3G Basic Theory 02 PDF

3G BASIC THEORY
UMTS TECHNOLOGY
Soc Classification level

1
Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
WHAT IS 3G?
- stands for THIRD GENERATION mobile technology
- it is a wireless technology designed to allow a certain
device to access to voice, video and data services at
much faster rates than can be achieved today
- NTC clarified it viewed 3G as enhancement and
improvement of the 2nd Generation Technology

2
OBJECTIVE:
To EXPLORE:
- The History and roadmap of mobile Telecommunication
- 3G Basic Technology
- 3G Basic Network Architecture
- 3G Basic Nature and Behavior

3

4
The mobile communications industry has evolved in

three stages:
1G
Voice call

5
2G 2.5 G
Voice call,fax,
data and text
messaging
3G
High speed data transfer.

New video, audio and Mobile
TV,Internet browsing and Music
download
1st Generation
1976+, though really the technology of the 1980s
Analogue modulation
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Voice traffic only
No inter-network roaming possible
Not secure air interface
The 1st Generation of
Cellular Technology
makes use of analog
modulation
techniques such as
FM

6
1st Generation Standards

AMPS (Analogue Mobile Telephony System)
North American Standard in cellular band (800MHz)
TACS (Total Access Communications System)
UK originated Standard based on AMPS in 900MHz band
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony System)
Scandinavian Standard in 450MHz and 900MHz bands
C-450
German Standard in 450MHz band
JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communications System)
Japanese Standard in 900MHz band

7
1st Generation Planning
Macrocellular
High sites for coverage driven
planning
Antennas above roof height
Frequency planning required

Large cell size
Order 30km
Hard handover
Only ever connected to a single cell

8
Cellular Networks are commonly

represented as hexagon grids.
The above diagram shows how
different frequencies are used in
different cells in a cellular network
(different frequencies represented
by different colors).
For networks with more cells than
frequencies these must be
planned
2nd Generation
1990s
Digital modulation
Variety of Multiple Access
00
strategies
01
10
Voice and low rate circuit switched
10001001
data
0
0
0
1
1
00010
1
01
1
1
1
Same technology roaming
10
0
0
Secure air interface
001
0
0 10
0
11
The 2nd Generation of

Cellular Technology is the
first to use digital modulation

9
111
000 00100
111
1
1 10
1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
GSM
GSM
phones
1999/2000
First networks in 1992

European developed standard, but
with worldwide subscriber base
Different frequency bands
GSM450, GSM900, GSM1800,
GSM1900
Largest 2nd Generation subscriber
base
Frequency/Time Division Multiple
Access
Open/Standardised Interfaces

10
from
GSM Planning
Macrocells and microcells

Capacity driven planning
Frequency planning required

Optional parameters requiring
planning
Hierarchical Cell Structures

Frequency Hopping
Discontinuous Transmission
Power Control
Simple subscriber/traffic analysis

Capacity limited by number of
TRXs
Hard Handover

11
GSM
networks
use
microcells
to
provide
additional capacity. As with
1st
generation
networks
frequency
planning
is
required
cdmaOne
First networks in 1996
Derived from Qualcomm IS-95 air interface
Largely American subscriber base with some Asian networks
Code Division Multiple Access
This is in many ways the closest 2nd generation standard to many of the 3rd
generation standards
ANSI-41 core network

Chip rate of 1.2288Mcps

12
cdmaOne
1999/2000
phones
from
cdmaOne Planning
Macrocells and microcells

Single Frequency
multiple frequencies for hotspots
Soft Handover (multiple

connections between mobile and
network)
Code Planning
Capacity Interference Limited

13
Unlike GSM there is no

frequency
planning
required for cdmaOne
However soft handover
means that there are
zones where there are
two/three connections to
the network
2.5G
Now...
Digital modulation
Voice and intermediate rate
circuit/packet switched data
Same technology roaming
Secure air interface
Based upon existing dominant
standards such as GSM or
cdmaOne
2.5G technologies are
based upon existing 2G
technologies
but
are
focussed at increasing
the maximum data rates
that the technologies can
deliver

14
HSCSD
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Enhancement to the GSM standard
Utilises:
Multiple channel coding schemes
(4.8kbps, 9.6kbps, 14.4kbps per
timeslot)
Multiple timeslots
Circuit Switched Data rates to

57.6kbps (4 slots with 14.4kbps
channel coding per slot)
Nokia Cardphone

15
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
Enhancement to the GSM standard
Utlilises
Multiple Channel Coding Schemes (9.05kbps, 13.4kbps, 15.6kbps, 21.4kbps)
Multiple Timeslots
Packet Switching
Packet Switched Data typically to rates of 115kbps
Theoretically 171.2kbps for 8 timeslots

16
IS-95B
Enhancement to cdmaOne standard
Utilises
High rate coding scheme
Combined code channels
packet switching
Packet Switched Data to rates of 114kbps

17
EDGE
Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
Sometimes called E-GPRS (Enhanced GPRS)
Enhancement to the GSM and TDMA standards
Utlilises:
8PSK Modulation
Possible 1.6MHz carrier under IS-136
8 Channel Coding Schemes
Multiple Timeslots
TDMA
Data up to rates of 384kbps (typically less)

18
2G and 2.5G Standards Compared
Multiple
Access
Modulation
Carrier
Spacing
Frame Length
Slots per
Frame
Frequency
Band
Max Data
Rate
Frequency
Hopping
Handover

19
GSM
TDMA
cdmaOne
PDC
TDMA
TDMA
CDMA
TDMA
GMSK
/4-DQPSK
QPSK
/4-DQPSK
200kHz
30kHz
1.25MHz
25kHz
4.615ms
40ms
20ms
20ms
3/6
450/ 900/ 1800/

1900
HSCSD:
115kbps
GPRS: 115
172kbps
Yes
800/ 1900
800/ 1900
850/ 1500
IS-136+:
43.2kbps
28.8kbps
No
IS-95A:
14.4kbps
IS-95B:
115.2kbps
N/A
Hard
Hard
Soft
Hard
No

20
3G SERVICES

21
3G 3
rd
Generation: Digital Cellular
1) Feature:
Wide band code division multiple access (WCDMA)
technology
digital signal
Broadband (5Mhz Bandwidth)
integrated service system integrating all current mobile
telephone system functions providing multiple services
large capacity
2) Radio Frequency Spectrum (UHF Ultra high Frequency)
frequency spectrum around 2000MHz or 2GHz
Data rate up to 2000kbps or 2Mbps

22
What triggered
them to implement 3G?
Voice services currently account for more than
90 percent of income, but by the year 2005 it
has been forecasted that data and other nonvoice services will generate 50 percent of
operator income.

23
What is IMT-2000
"International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000)
represents the global standard for meeting the emerging needs of
mobile telecommunications in the 21st century whereby mobile
telecommunications subscribers will be able to access voice, data,
Internet, and multimedia services at any time and at any place."

24
The Goal of IMT 2000

- Higher transmit rate 2Mbps
- Rich and colorful service
- Good voice quality
- Larger capacity
- Lower cost
- Good security performance
- High frequency efficiency
- Increased Mobility
- Easy to transition from 2G

25
IMT-2000 Candidate Harmonization

A number of technologies were submitted many of which had
distinct similarities
Of course operators were generally keen on a single standard
to allow global roaming and economies of scale
Operators Harmonization Group (OHG)
This led to two partnership projects being set up:
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Dealing with WCDMA (Also Known as Universal Mobile
Telephone Systems UMTS) and related candidate
technologies
3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)

Dealing with cdma2000 and related candidate
technologies
U101
26
26
IMT 2000 Roadmap
HSDPA
3GPP
3rd Generation Partnership Project

27
HSUPA
3GPP2
Where is
Philippines?

28
NTC Spectrum Allocation for WCDMA

Uplink
Downlink
1920-1980
2110-2170
1980M
1920M
Uplink 1920-1980

29
2110M
Downlink 2110-2170
2170M
NTC Allocated for GLOBE 3G (WCDMA)

Uplink
1920-1940
1980
1920
M
M
Uplink 1920-1940
Uplink
1960-1980
1980
1960
M
M
Uplink 1960-1980

30
Downlink
2110-2130
2110
2170
M
M
Downlink 2110-2130
Downlink
2150-2170
2110
2170
M
M
Downlink 2110-2170
RADIO FREQUENCIES
Where IS UMTS
FREQ ?

31
Globe needs these 3G frequency spectra to

upgrade its current CMTS (Cellular Mobile
Telephone System) services to 3G.
Globe will remit the corresponding spectrum
user fees and post a performance bond
equivalent to P300 million to the NTC to
comply with the rules on the allocation of 3G
radio frequency bands.

32
HIERARCHICAL CELL STRUCTURES

Macro Cell
Few meters
to 100
Pico Cell
Few meters
to 100
Micro cell
200 -500 meter
range

33
HIERARCHICAL CELL STRUCTURES

Macro Cells - carry the faster-moving
wide-area traffic.
Micro Cells carry the higher-data-rate
pedestrian traffic.
Pico Cells are deployed to cover hot
spots to relive capacity bottlenecks
such as in offices or airports where
user density is particularly high.

34
WHAT IS WCDMA?
- stands for Wide-Band Code Division Multiple Access
- is a type of Cellular Network
- it is the higher speed transmission protocol used in
the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone Systems)

35
W-CDMA is a wideband spread-spectrum mobile

Air-interface that utilizes the direct-sequence spread
Spectrum method of asynchronous code division
multiple access to achieve higher speeds and
support more users compared to the implementation
of time division multiplexing (TDMA) used by
2G GSM networks.

36
What is Bandwidth?
Bandwidth is the difference between
the upper and lower cutoff frequencies,
and is typically measured in hertz

37
What is the
Bandwidth?
1925M
1920M
5Mhz

38
What is Code?
A code is a rule for converting
a piece of information (for
example, a letter, word,
phrase, or gesture) into
another form or representation
(one sign into another sign),
not necessarily of the same
type.

39
Example of a Code?

40
WCDMA CODE
Scrambling Code
Code Channels
Scrambling Code 1
Code Channels
Scrambling Code 2
Scrambling Codes
Are used to separate cells and terminals from each other rather than
purely channels
A UE is surrounded by Base Stations, all of them transmitting on the same

CDMA Frequency.
A UE must be able to discriminate between different Sectors of different Node
Bs.
The Downlink Scrambling Codes can be used in 512 different ways in a CDMA
system. Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code which can be used
to identify a particular sector.
.

41
What is Multiple Access?

Simultaneous private use of a transmission
medium by multiple, independent users.
Imagine you are in a cocktail party
Now imagine you are trying to talk to
somebody
If you are trying to listen to somebody you
need to be able to pick out their speech
from everybody elses speech
Everybody is using the same medium to
talk the air in the room
There are a number of different Multiple
Access strategies

42
What is Channel?
An individually-assigned, dedicated pathway
through a transmission medium for one users
information.

43
What is Transmission Medium

The transmission medium is a resource
that can be subdivided into individual
channels according to the technology
used.
Transmission
Medium
Each pair of users

enjoys a dedicated,
private circuit through
the transmission
medium, unaware that
the other users exist.
44
Types of Multiple Access

A. FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
Each user on a different frequency
A channel is a frequency

45

B. TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
Each user on a different window period in time (time slot)
A channel is a specific time slot on a specific frequency

46

C. CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
A channel is a unique code pattern
Each user uses the same frequency all the time, but
mixed with different distinguishing code patterns

47
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA
1
1
1
5 MHz
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

48
1
1
Frequency reuse
factor is 1;
network design
and expanding
become much
easier
TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
Narrowband
Signal
Slow
Information
Sent
Slow
Information
Recovered
TX
RX
Traditional technologies try to squeeze the

signal into the minimum required bandwidth

49
WCDMA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
Wideband Signal
Slow
Information
Sent
Slow
Information
Recovered
.
TX
Fast
Spreading
Sequence
RX
Fast
Spreading
Sequence
Spread spectrum systems mix their input

data with a fast spreading sequence and
transmit a wideband signal
The spreading sequence is independently
regenerated at the receiver and mixed with
the incoming wideband signal to recover the
original data
50
SPREAD SPECTRUM SYSTEM HISTORY

51
What is SPREAD SPECTRUM SYSTEM?

Spread Spectrum techniques are methods by which
more frequency bandwidth is deliberately used than
motivated by the actual information rate (spectrum
spreading). On one hand, this implies a certain
waste of valuable frequency spectrum; but on the
other hand,these techniques have advantages such
as increasing the resistance to
interference,jamming and interception.

52
Spread Spectrum Principles

Shannon's Formula
C=B*log2(1+S/N)
Where,
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal
N is average power for noise
Claude Shannon is the Father of Information Theory. It was entirely
new that information of any kind-- whether for use on a telegraph,
telephone, radio, or television-- could be decomposed into zeros and
ones, encoded, transmitted, and decoded at the other end which is
called the Mathematical Theory of Communication. He went on to
present the concept of the maximum rate of transmission on a
channel-- the capacity or "Shannon limit"-- which provides the
benchmark against which all codes and modulations are measured.
53
SPREAD SPECTRUM SYSTEM ILLUSTRATION

MAT
HAM H
ME R
Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth
MATH
HAMMER
12.2 KHz
5 MHz

54
SPREAD SPECTRUM SYSTEM

I. Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FH-SS)
The SS technique Frequency-Hopping
Spread Spectrum (FH-SS) involves
transmitting a signal with a normal
bandwidth over a carrier frequency
that rapidly changes within a wider
frequency spectrum.
To decode the signal, thereceiver in
the FH-SS system needs to know the
frequency-hopping sequence
thecode.
FH-SS was first developed by scientist
Nicola Tesla around 1900

55
SPREAD SPECTRUM SYSTEM

II. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)
It is SS principle wherein
the carrier frequency
stays the same, but
instead the signal to be
transmitted is multiplied
with a high bandwidth
signal.
On the receiving end, the
reproducible high
bandwidth signal the
code is multiplied
with the received signal
to recover the original
signal.

56
SPREADIND AND DESPREADING

Tx Bit Stream
Spreading
1
-1
Code Chip Stream

(Spreading Code) -1
Spread
Air Interface
Chip Stream
Despreading
Code Chip Stream

(Spreading Code)
Rx Bit Stream
U101
57
57
What is CHIP?
It is a pulse of a direct-sequence spread
spectrum (DSSS) Code
1
-1
pseudo-noise code sequence
WCDMA CHIP RATE: 3.84 Mcps

58
UMTS Architecture
RNS: Radio Network Subsystem
ME
IuCS
USIM
Node B
cell cell cell
UE: User
Equipment
CN: Core Network
PSTN
USIM
Node B
cell cell cell
F
Iur
EIR
FDD mode
only
Gs
HLR

59
Node B
cell cell cell
USIM
Uu
RNC: Radio
Network
Controller
Iub
SGSN
RNS
IuPS
Iu
AuC
G
c
Gf
Gr
ME
G-MSC
VLR
ME
MSC
RNC
GGSN
Gi
Gn
Gp
UMTS - GSM Architecture

Interface
A-bis
Interface
Iub

60
UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio

Access Network) Structure
CN
Iu
Iu
RNS
RNS
Iur
RNC
Iub
Iub
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
Uu
UE
Iub
Iub
UTRAN

61
RNC
NodeB
UTRAN
UMTS Architecture
The system consists of:
UTRAN
UTRAN performs all the functions related to wireless
communication;
CN (Core Network)
CN switches and routes voice and data services to
connect them to the external network.
UE (User Equipment)
The UE (User Equipment) is connected to the UTRAN
through the air interface standard.

62
Functional Units
UE (User Equipment):
As the wireless terminal that performs wireless communication
via the Uu interface, it contains an intelligent card, which records the
user ID, performs the authentication algorithm, and stores
information such as authentication information and keys.
Node B:
Transmits data streams between the Iub and the Uu interfaces,
participating in radio resource management.
RNC (Radio Network Controller):
Owns and controls the radio resources under its administration.

The RNC is the service access point provided by the UTRAN for the
CN.

63
INTERFACE
Uu interface:
Serves as the air interface of the WCDMA system to connect
a UE to a Node B.
Iu interface:
Connects the UTRAN and the CN. It is similar to the A
interface (circuit switching) and the Gb interface (packet switching)
in GSM.
Iur interface:
Allows soft handover between the RNC equipment of different
manufacturers as an open interface.
Iub interface:
Connects the Node B and the RNC.

64
WCDMA Basic Nature and Behavior - Cell Breathing

Breath effect of cell
With the increase of activated

terminals, interference increase
the increase of high speed service,

the increase of interference
The shrink of cell coverage area
Coverage blind spot occurs
Drop of call will happen at the edge of cell
Coverage and
capacity are
relative
back
65
Coverage/capacity vs Data Rate

Higher rate needs higher power
High data rate transmission is only available nearby the station
Coverage decrease
>384 kbps
>144 kbps
>64 kbps
Subscriber
num
increase

66
>12.2 kbps
Multipath Propagation
Transmit
Strength
Received Signal
0

67
Time
Multipath Propagation

68
RAKE Receiving
Single
receiving
Single
receiving
receiver
combining
Single
receiving
searcher
s(t)
calculate
s(t)
RAKE improve receive capability

69
signal
WCDMA Behavior: HANDOVER

Use handoff: minimize drop-call rate
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
Handover is the process of shifting a mobile
devices connection from one Node B to another
70
TYPES OF HANDOVER
I. Intra-System (WCDMA) Handover
a. SOFTER HANDOVER Mobile Station handover
within one node B between different sectors
b. SOFT HANDOVER - Mobile Station handover
between different Node B.
c. Hard HANDOVER - Mobile Station handover
between different frequencies
II. Inter-System Handover

Handover between WCDMA <--> GSM (Hard)
Handover between WCDMA/FDD <--> TDD

(Hard)
71
WCDMA Power Control

Why need Power Control?
- All User Equipment transmit on the same frequency

- UE with low path loss will cause large interference
- Removes Near Far Effect Variation of power level and
interference due to distance and fading

72
WCDMA Power Control
Goal: Adjust transmit power so that all mobile terminals

are received with approximately the same power
Set PTX,1 and PTX,2 so that PRX,1 ~ PRX,2

73
WCDMA Power Control

Open loop power control (No feed Back from the Node B)
To provide a course initial power setting of the mobile station at
the beginning of a connection.
If received signal is weaker,then UE can transmit stronger
If received signal is stronger,then UE can transmit lower
Closed Loop - With feed back from the Node B. Base station informs
mobile unit to increase or decrease the power level

74
Open loop power control

To find roughly (estimate) min. power of UE to send on RACH (UL) to NodeB
Calculation based on DL path-loss and system information block in BCH
UE power (Initial DPCCH Power)

75
Closed Loop Power Control

76

3G Basic Theory 02 PDF

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

3G Basic Theory 02 PDF

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

3G BASIC THEORY

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

The mobile communications industry has evolved in

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

High speed data transfer.

Soc Classification level

1st Generation Standards

Soc Classification level

1st Generation Planning

Frequency planning required

Soc Classification level

Cellular Networks are commonly

The 2nd Generation of

Soc Classification level

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

First networks in 1992

Soc Classification level

Macrocells and microcells

Frequency planning required

Hierarchical Cell Structures

Simple subscriber/traffic analysis

Soc Classification level

ANSI-41 core network

Soc Classification level

Macrocells and microcells

Soft Handover (multiple

Soc Classification level

Unlike GSM there is no

Soc Classification level

Circuit Switched Data rates to

Soc Classification level

Soc Classification level

Soc Classification level

Soc Classification level

2G and 2.5G Standards Compared

Soc Classification level

450/ 900/ 1800/

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

Generation: Digital Cellular

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

The Goal of IMT 2000

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

IMT-2000 Candidate Harmonization

3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)

Presentation / Author / Date