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.,
.,
ABSTRACT
l. Better pkumirtgofpv
sssurebuild- upsmaybeachieved
to avoid uMecessar
Ior ch,,fiita marim-le
Conventional
calculation
of total system isothe~mai
compressibility for a system captaining a free gas phase
involves, among other things, evaluation of the change of
oil and gas formation volume factors and the gas in sohtion with pressure. Preferably, this information should be
obtained from laboratory measurements made with particulirr oils and gases. Often, experimental measurements
are not available. In this case, it is necessary to obtain
uressure-voiuns e-temperature
relationshi~s from general
correlations such as~hose of Standing f;r Californ~a oils.
In order tospeed estimatesof
compressibility, generalized
plots have been prepared of the change of both oil forma{ion volume factors and gas in solution, with pressure
frc)m Standings correlations. A generalized piot for estitnating the change in the two-phase (oil and gas) formation
volume factor with pressure is also presented.
yig.u
.-MW.W...W-.
Numero~
publications have presented solutions to
transient sin~e-phase flow of slightly compressible fluids,
stressing pressure build-up applications. In transient flow,
a compressibility* term arises to permit volume content
of fluids in porous rock to change as pressure changes.
The basic ,nature ,of the compressibility term is, usuallY
taken for granted, Problems arise in practical applications
of transient fluid theory because most published works con-
sider only one flowing fluid-in an ideai porous system
containing only one fluid. .
In 1956, r Perrine presented an intuitive extension of
single-phase flow pressure build-up methods to multiphase
Kow conditions. Later, Martin established conditims under which Perrines multiphase build-up method had a
theoretical foundation.
Perrine has shown that improper use of single-phase
build-up amlysis in certain multiphase flow situations can
:
lead to gross errors in estimated static formation pressure, ~
permeability and well condition. It is likely that much
pressure build-up data for oil weHs should.be analyzed on
the basis of mukiphase flow.
For both single-phase and multiphase build-up analysis,
the isotherm+ compressibility term in dimensionless time
groups often shouId be interpreted as the total system:compnmibility, All real reservoirs dontain one or more corn
pressible fluid phases. fn addition, rwk compressibility
can contribute in an important way to the total system
~
compressibility. The proper total. system compressibility.
- expression. may. contain terms. for. eompressibifi~=of oii,.... . -gas, water, reservoir rock. and terms for the. chatige of
,
solubiiity of gas in liquid phases.
to isotk-
...
. .
,..
-..
,
(~
$47
.,
,-
DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
~.
.
2.
..
/..
{
.
,-
- -..
------
. .
..
.1.,
if
.
.. .. ... . :
.-
,
/
~
.
+s;c,c+s,c+c,
S,,c,,
(1)
C;=+-i+$-)...
- - 2)
Expressing volumes in terms of formation volume factors, and considering gas volubility effects, Martin presented essentially the, foRowing extension of Perrines expression for total system. compressibility.
AQUIFERS
Water influx and material balance calculations often
require estimates, of the total compressibility of an aquifer,
system, i.e., porous rock totally saturated with water, In
this case, Eq. 1 becomes:
.;
(Cl=c,c+cj,
...
. .. . . . . . . (5)
.f=so[;(*)++(*)]T+ ~
w%-)+%(%)].-
. i3Bv
()
s,
B,
ap
+C, .
Specific information on the compressibility o{the aquifer water will generally not be available. In view of the
uncertain nature of other information on the aquifer (e.g.,
porosity, permeability?, /he precision of estimates of compressibility of the aqulfcr from existing correlations is adequate. Available correlations are listed under Oil Rcservoirs. ~Water compressibilities range. from- 2X 10( to
4X 10-apsi-.
...(3)
Practically speaking, the greatest uncertainty in estimation of total system compressibility is estimation of the
proper liquid saturations for volumetric weighting. Uncertainty in liquid saturations ofien overbalances uncertainty
in estimation of separate phase compressibilities.
In this connection, clarification of the basis for Perrines
multiphase build-up theory is important, The separation of
oil and gas nobilities proposed by Perrine is actually based
on the field producing gas-oil ratio. equation.
R=$(&)+R.
$
:,
!.
II
f;
. .
(4)
ROCK COMPRESSIBILITY
As pressure is increased within the pores of the rock,
the rock grains are compressed, and the bulk volume of
the rgck is increased due to interaction of internal pressure
and the ,confining overburden pressure. The effect of both
A
factors is to increase pore volume as pressure increases.
., ..
.Thus by the general definition of compressibility given by
Eq. 2, rock compressibility in terms of change in pore
voiume should be negative qua-ntity. I-Iowever, the effect of
an incr~ase in pore volume with an increase in pressure
can be pictured as an increase in the size of the container
holding reservoir fluids. If the container volume is held
constant, the sanie effect could be achieved by additional
shrinking of contained fluids. Thus the eflective rock compressibil~ty may beconsidered a.jositive quantity additive ,,
.=to..fitid compressibifi~o. ... ---- ..- =,
.:::. .-. . ... = ,, -.
It is usualiy necessary to estimate ~ock cdmpresiibilities.
from existing correlations. In regard to rock compressibility, the correlation published by Hall, presenting compressibility as a function of porosity, has been in wide use.
>.
448
,,
GAS RESERVOIRS
There may be two or more phases present in a gas, reservoir: natural gas, comate water, and occasionally con- densate, tar or other forms of liquid hydrocarbons. For the
present, consider only gas and water to be present. The
effect of a liquid hydrocarbon phase will be discussed under Oii Reservoirs. The compressibility of natural gas is
large and ranges from 1,000X 10 psi- at 1,000 psi
pressure, to about lOOXJ0 psi- at 5,000 psi pressure.
The effective compressibility of water with dissolved gas
ranges from 15X 10- psi- at 1,000 psi, to 5 X lo-~,psi-
at 5,000 psi. Rock compressibilities range from 3 X 10 to
10X 10 psi-. Thus compressibilities of rock and water .
are often negligible compared to,. the compressibility of
gas. Eq. 1 becomes: ,. .
,
; (6)
Ct=suc,,
.,...,
. . . ..-.
,1
OF PETROLEUM
TECIIXiJLfl
GV
,,
,.
,
.
,.
-,,
I
ii
m
\
I&
v
m
(
-,
,-
IOOF
0.006s7
-0.006660.00555
0.00418
lm;fg
500
---1000 --1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
,5000
,\ PRIL,
0.00270
0.00245
~ 0<00231
. o.oo2r2 4
IN!* ,0
FT
().
0.00444
0.00373
0.00290
0.00240
0.00219
0.00204
0.00197
0.001?7
., -.
[-,
1.0
CORRECTION
0.s
FACTOR
0.8
10
TOTAL
20
30
60
G
a
.:
250F
.
0,00640
-:J$OJ
0:00444.
0,00374
0.00315
0.00270
0,00250
0.00240
0.00231
Fsc. 2CHANGE
.
7
PSIA
2(toF
0.00640
0:005s1
;
0.00480
0.00390
0.00329
0.0027S
0.00262
0.00242
0.00231
(?.00226
1964
..
5000
%.
.a
. ... .
COkRECTION
4000
PURE WATER
scf/[bbl-psi)
15dF
0.00645
. . --0:00571
IN
3000
2000
PRESSURE,
(%).=
1(2).+2
(%-),~~- 7)
1000
.1
PRESSURE- PSIA ,
IN SIJLLiIkITYOF METHANSIN PIJREWALXJI
WITH
PRWSIJRE%9 ]%WSURS.
*-
.- :,
449
,/
,/
!.
,.
,,
,.
?.
a-
,,
DISCUSSION
For the conr!ition that gas saturation is less than the critical saturation for free gas flow, it is possible to rearrange
Eq. 3 to avoid much of the differentiation associated with
oil and gas phase data. The result i~
,
,..
-+[(%)l.+s[=(%)+
3R.w
T.T )1+-c
9)
B.
(10)
R;,
Fm. 4-CHANCE
IN
I?RESSUHE vs
,-
SoLuTIo~.
0.010
0.000
g
1.
d
m..
0.006
k.
u.
u
w.
_+
0.004
3
a
e
~ ~02
/
.. .- . ..0
.
0
.:
$000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
FoRMAT ION
VOLUME
FACTOR
OF
!.
\
I
i
RESSRE-PSY
460
FIG,5CNARGEOF OIL
OF
PETROLEUM
TECHNOLOGY
. .
,,
,,
,,,
/
.,
,.
.i
.,
,
.!
.,
.
CONCLUSIONS
One result of this study of compressibility is worth
emphasis. The (OR,,./3p)* term wtich appears in Eqs. 3
and 9, represents the increase in effective gas compressibility resulting from solution of gas in water. This term
is usually neglected in estimation of total system compressibility. It should be<emphasized that, in most situations
where the magnitude of water compressibility is important,
the effect of solution of gas in water will be even more
important.
a = constant,
wwinwvinx,
.Iour,
Prt.
TwA.
{ kc.,
1!W ) 134S.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
NOMENCLATURE*
B, = two-phase formation volume factor, res
i
bbl/STB oil (see Eq. 10)
B,, = two-phase volume factor at bubble-point pressure, res bbl/STB oil,
c, = total system isothermal compressibility,
(vol/vol)/psi,
c,P, = pseudo reduced gas compressibility.
d = constant,
R. = volubility of gas in oil, scf/STB oil,
R., = initial, or bubble-point solution gas-oil ratio,
scf/STB oil,
.
--.
..~l.or dhrr symbols definitions, me AIME wmbols lists for: petroleum
AIME
(
1!1;6)
207,
8SS:
md
natural
m!s
rc.wvoi r ,mrineerimr, rra~l~.,
water,
REFf3RENCfX
M, B.: Volumetric and Pfwse Behavior 01 Oil ~~ld
Hydrocarbon Systeors, Reinh@d Puldishing Corp., New York
(1952), See also: Dritl. & PruJ. Prae., API (,1947) 275.
L Standing,
[
Buildup Curies,
Dri[l. &
3. Martin, .T~C.: Simplified Equations of Flow in Gas Driva Reservoirs and the Theoretical
Foundation
of Multiph=.e
Pressure
Buildup Analyses,
Trans., AIME (1959) 216, 309.
~
of Reservoir
Rocks: Trusts.,
of %ndstone Keservoir
/
-... .-
9.lMmytin,
Properties
360.
.-
.
--CORRELhTINGFACTOR, $
f%.
6-CHANGE
,*
APRIL,
1964
D~FERENTML OF TWO-PHASE
VOLUME FACTOR.
--
10. Llodson, C. R, and Standing, h!. B.: Prwsure-Volume~Tempertrture and Solufrility Relations for Natural GBs-Water Mixtures,
Drill. & Prod. Prrrc.,API (1944) 173.
O. L, and McKetta, J. J.: Phase E uilibria in
H drocarhorr-WaterSystems,Part II.. ., Trans., AI\ IE (1950)
11. Culberson,
ld9, 319,
r..ll.--.m.>v,,
Uu,,,s,
19
n r
v.
.. uA ,M,.v...,.
MJS.G .,-,
AA
@,,
Equilibria in Hy-
1, J,: Phtr*
.! ,
droearfron-WaterSystems,
Part I 11.,... Trans., AIME (1951)
.1Y4,
,.* 24s.
-.
k% Jrnbe, A. S.: Compressibility
1.
AIME
APPENDIX
()
R,- n
~oosw
tL0537p + 1.408
.-.Y.
where y, is the gas gmvity (to air), T is temperature, F,
and (API) is the tank oil gravity, Taking the natural
logarithm .of b?th sides of this equation, and differentiating analytically with respect to pressure leads to:
R8
aRa
(0,83p
i- 21.75) .
=
~,
()
Solutions of this equation are presented on Fig. 4.
~ ~kol:.
(. A1.1,
(.,
______
avi
()
ap
v,
(1)
. ,(2)
t--...
Since a normal fluid decreases in. volume with an increase in pressure, the definition of compressibility given.
in Eq. 2 indicates a normal fluid will have a positive
compressibi lity. We can write the following expressions
tor the separate compressibilities in Eq. 1:
r,,
-w%=--k(%)
Since gas is soluble in b&h oil and water, as well as conlpressible, the total compressibility term must be considered
an effective- compressibility which ran account for. solution effects. Oil and water formation volume factors con.taiin the effect of solution gas on the change in liquid
phase volumes. Thus terms to reduce the gas phase volume
by the quantify of gas going into solution as pressure is
raised must be added. The change in gas volume due to
scf/STB-psi, or in terms
soiution of gas in c!~iis (aR./ap),
of reservoir barrels per unit pore volume-psi:
(B,, res bbl/scf) . ~f?,
ap
. . S es bbires bb] v)(B,,- res bbljSTB)
()
,.
aR6.
B,, ()~
1 aBr,
B,, aR..
c, .= S,, -
.
,
B,, ap -f-z@[
[4
R.
J%(:)
(,
differentiation
~ + 1.25 T s
1.
..
vs B,, sIS
yields
.
r
~
shown on Fig. 5. Note that y,, is the s~ecific gravity of
tank oil at 60F, and temperature T is in F.
SAMPLECALCULATIONOF TOTAL
SYS1EhfCOMPRESSIBILITY
Given the properties of an oil zone in Table 2, (1) find
all quantities needed to estimate total system compressi- ,
bility as a function of pressure, and (2) estimate the total
system compressibility at a pressure of 1,500 psia assunling pore volume saturatioris ofi oil57 per cent; water40 per cent; and gas3 per cent.
The oil formation volume factor B,, may be estimated
from Standing: Chart 3,* and the solution gas-oil ratio
R. may be estimated from Standing, Chart 2.* The isoobthermal change in solution gas-oil ratio (N?./ap.)r. is..
tained from tFig. 4 of this paper. .The quantity [Vy.,/y,,
(i3Bt,~aR.),]
may be obtained from Fi~. 5. and
,,
a~g
()
B,, ~1
,
,,
-...... .. .
,.
+ C,..,....
.,
VI.*1,1
s,
.,~~
Graphical
y.
._
and
-4
(3)
JOlll{N.i
J, OF PETltsJt.EIJM
.f Ef:l{NOI,OGY
TABL14 2-01
L zONE
(0,57)
--(6x
10-)+3.98X 10--I-3X 10-0
c ,(1.267)
=2.77 X 10-4 psi-.
This answer is 2S.3 per cent higher than the previous
value of 2.21 X 10- psi. The disagreement results principally because the formation gas saturation was specified to be lower than the two-phase volume factor would
indicate. Thus the assumption that the gas saturation is
less than the critical does not apply.
Certain of the results in Table 3 are worth inspection.
Notice that in both Parts A and B, the terms involving
(8RJ8pJ~ are large, and particu~arly so at low pressures.
This group actually controls the waler and oil compressibility at ~500 psia. For both oil and water, the effect of
solution of gas is about 10 times aS large as the effeci due
to change in liquid phase volume at 500 psia.
PROPERTIS3
Porosity
;$i:
Fermatlen temperature
011 sravlW
Gas eravily
Formation water salinity
per cent
to water]
cO[-.+(%)T+~(%);]+
s[-& TOTAL S%TEM
(%-).
+wal-w%)~+i
SAT~RATION
DERIVATION
The oil and gas terms in Eq. 3 may be combined to
yield a much simpier result f&r totdl compressibility. Considering only the oil and gas terms
(3)
Ct =
v+%+%%-%%
190x10-
+ 3.98 X10.0 + 23.9X104
+ 3X1 O-
221 X 1Oa psi-, or 2.21X 10-4 psi-.
..()
=-+(%91
s+++$-).
+
.(, )1
aB,
= 6.0 X 10- @-.
ap .,
From Eq, 9:
aR#m
.
-I-C,,........(9)
,ap
~
,
,
or
and
s
_a=
(R, - R,)
+
B.
*
where R., is the solution gas-oil ratio at the bubble point.
Substitution
in the above yields:
,.
s _~aBo
+. B08R,
.
o
..
p+io
500
1000
1500
1900
m+),
-(~)=
scf/ST8
{1]
126
280
460.
60<>
(&&) ,
f,.,
--w-1 !29
1.173
1.267
1.3A0
NOTES
(1) From Ref. 1,
i21 From Ref. 1,
[3) From f%!. 4,
[4) From Fig. 5,
Ckrt 3, Reinhold
Chert 3, Reinkld
This Paper
This Poper
(5) Vwo
pT
j:\
0.29
0.23
0.37
0.38
5:00
5.41
5.56
0.0!%45
0.000500
0.000541
0.000556
Preisure
+. ps!a
.1000.
1500
1900
,.
..
-+(%:
Pure
Water
Pure
Wafer
.ji 12 x 10-6
3 to x~.,o:o
10-S
.,3:03
8rine
4.1
4.3
7.5. . ,
7.+.
R,)
~
(
7
)
~=
[-war,,
*K*);
%%%.1
&
[s)
O. O!%}l29
0.000145
0.000157
0.000161
0.0001175
0.0001236
0.0001238
0.0001201
0.754
1.51
2.26
2.86
0.910
0.828
0.762
0.733
0.~7~65
0.00257
0.00157
0.00120
0.001372
0.000599
0.000334
0.000221
0.00149
0.000723
0.000458
0.000341
0.79
0.53
0.375
,.
%%7
+($.L)
~
,$-=
,::;;
% ~,yw)
.
Far Gas
P
Water
8rlne
bbl
8rine
in SOlutiOn*
33,sxlfl-3
-.
E
.1.019
~
~~
13.6x
10-n
0.0057
0.0Q54. - 1.017
. -,;053.
.I.obo
.. 3.26 x 10-.
~.FJJ:- - 6.6SK10-a
&29 X 10= - U.00.65-- 0:0043-
1.095
+(R,i
,,,
K:T, uf/bbl*
10.0
11,3
+-{*)T
publication
publication
8. RESERVOIR WATER
(+2)
. .
Pressure R.
Boap*.
B. ~
or
>
TA8LE 3-CALCULATION
Compressibility
WHEN GAS
1$ LESS THAN CRITICAL
3.30 x 10-0
0.003S 0.0036
4<26xlo-f~
[-+++)
,>(&J)
~
]
,,
6P
37.0 x 1o-u
16.9x 10-n
--- -.,
.
----~ - 1
- -1
Sa
+ (R,,
[
But
by
and
-R,)~+B,!$-
B.
. .
.E
B,
The change of the two-phase vph.srne.factor with pressure may be evahsated in severaI ways other than direct
differentiation. One way is by means of the empirical Y
correlation. o That is, from
and
+~)-,
B,, Y
EVALLJATIOk OF (aB,/ijp) .
a,
.( )
(-%)=[-%-R-R%+B*17
T~r
-%(%)T
sO[-+%+%%-%(%),
which may be substi~uted in Eq. 3 to yield Eq. 9.
We
-d)
or
and by differentiation,
Thus
aB,
FT.
()
=ix:)=ap+d
achieve
=1{(%9+
}=B1{$P=+$+l}
m,
~=-pY
7 (%-l)(Y*P)I
.(
.-.
.
,!
\.
..
.,
.>
.,
,.
?