Paul Jones

American Pageant Chapter 22

1. Oliver O. Howard
Oliver Otis Howard was a career United States Army officer and a Union General in
the American Civil War. He was a corps commander noted for suffering two humiliating
defeats, at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, but he recovered from the setbacks while
posted in the Western Theater, and served there successfully as a corps and army
commander. After the war, he commanded troops in the West, conducting a famous
campaign against the Nez Perce tribe. He was instrumental in the founding of Howard
University.
2. Alexander Stephens
Alexander Hamilton Stephens was an American politician from Georgia. He was
Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He
also served as a U.S. Representative from Georgia (both before the Civil War and after
Reconstruction) and as Governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883.
3. Thaddeus Stevens
Thaddeus Stevens, of Pennsylvania, was a Republican leader and one of the most
powerful members of the United States House of Representatives. As chairman of the
House Ways and Means Committee, Stevens, a witty, sarcastic speaker and flamboyant
party leader, dominated the House from 1861 until his death and wrote much of the
financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War. Stevens and Senator Charles
Sumner were the prime leaders of the Radical Republicans during the American Civil
War and Reconstruction.
4. Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the
United States (1865–1869). Following the assassination of President Lincoln, Johnson
presided over the immediate aftermath of the American Civil War.
5. William Seward

6. Freedmen’s Bureau
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (usually referred to as the
Freedmen's Bureau) was a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed refugees
of the American Civil War.
7. Wade-Davis Bill
The Wade–Davis Bill of 1864 was a program proposed for the Reconstruction of the
South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and
Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland. In contrast to President Abraham
Lincoln's more lenient Ten Percent Plan, the bill made re-admittance to the Union for
former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the
Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy. The bill
passed both houses of Congress on July 2, 1864, but was pocket vetoed by Lincoln and
never took effect. The Radical Republicans were outraged that Lincoln did not sign the
bill. Lincoln wanted to mend the Union by carrying out the Ten Percent Plan. He
believed it would be too difficult to repair all of the ties within the union if the bill was
passed.
 8. Black Codes
The Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local level in the United States to
limit the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. Despite the fact that the
United States constitution originally discriminated against African Americans and both
northern and southern states had passed discriminatory legislation since the early 19th
century, the term Black Codes is used most often to refer to legislation passed by
Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor, movements and activities
of newly freed slaves.
9. Sharecropping
Sharecropping is a system of agriculture or agricultural production in which a
landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the
land (e.g., 50 percent of the crop).
10. Civil Rights Acts
• Civil Rights Act of 1866, extending the rights of emancipated slaves
• Civil Rights Act of 1871, also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act
• Civil Rights Act of 1875, prohibiting discrimination in "public accommodations";
found unconstitutional in 1883
11. Fourteenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution, along
with the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, was adopted after the Civil War as one of
the Reconstruction Amendments on July 9, 1868. The amendment provides a broad
definition of citizenship, overruling the decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), which
had excluded slaves, and their descendants, from possessing Constitutional rights; this
was used in the mid-20th century to dismantle racial segregation in the United States, as
in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
12. Reconstruction Act
After the end of the Civil War, as part of the on-going process of Reconstruction, the
United States Congress passed four statutes known as Reconstruction Acts.
13. Fifteenth Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits
each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on
that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (i.e., slavery). It was ratified
on February 3, 1870.
14. Scalawags
In United States history, scalawag was a moniker for southern whites who supported
Reconstruction following the Civil War.
15. Carpetbaggers
In United States history, carpetbaggers was the term southerners gave to northerners who
moved to the South during the Reconstruction era.
16. Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), informally known as The Klan, is the name of several past and
present hate group organizations in the United States whose avowed purpose was to
protect the rights of and further the interests of white Americans by violence and
intimidation. The first such organizations originated in the Southern states and eventually
grew to national scope. They developed iconic white costumes consisting of robes,
masks, and conical hats. The KKK has a record of using terrorism,[2] violence, and
lynching to murder and oppress African Americans, Jews and other minorities and to
intimidate and oppose Roman Catholics and labor unions.
17. “Seward’s Folly”
The Alaska Purchase, historically also referred to as Seward's Folly, was the purchase
of Alaska by the United States from the Russian Empire in 1867. The purchase, done at
the behest of United States Secretary of State William H. Seward, gained 586,412 square
miles (1,518,800 km²) of new United States territory. Originally organized as the
Department of Alaska, the area was successively the District of Alaska and the Alaska
Territory before becoming the modern state of Alaska upon being admitted to the Union
in 1959.

QuickTimeª and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

QuickTimeª and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.