The New Urban Question - A Conversation On The Legacy of Bernardo Secchi With Paola Pellegrini - Society and Space

18/12/2014
ThenewurbanquestionAconversationonthelegacyofBernardoSecchiwithPaolaPellegrini|Societyandspace
1COMMENT
ThenewurbanquestionAconversationonthelegacyofBernardo
SecchiwithPaolaPellegrini
(https://societyandspace.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/2_secchi_milano_by20lambrecths_2006.jpg)BernardoSecchi(1934
2014)wasanItalianurbantheorist,renownedurbanplanner,EmeritusProfessorofUrbanPlanningattheIstituto
UniversitariodiArchitettura(IUAV)ofVeniceandDeanoftheFacultyofArchitectureatthePolytechnicofMilano.For
almosthalfacentury,hewasacentralfigurewithinEuropeanandItalianinterdisciplinarydebatesonthecontemporary
cityandurbandesign.Hisresearchwaslocatedwithinthewiderdiscoursesofspaceandsocietaltransformations,
influencedbypost68FrenchtheoristsandnourishedspecificallybyawideinvestigationofEuropeanurbanterritories.
Inhispractice,hedevelopedplansandvisionsforsmallandlargecitiesinItalyandEurope,includingMilano,Jesi,
Brescia,Pesaro,Siena,AscoliPiceno,Bergamo,Prato,Pescara,Lecce,Madrid,Antwerp[1],BruxellesandMoscow.In
2008hewasamongstthetenarchitectsselectedtodevelopavisionforGrandParis[2];hisideaofvilleporeusefocused
ontheimprovementofpermeabilityandaccessibility,asastrategytoensurethefundamentalrighttothecity.Asa
scholarandintellectual,hewasfascinatedbythemultiplenarrativesandmultidisciplinarynatureofurbanterritories.In
thebooks,PrimalezionediUrbanistica(2007),Lacittdelventesimosecolo(2008),Lacittdeiricchielacittdei
poveri(2013),regrettablynotyettranslatedforEnglishspeakingscholars,heplacedintocreativetensiontheeconomic,
political,andculturaldimensionsofurbanism,informedbytheoreticalinsightsandunderpinnedbyanengagement
withspatialrealitiesanddesignprojects.Hetreatedurbantransformationswithvivid,lucidandcontemporaryanalyses
thatutilizedtheoriesasproductiveinvestigativetoolstoelucidatesocietyandspaceratherthanasmerelyselfreferential
intellectualgestures.
SecchisdeathinSeptembermarksagreatlossforurbanism.Theconversationbelowisagesturetowardsbringinghis
worktoawiderAnglophoneaudience,sincelittleofhisworkhasbeentranslatedintoEnglish.Itreflectsonhislegacy
byexploringhisintellectualproduction[3],criticalpedagogyandpractice,withaspecialfocusontheexplorationofhis
ideaofanewurbanquestionandtheformationofhisreflexiveurbanresearchpraxis.Thenewurbanquestionwas
addressedmostconcertedlyinhislastbook,andisconcernedwiththeincreasingsocialinequalitiesandspatialinjustice.
Hisurbanresearchpraxis,shapedbylongtermpracticeandexperience,voraciouscuriosityandacuteobservation,
aimedtodismantledisciplinaryboundariesandconventionalscales,focusingonacertainideaofprecision,accuracyand
patience.WeconductedaninterviewwithPaolaPellegrini,urbanistandscholar,andSecchisassociatefor12years,and
askedhertoofferapersonalandprofessionalreflectiononSecchisintellectuallegacy.
CamilloBoanoandGiovannaAstolfo
Thewholehistoryofthecitycanbewrittenkeepinginmindthecompatibilityorincompatibilityofthepeople[]Intolerance
deniesproximity,itseparatesandcreatesdistancebetweenactivities,buildings,publicspaces,theirinhabitantsandusersB.
Secchi[4]
CamilloBoano/GiovannaAstolfo:BernardoSecchiwroteandreflectedextensivelyonthedemocratizationofurban
space,theemergenceoftheordinary,and,morerecently[5],onthestillfundamentalissueofcommentvivre
ensemble(howtolivetogether),atopicyoudevelopedinrecentworkonproximity[6].Canyouexplainitfurther?
PaolaPellegrini:Thesearchforproximityispartofthepatientsearchforthephysicalandfeasibledimensionsof
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PaolaPellegrini:Thesearchforproximityispartofthepatientsearchforthephysicalandfeasibledimensionsof
individualandcollectivewelfare,whichwasamajortopicinSecchiswork(seehisLacittdelXXsecolo[7])andcanbe
described,inhisownwords,asanattempttogiveaconcretedimension,physicallyperceptibletoindividualcollective
welfare/wellbeing[8]andtoitsdistributionamongthevarioussocialgroups[9].
Butitalsogoesbeyondthissearchandreferstotheideathatnewindividualpracticesandtheconsequencesontheways
oflivingtogethersuchasindividualizationandthesearchforsomekindofnetworkverywellexplainedbyRichard
Sennett,UlrichBeckandZygmuntBaumaninrecentandlessrecentyearsarethebasisofnewideasofthecityand
territory.ThesearchforindependentandindividualrhythminthecommunityBarthesscommentvivreensemble[10]and
idiorrhythms,therecentappearanceofvariouscoexistenceexperimentsinmanyEuropeanurbancontexts,therevival
ofthenotionofspatialproximityinurbandesignandplanningpracticearemomentsofthisreasoning,tryingtofurther
articulateWebbersideaofurbanitywithoutpropinquity[11].Asanexampleofthisrevival,alloftheparticipantsto
theplanforthegreatParismetropolitanareain20082009,intheirdifferentproposedmodelsorsolutions,claimthecity
mustgrowuponitselfanddensify;arenouvellementoftheideaofconcentration,density,compactcity,directrelations
CB/GA:Achallengingconcept,relatedtotheintellectualmilieuthatinfluencedSecchisresearchandpractice(eg:
Bourdieu,BarthesandFoucault)isthatoftherightdistance(betweenbuildings,people,functions),butSecchileftit
almostunexplained
PP:QuotingTommasoDAquinosnoteverythinghastobedefined,Secchihasdeliberatelylefttheconceptopento
interpretations.Suchopennessenablesthecasebycasedefinitionoftherightdistance,exploredthroughthesocio
spatialspecificityandpoliticalterritoriesofanyurbanproject.Infact,Secchiusedtogivegreatemphasistothedesign
practice;accordingly,intheSecchiViganStudiospraxis,theoriesandhypothesieswereconstantlytestedinurban
contextandviceversa,inacontinuousprocessoffeedback.TheinterpretationofParisasapostKyotoporouscitycan
beregardedalsoasaquestionfortheredefinitionofspatialproximity,inwhichurbanintersticesoperatetodensify(for
exampleinpavillonnaire[12]),buildfunctionalandsocialmixit(mix),andincreaseaccessibilitytotheouterareas(by
insertinganextensivenetworkofpublictransport).Conceptually,thenotionofporosityreviewsandrenewsthoseof
compactnessanddensity.
CB/GA:Inhislatework[13],Secchireflectsagainonsociospatialdistance,takingupBourdieusnotionof
distinction[14],multiculturalexistenceandsocialinequalitiesascentraltowhatheusedtocallthenewurban
question.Canyouelaborateonhisnotion?
PP:Anewurbanquestionrisesintimesofgreatcrisis,withthedisruptionoftheeconomic,socialandinstitutional
apparatuses.Secchibelievedthatthecurrentglobalcrisis,whichhethoughttoberadical,andasmeaningfuland
importantasotherpastcrises,suchasthemassiveurbanizationpostindustrialization,shapesanewurbanquestion.
Twoothermainquestionsshapeitincreasingandincreasinglyvisiblespatialinjustice,andwideningenvironmental
problemsandclimatechangevulnerabilities.Alongsidethesethreeissues,inthedevelopmentoftheidea,hefurther
addedthequestionofaccessibilityandmobilityaspartoftherighttothecity/righttocitizenship[15].Thesequestions,
particularlyproblematicwithinthemajormetropolitanareas,aroseindependentlyandovertimebecameinterdependent
assuggestedinmanytraditionsofurbanstudiesfromLefebvretoMerrifield
AccordingtoSecchi,thecrisesofcapitalisteconomy,asforexamplethehousingcrisisatthebeginningofnineteenth
century,hasbeenovercomebyastrongerconcentrationofpower.Thesamecouldoccurnow,withastronger
globalization.Whatimpactwillithaveonourcities?First,itwillprobablycausearadicaldecreaseinthepublic
investmentaimedattacklingtheworseningofsocialinequalities,andwillresultinareductionofpublicfacilitiesand
services(education,health,transportandhousing);thatistosay,aprogressivedeclineofwelfare.Secondly,itwill
probablycontributetoanincreaseoftheterritorialstigma(etiquettage),quotingBourdieuandhisideaaboutthe
segregationofthemisredumonde[16].Infact,evenifcitieshavealwaysbeentheplacewheredifferenceisspatialized
andthereforedramaticallyvisible,todaythephenomenonisevenmoreevident,andtherichandthepoorareless
mingledthantheyusedtobeintheancienrgimecity.
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(https://societyandspace.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/3_studio20secchi20viganc3b2_grand20paris_20082028229.jpg)
StudioSecchiVigan,GrandParisPlan
CB/GA:Sincesocialinequalityiscentraltothenewurbanquestion,thequestionthenis,whatistheresponsibilityof
urbanism[17]?
PP:Secchiarguedthaturbanismcannotimpactinequalityorpovertydirectly,butitrathergovernsthosedevicesthatare
aimedtoproduceandreproduceinequalityandpoverty:spatial,juridical,proceduralandinstitutionaldevices,widely
mentionedinhistexts,drawingfromFoucaultandDeleuze,includezoning,distributionoffacilities,constructionof
qualitativequantitativeparameters,trafficandtransportpolicy,justtomentionafew.Whatchangesdownthehistory
ofthecityismuchmoretheregulatorysenseandroleofeachdeviceratherthanthecatalogueofdevices,anditis
throughthisregulatingactionthatthecitybecomesamachineforsocialintegrationorexclusionasthecasemaybe.[18]
Oftenwereflectedwhetherourskillsandtoolsareusefulandadequatetofightinequalities,marginalizationand
poverty.AlthoughSecchididnotsharetheideathatadesignerisasocialorpoliticalactivist,hewaskeenontheideaof
devisingopenandflexibleprojectsthatpeoplecanappropriateandtransform.Aprojectshouldhelppeoplesaspirations
andshowthekindofspacethatpeoplecanaspireto,asheusedtosay.Ultimately,therole/potentialofurban
design/planningistoanticipatepossiblefutures,improvingtherelationbetweenpeopleandspace.
CB/GA:Doyouthinkthaturbanismcanbeconceivedasadeviceitself,withFoucault,asabiopoliticaldispositif?
PP:Thaturbanismisadispositifinitselfisnotanovelty.Whatismoreinterestingispreciselythatitisasetofcollated
andcoordinateddevices,linkedinsomesortoforganizationorasFoucaultstermedapparatuses.Planningpoliciesand
regulations,eitherholisticorselective,employspatialdevicessuchasdimensions,location,separation,connectionand
housingtypologiesthatincreaseordecreasesocialdifferenceandthedistributionofwelfare/wellbeing.IntheAntwerp
strategicplan,someurbandeviceswereintroducedfornewdwellingandlivingtogether,learningfromexisting
practicesofindividualinfiltrationandcohabitation,coupleswithchildrenreuseddismissedurbanparcelinthehistoric
denseurbancenterplaceofimmigrants,abandonment,oldpeopleandshopstocreatehousingsolutionsalternativeto
thesuburbanfleeintheporousnessthatopensupinthemultiethnicurbanfabric[19].
Thefearoftheother,thepoorandthestrangerhasoftenfosteredtheformulationofspecificpolicies,whilethehistoryof
theEuropeancitycanbedescribedasasuccessionofsystemsofintolerance,removalofthedifferenceandnormalisation
efforts.Theadoptionofdevicestopreventpermeabilityandaccessibility(suchaswalls,infrastructuraland
environmentalbarriers)inthepast,hasbeenreplacedtodaybymultipleandcomplexformsofsegregation.
Secchirecalledthedifferentexperiencesofthenewurbanism,fromtheNorthAmericangatedcommunities(where10
to16millionrichpeoplelive)totheSouthAmericancondominosfechados,barrioscerradosandciudadvallada,describing
themasthenegationofacitywherethetechnicalspatialdevicesofthecityplaydifferentfunctionalandsymbolic
roles[]placesuspendedfromthelegalinstitutionalorderofthecountrytheybelongto,alimitationofitssovereignty
[]wherenewandspecificformsofgovernancearecreatedadhocandacceptedinapactofmutualsolidaritywithits
inhabitants[20].SoFoucaultcertainlyinspiredSecchisurbanvisions,notonlyasanalyticaltoolbutasemancipatory
possibilityinarenewedandattentiveurbanpractice.
CB/GA:ThevisionforPariswidelyreflectsontheurbanquestion(proximity,environmentalproblemsand
mobility),fosteringinclusive,accessibleandsustainableproductionofspace,asthesloganyouchoosewhichmakes
itintelligible:lavilleporeuse.Canyouexplainitfurther?
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[PP]SecchiusedtorecallBourdieusnotionofsocialandculturalcapital[21]and,morerecently,EdwardSojasnotionof
spatialcapital,relatedtothebenefitsderivedfromsocial(network),cultural(education)andspatialassets
(housing/worklocationandmobilityoptions).SecchiswaytoaddresstheurbanquestionintheplanforPariswasto
create,accumulateorredistribute(social,culturaland)spatialcapital/assets,byincreasingaccessibility,improvemobility
andaccesstoenvironmentalresources.Inotherwords,byensuringporosityandpermeability.
Thenotionofporosity,borrowedfromphysicsbutalsofromliterature,i.e.Benjamin,isaswellanalyticalasadesign
tool,andreferstothepercentageofopenspacesinrelationtobuiltspacesandtothepossibilitytohavedifferentflows
(ofpeople,publictransport,water,activities,practices,differencesandvegetation).Porositydoesnotonlyincludegreen
areasandagriculturalland,orabandoned,vacantandunderusedlots;itratherimpliesthepossibilitytoresignifynon
builtareasasawhole,especiallythespaceformobility.Furthermore,porosityisstronglyrelatedtopermeability,
representedbythesingleconnectionsbetweenthepores.Aporouscityiswidelyaccessiblethankstoanewstructureof
publictransport(anetworkdescribedbythemetaphorofasponge)andhighlysustainablenewbiologicalcorridors,as
wellas,morespaceforthewaternetwork/wetlands.
Inoneword,aporouscitycanbesaidtobeisotropic,meaningthatitcanprovideanequaldistributionof
infrastructuralandenvironmentalconditions,andthereforeurban(ity)opportunities.Secchisconceptofisotropy,that
wasfirstemployedbyanotherItalianurbanist,GiuseppeSamon,developedintoawillingnesstodissolve
infrastructuralsegregationanddestroyhierarchies.Ithastoberemembered,though,thattheprojectforParisis
conceptualandschematic,atooltotestsomehypothesisandproducenewknowledge,ratherthanasolutionperse.
[]The archive that I propose becomes testimony to this effort: to the attempt, for instance, to overcome the constraints of
availableresourcesandtechniques,orthoseregardingrelationshipsofpower,ofculture,oftaste;tobuildacityinwhichdifferent
individualsandgroupculturescanrepresentthemselvesandfindtheirownspace[]B.Secchi[22]
CB/GA:RecallingSecchisdefinitionofspaceasanarchive[23],orapalimpsest,withCorboz[24],seemstoregard
urbanspaceasastaticreality,albeitcomplex,wheresocialandpoliticalstruggleisdepositedorfossilized.Basedalso
onyourownexperienceasurbanistandpedagogue,whatwasSecchisnotionofspaceandterritory?
PP:UrbanspacewasneverimaginedordescribedbySecchiasastaticreality.Theideaofpalimpsestentailsthatthe
inhabitedterritoryistheresultofaprocessofselectiveaccumulation,i.e.inthecontinuousprocessoftransformation
someelementsarepreservedforfuturegenerations,whilesomeothersarediscarded,accordingtothelocalvalues,
culturalandeconomicconditions.SimilarlyIdaresaytherewasnotonenotionofspaceandterritoryforSecchi,but
many,asmanyasthedifferentrealitiesheexplored.Itispossiblethoughtorecallthreemomentsinwhichtheideaof
spacehaschanged:thegloriousthirty,thethirtyyearsofdevelopmentafterthelastworldwar,whenmiddleclass
emergedandlargeperipherieswereformed;theriseofindividualismandthediffusedcityaftertheeconomicboomin
the1960s;somesortofreturntothecompactcityinmorerecentyears,whichmanyclaimisresilientormustbetoface
thecrisis,theclimatechange,andthedeclineofwelfarestate.
byurbanismImeannotsomuchasetofbuildings,projects,theoriesuniformedaroundthecommonrulesofatheme(urban),a
languageanddiscursiveorganization,muchlessImeananacademicdiscipline,butthetracesofalargesetpractices:thoseofthe
continuousandconsciouschangethestatusoftheterritoryandthecity.B.Secchi[25]
CB/GA:Suchanotionofurbanspace,astheproductofamultiple,complexandstratifiedagency,revealsthe
difficultyofaholisticunderstandingofcurrenttransformations,callingforacontinuousreflectionaround
disciplinaryboundaries(architectureandurbanism)mergingeconomic,socialandgeographicaldimension.What
wasSecchisdefinitionforurbanism?
PP:Secchiwasverycautiousaboutthepossibilityofattainingaholisticunderstandingofsociospatialurban
transformations,andwasskepticalaboutanyprojectswithholisticdemands.Realityisgettingmoreandmorecomplex
andtheterritoryisconstantlychanging,sobeingholisticisgreatlynaive.Insuchanuncertainframe,disciplinary
boundarieswereconsideredanobstaclefortherealunderstandingofurbantransformations,butalsoanobstacleforthe
designitself.Urbanism,accordingtoSecchi,wasamixtureofarchitecture,urbandesignandcityplanning,anactof
formation/composition(composizione),thatwasdifferentlyconceivedaccordingtothespecificity:inAntwerpitinvolved
aselectionofactionsandinterventions;inParisandBrusselsavisionaboutspace.
AnurbanistshouldnotbearispecchialistaassomeRussianartistsinthe1920swhoclaimedthatartcanonlymirrorthe
contemporarysocialstructure.Nevertheless,he/sheshouldnotthinkthatthefutureisanextensionofthepastand
present.Anurbanistshouldratherdesignthefutureinordertoincreasethewelfareandwellbeingofinhabitants.Secchi
oftenmentionedthecritiquethatLeonardoBenevolo,anItalianhistorianofarchitecture,addressedoftheplannerslack
oftimingandthehabittointerveneaposterioriratherthananticipatechange;buildingonthis,Benevoloalsosuggested
thatanurbaninterventioncanbeeffectiveonlybyaddressingitspoliticalcontent.
Facingtheincreasingdifficulttaskofunderstandingandengagingwiththecomplexityandmultiplicityofphenomena,4/8
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Facingtheincreasingdifficulttaskofunderstandingandengagingwiththecomplexityandmultiplicityofphenomena,
Secchitriedtoelaborateanalternativeapproachtotackleinhabitedurbanterritories,basedonareflexiveand
investigativemethod.Aversetoheroicandexogenousplans(sopopularinthecurrentclimateofurbansuperexpertand
archistars),hetriedtorevealembeddedsociopoliticalprocesses,privilegingaccurateanalysis,closeobservationand
walkingthrough.Walkinginthecitywhichisnotametaphor,hewalkedforlongperiodsinthecitieshewasplanning
andtaughtstudentstokeepwalkingintheterritoriesmeansconcreteexperience,progressiveunderstandingofaspects
CB/GA:Hewaslatercriticizedforsuchaweak,almostnihilistapproachaimedtorecognizeintrinsiclegitimacyto
mosturbanphenomena,includingsprawl.Suchaweak,humbleapproachtourbanismappearstousasanimportant
elementtobedisclosedtoawiderpublic.Canyoufurtherelaborate?
PP:Secchisapproachwasneitherhumblenorweak,butratherelementarista,asresonatesinthetitleofthePh.D.thesisof
PaolaVigan,hispartnerandassociateforalmost25years,publishedasLacittelementare.Itadvocatesthatthede
compositionofacityintoitselementarycomponentsisthestartingpointofthecognitiveprocessaswellasofthedesign
process,whichareconsideredaunity.Thereasonforthismethodstemsfromtherecognitionofthedifficultyof
understandingandgraspingthecontemporarycity,whichhasradicallychangedduetosocialchangesandterritorial
expansionsandcontractions.Thereforethereisaneedtousetherilievo,thatistosaytheaccuratesurveyandmappingof
everysingleelementoftheurbanterritoryencounteredbuildings,roads,trees,fields,materials,signs,usestheir
characteristicsandrelations;theveryfirstlinesofthefirstpageofhisPrimalezionediurbanisticalisttheseelements.
Thisway,attentionwasgiventoordinaryobjects,abandoningtraditionalgrammarandsyntaxofdescription,inorderto
startanewunderstandingoftheurban.
Secchiusedtosaythatthismethodemergedalsoinreactiontoadriftofthe1970s,whenthehegemonicroleofsociology
andeconomicsincityplanningresultedinadetachmentfromphysicalreality;arenewalofcontentandmethodswas
thereforenecessary.Inthe1990seachcityplandevelopedbyhisequipe(team),theplanforPratoparticularly,started
withtherilievoofthewholemunicipalityanditsrepresentationonboardsatthescaleof1:2000.Thisinventoryshowed
thenotsequential,nonhierarchicalcharacterofthecontemporarycityanditsoftenfragmentedrandomparatactic
layout.Indesign,thismethodproducedtaxonomiesandmatricesandtheircollage,abandoninggeneralizingcategories
foranewurbanpalimpsest.
(https://societyandspace.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/4_studio20secchi20viganc3b2_structuurplan20antwerpen_2006.jpg)
StudioSecchiVigan,AntwerpPlan
CB/GA:Inconclusion,albeitbeingexplicitlyinterestedpreeminentlyinEuropeanurbanterritories,Secchi
visited[26]SouthAmericanmegacitieslikeSoPauloandRioonseveraloccasions,givinglecturesandinterviews
andparticipatinginconferences,tacklingtopicsofinformality,vulnerableareasandurbanizationoffavelas.From
yourunderstanding,didthoseurbanrealitiesinformhisthinkingandinfluencehisprojects?Inotherwords,didhe
findsimilarurbanquestions?
PP:IthinkthatthenewurbanquestionwasgreatlyinfluencedbyhisrecentfamiliaritywithSouthAmericanmegacities,
whichheconsideredtobeofgreatrelevance.HetutoredsomeinterestingPh.D.thesesfocusedoninclusionexclusion
dynamics,therequestsofurbanspacebytheconsumingmiddleclass,theinfluenceofcatholiccultureandpoliticsonthe
realizationofcontemporarysettlementsinSouthAmericancities.
AlsoAsianandRussianmegacitieswereveryinfluentialinhisreasoning.Theeffortwasoftentomakecomparisons
betweenwellknownurbanrealitiesandnewones;fullyawareofthedifferenturbanhistoriesandmodels,hetriedto
producegeneralizationeffortstopreventtheriskofbeingcapturedbythespecificityofsinglesituations.
CB/GA:BuildingonPaolaslastreply,itisworthrecallingthatweincreasinglyliveinaworldofcitieswherecitiesare
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CB/GA:BuildingonPaolaslastreply,itisworthrecallingthatweincreasinglyliveinaworldofcitieswherecitiesare
shapedbyprocessesthatstretchwellbeyondtheirphysicalextent,asRobinsonputsit[27].Asaresult,itispossibleto
producethosegeneralisationeffortsthatPaolamentioned,toradicallydeterritorializetheurban,tohaveglobal
conversationsontheaspectsofcontemporaryurbanlifeandtoformulatetravellingtheories,asEdwardSaidadvised
us.Itdoesappeartautologicalthattheurbanepicentrefromwhichtoexploreurbantheoryisnolongerlocated
exclusivelyinthesocalledGlobalNorth,EuropeorUS,butinamuchmorefertilearenathatresultsinthecomparison
aslearning[28],amultidirectionallearningthatmighthappenacrossdifferentcontexts,overcomingtheimpasseofthe
pioneeringstudiesthatwereonlyfocusedonWesterncities.Lagosisnotcatchingupwithus.Rather,wemaybe
catchingupwithLagos[29].ThelessonofBernardoSecchicanthereforeopennewresearchdirectionstowardsanew
urbanquestionabletostimulateintellectualandpracticalinvestigationincitiesthatareembeddedinmultiple
elsewheres[30].
PaolaPellegriniisLecturerofUrbanDesignatIUAVofVeniceandthePolitecnicodiMilano.ShewasVisitingAssociate
attheHarvardGraduateSchoolofDesign,MASS,andResearchAssociateattheDepartmentofUrbanismatIUAVof
Venicewithprof.BernardoSecchi.Herresearchmainlyfocusesonspatialanalysisandtheoryofcityplanningdesign
toolsinparticularthescenarioconstructionbothasacognitivepracticeandproperurbanplanningtool,planning
proposalsfortacklingsprawlingmetropolitanareas,newconceptsforinfrastructureandurbanheritage.
Alwayscombiningacademicresearchandprofessionalpractice,PaolacollaboratedwiththeSecchiViganStudioin
MilantothePesarocityplan,theStrategicPlanforAntwerpandtheGrandPariofParis;mostrecentlyshedevelops
crossborderandtransnationalcooperationprojectsfundedbytheEuropeanCommunityfortransportinfrastructures
developmentandculturalheritageconservation.
CamilloBoano(https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=CBOAN83)isanarchitect,urbanistandeducator.Heis
SeniorLectureratTheBartlettDevelopmentPlanningUnit,UniversityCollegeofLondon(UCL),wherehedirectsthe
MScinBuildingandUrbanDesigninDevelopment.HeisalsocodirectoroftheUCLUrbanLaboratory.Camillohas
over20yearsofexperiencesinresearch,designconsultanciesanddevelopmentworkinSouthAmerica,MiddleEast,
EasternEuropeandSouthEastAsia.Hisresearchinterestsrevolvearoundtheencountersbetweencriticaltheory,radical
philosophywithurbanandarchitecturaldesignprocesseswherecollectiveagencyandpoliticsencountersurban
narrativesandaesthetics,especiallythoseemergingininformalandcontestedurbanisms.
GiovannaAstolfo(https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/people/teachingfellows/teachingfellowsprofiles/giovanna
astolfo)sbackgroundisinarchitectureandurbandesign;shegraduatedatIUAV,SchoolofArchitectureinVeniceand
holdsaPhDatUniversityofUdine.Herresearchfocusedonthenexusbetweendensity,proximity,reuseofvacantland
andsustainabledevelopmentofmediumsizedcitiesinSouthernEurope.Morerecentlyherresearchisfocusedonurban
borders,divisionanditsproductionintheglobaleveryday.Giovannacombinedacademicresearchandprofessional
practice,workinginarchitecturalofficesinVeniceandSoPaulo,oninternationalprojectsandcompetitionsforthe
recoveryandreuseofexistingbuildingsandurbanregeneration,infrastructuralprojectsandenvironmentalplans.Sheis
currentlyTeachingFellowandalumnaofTheBartlettDPU(UCL).
[1]Secchi,B.,Vigan,P.,(2009)Antwerp,territoryofanewmodernity,SUNarchitecture
[2]GrandPari(s),Paris,France.ConsultationofresearchonthefutureofgreatParismetropolitanarea.Client:Ministre
delaCultureetdelaCommunicationdelaRpubliqueFranaise.Seealso:http://www.bondstudio.com/?
portfolio=grandparisparisfrancestudiobsecchipviganoandhttp://www.ateliergrandparis.fr/index.php
[3](1984)Ilraccontourbanistico,Einaudi,Torino;(2000)Primalezionediurbanistica,Laterza,RomaBari;(2005)Lacitt
delXXsecolo,Laterza,RomaBari;(2012)Lacittdeiricchiedeipoveri,Laterza,RomaBari
[4](2012)Lacittdeiricchiedeipoveri,Laterza,RomaBari,p.22(translationsbyauthors)
[5]Secchi,B.,(2006),Therichandthepoor,commentvivre(ounepasvivre)ensemble.In:Vigan,P.,Pellegrini,P.(2006)
Commentvivreensemble,Officina(originalinEnglish),p.373382
[6]Pellegrini,P.(2012)Prossimit.Declinazionidiunaquestioneurbana,Mimesis,UdineMilano
[7]Secchi,B.(2005)LacittdelXXsecolo,Laterza,RomaBari
[8]Seealso:http://www.planum.net/welfare(http://www.planum.net/welfare)
[9]Secchi,B.(2006)Therichandthepoor,commentvivre(ounepasvivre)ensemble.In:Vigan,P.,Pellegrini,P.(2006)
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[10]Barthes,R.(2002)Commentvivreensemble.CoursetseminairesauCollegedeFrance197677,SeuilImec,Paris
[11]Webber,M.(1963)OrderinDiversity:CommunityWithoutPropinquity.In:Wingo,L.(1963)CitiesandSpace:The
FutureUseofUrbanLand,pp.2354,JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress.
[12]Pavillonnaireisthelowdensitysettlementintheperipheryofmainlysinglefamilyhouseswithgarden.
[13]Secchi,B.(2012)Lacittdeiricchiedeipoveri,Laterza,RomaBari;SecchiB.,(2010)Anewurbanquestion.
UnderstandingandplanningthecontemporaryEuropeancity.Territorio,53
[14]Bourdieu,P.(1984[1979])Distinction.AsocialcritiqueoftheJudgementofTaste.HarvardUniversityPress
[15]Secchi,B.(2012)Lacittdeiricchiedeipoveri,Laterza,RomaBari,p.6
[16]Bourdieu,P.(1993)Lamiseredumonde,Seuil,Paris
[17]UrbanismhasstrongandspecificresponsibilitiesintheworseningofinequalitiesSecchi,B.,(2012)Lacittdei
ricchiedeipoveri,ibidem(translationbyauthors)
[18]Secchi,B.(2006),Therichandthepoor,commentvivre(ounepasvivre)ensemble.In:Vigan,P.,Pellegrini,P.(2006)
[19]Fini,G.,PezzoniN.(2011)IlPianoStrutturalediAnversa.Unnuovodispositivodiconvivenzaperlacitt
contemporanea.IntervistaaBernardoSecchiePaolaVigan(http://www.planum.net/ilpianostrutturaledianversa),
Urbanistica,148
[20]Secchi,B.(2006),Therichandthepoor,commentvivre(ounepasvivre)ensemble.In:Vigan,P.,Pellegrini,P.(2006)
[21]Richnotonlydenotespersons,families,groupsthathaveahighincomeand/orconspicuousassets.Thetermrichis
alsousedtodefinepersonsofaconsistentculturalorsocialcapital,withanextensivenetworkofrelationamongstthe
dominantgroupsofthesociety,thatconferastatusandoftenanincomethatisequivalenttoorabovethatofpersons
withhighincomecapital.Secchi,B.,(2006),Therichandthepoor,commentvivre(ounepasvivre)ensemble.In:Vigan,P.,
Pellegrini,P.(2006)Commentvivreensemble,Officina(originalinEnglish),p.373
[22]B.Secchi,originalinEnglishhttp://www.planum.net/thesewords(http://www.planum.net/thesewords)
[23]Seealso:http://www.planum.net/thesewords(http://www.planum.net/thesewords)
[24]Corboz,A.(1983)TheLandasPalimpsest,Diogenes31(121):1234
[25]Translationbytheauthors
[26]ConferenceCidadeinformalnoSeculoXXI,12April2010,SoPaulo,MuseudaCasaBrasileira;Conference
Arquitetura,Cidade,MetrpoleDemocratizarCidadesSustentveis,27February1March2013,IAB(Institutode
ArquitetosdoBrasil),RiodeJaneiro
[27]Robinson,J.(2014)Newgeographiesoftheorisingtheurban:Puttingcomparisontoworkforglobalurbanstudies.In
Parnell,S.,Oldfield,S.,(2014)TheRoutledgehandbookoncitiesoftheGlobalSouth,Routledge
[28]McFarlane,C.(2010).Thecomparativecity:knowledge,learning,urbanism.InternationalJournalofUrbanandRegional
Research34(4):725742
[29]RemKoolhaaspostulationinthefilmLagosWide&Close.AninteractiveJourneyintoanExplodingCity,
Netherlands2005,DirectedbyBregtjeVanderHaak(120min)
[30]MbembeA.,Nuttall,S.(2004)WritingtheWorldfromanAfricanMetropolis.PublicCulture,16(3):347372
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