Once the paper moves to the fusing section , the OPC drum rotates
back to the cleaning section to prepare it to receive the print.
6.FUSING OF THE IMAGE TO THE PAPER

The fusing section melts the toner ink and fuses it on the printing
media(paper) by applying head and pressure. This makes the image
permanent and print paper outputted.
d.Paper pickup/delivery system:
Responsible for:
Picking the paper from input tray
Delivering the paper to the image formation system
Feeding it to the fusing station
Delivering it to the output tray
Page 39
ADVGS and DISADVGS of Laser Printer:

Advantages
High quality printing.
Speed is high
No mechanical motion is involved so it is quiet in operation.
Supports text and graphics.
Disadvantages
Cost is more.
Cost of toner is high.
Expert person required for maintenance.
Installation of printer
Hardware installation:
1.turn off computer system
2.connect parallel cable one end to computer system LPT1 port and
other end to printer
3.connect power to printer and power ON to the printer
4.then power ON the computer
software installation:
1.Click on start
2.Go to setting , it display another menu , from that select printers
3.click on Add Printer
4.Add printer wizard starts , click on Next.
5.select appropriate printer manufacture and select correct printer
model and press NEXT
Page 40

6.Select port and press NEXT
7.Give installed printer name and default printer Yes/No then press
Next.
8.Ask for test page,select finish
COMPARISON BETWEEN DOT-MATRIX, INKJET AND LASER
Sr.
No.
Features
1.
Print
Mechanism
2.
Dot
Matrix
Laser
NonImpact
NonImpact
Image formation Bit Image

method
Bit-Image
Bit-Image
3.
Print Quality
Good
Better
Best
4.
Cost
Low
Moderate
High
5.
Cost of Cartridge Low
High
Highest
6.
Noise generated
Yes
No
No
7.
Speed
Low
High
Good
8.
Maintenance
required
High
Low
Low, from
experts
only
9.
Support color
printing
No
Yes
Yes
Page 41
Impact
Inkjet
MODEM
Modem is an important input/output device
converts digital data from a computer to analog data for
transmission over the telephone line by modulating it into wave
at the other end, the modem converts the analog data back to the
digital form.
There are two type of MODEMs :
A] Internal Modem
B] External Modem
Page 42

In internal modem UART is Universal Synchronization Receiver /
Transmitter and it works here logically as Serial port.
The UART converts the information from bytes to bits.
A Modulator circuit converts digital data from the computer into
analog signals to be transmitted over telephone line.
The analog signal then coupled to the telephone line and this analog
signal passes to the telephone line through telephone Jack.
At the receiver end the analog signal is received from the telephone
jack.
This signal is then scattered into the telephone interface and passes
to the demodulated circuit.
A Demodulator circuit converts analog data into digital signals and it
transmitted to the UART.
UART converts this bit information into bytes and send to the
receiver.
Page 43
External modem is a standalone device connected to serial port

(COM1 or COM@) of device.
Working of External modem is as same as internal modem.
The difference is that it uses standard serial interface RS 232C, so
that it uses motherboard UART for serial bit to parallel byteor
parallel byte to serial bit conversion.
Page 44

ADVANTAGES OF MODEM:-
Installation Modem is easy.

Not required / needed to open the System.
Easy to Configure.
Front panel LEDs of External Modem shows status of
communication.
DISADVANTAGES OF MODEM :- Externally Powered

Serial interfacing cable generate problems
COMPARISON BETWEEN EXTERNAL & INTERNAL MODEM
Features
External
Internal
1.Built in UART
No , uses Computer
Serial UART
Yes
2 . Cost
Higher
Lower
3. Easy to move to
another Comp.
4.Power Supply
5.Interface type
6 . Externals to buy
Easy
Difficult
Plug into wall

RS 232
RS 232 Modem
interface cable
Powered by PC
PCI or ISA
Nothing
Page 45
Front Panel indicators of external modem:

(This will change from MODEM to MODEM)
MIC
---
Microphone jack
SPK ----
Speaker Jack
RD
----
Received Data Indicator
TD
----
Transmitted Data indicator
CD
----
Carrier Detect Indicator
AA
----
Audio Answer indicator
HS
----
High baud rate speed indicator
DTR ----
DTR signal indicator
MR ----
Modem Ready
PW ----
Power-on indicator
REAR PANEL CONNECTORS:

(This will change from MODEM to MODEM)
Phone
---
Phone jack
Line
---
Telephone Line jack
RS 232
---
RS 232 cable socket
AC-IN
---
AC adapter input
ON/OFF
---
Power Switch
Page 46

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CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

Input text and character

Keyboard has following components: Keyboard Switches

Main component of keyboard

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

Types of Keyboard Switches

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

2.Hall effect switch

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

3.Opto Electronic Switch

LED and Phototransistor are used.

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

it is multilayer plastic or rubber assembly

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

This is one of the most common types of switches.

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

Keyboard circuitry or Processor: keyboard is a lot like a miniature computer.

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

Debouncing: When key press contact is made

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

1. AT Keyboard Connector(DIN 5):--Connector Pin #

2. PS/2 Keyboard Connector or (MINI-DIN 6):Connector Pin #

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

Installation of keyboard driver software

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

A roller ball which signals movement to the system

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

One small rubber ball

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

As mouse move Rollers also move to tract movements on x-axis

Improvement over mechanical mouse

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

LED produces red light that is emitted onto a surface

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

It uses small metal

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

Flat Bed Scanner

Sheet Fed Scanner

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

Uses Tech called PMT(Photo Multiplier Tube). Here the

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FLATBED SCANNER

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

Working of flat bed Scanner

light source(lamp) illuminate a piece of paper placed face down

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

Double click on My computer icon

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

1. PC sends a series of ASCII code to printer through parallel or serial

Dot matrix printers are inexpensive.

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices

CHAPTER 4:--- Input And Output Devices