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NAMING: The atomic cations are named just like the neutral element followed by the word ion:
For example: K+ is the potassium ion
MULTIVALENT IONS: To distinguish the atomic ions Fe3+ from Fe2+ we name them iron(III)
ion and iron(II) ion, respectively, or Fe(III) ion and Fe(II). Similarly for copper(II) ion and
copper(I) ion. In an older method (see page 59 of Burdge), the ending -ic is used for the higher of
two possible charge states and -ous for the lower [this method is widely used by practicing (read
older) chemists but is not encouraged because it cant handle an atom with more than 2 common
charge states]
C. Anions - These are the simplest negative ions, consisting of a single atom of a given element
in its most common negative charge state. We only consider the non-metals in this naming
scheme. Use the root of the elements name and add -ide to get the name of the most common
anion.
Examples are:
(1st row): H- is the hydride ion
(2nd row): N3- is the nitride ion ; O2- is the oxide ion ; F- is the fluoride ion
(3rd row): P3- is the phosphide ion; S2- is the sulfide ion; Cl- is the chloride ion
II. Molecular ions
These are generally made up of a collection of nonmetal atoms bonded together but that are
stable with a net charge.
A.Cations -- The only significant positive molecular ion is NH4+, the ammonium ion
B. Anions
1. A few polyatomic anions have names that end in -ide like the atomic anions:
OH- is hydroxide, CN- is cyanide, O2 2- is peroxide
2. Oxyanions -- These are anions consisting of a non-metal atom such as carbon acting as a
center to which one or more oxygen atoms are bonded. A very common example is the carbonate
ion, CO32- which looks like this:
The table below shows a number of elements acting as a central atom with in some cases up to
four different common oxyanions (the chlorine series). One of these ions (which we shall
consider to be the most common) is named with the central atoms root and the ending -ate. The
oxyanion in the series with one less oxygen has the ending -ite. If the series continues down with
one less oxygen than this we use the prefix hypo- (short for less than). If the series has an
oxyanion with one more oxygen than the -ate ion we add the prefix per- (short for hyper or more
than).
MEMORIZE THE IONS IN THIS TABLE WHICH HAVE THE -ate ENDING
Central atom C
per-
hypo-
-ate
Cl
Mn
ClO4-
MnO4-
MnO3-
-ate CO32-
NO3-
PO43-
SO42-
ClO3-
-ite
NO2-
PO33-
SO32-
ClO2-
-ite
ClO-
Notice that in each column, the charge remains the same even as the number of oxygens bonded
to the central atom changes.
Also note that the six ions I've asked you to memorize can also help with other members of the
same family: the bromate ion is analogous to the chlorate ion for example.
III. Acids
An acid gives off or yields hydrogen ion, H+ when it is dissolved in water:
HCl (aq) -- > H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
The naming of the acids depends on the name of the corresponding anion.