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Housing
people
became
particular
about
sanitation,
executives bring their work home in their own briefcases and get it
done in the home at night. A significant percentage of recreational
activities is being brought into the house with the advent of
television, radio, computer, recorded music etc.
As per the
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house. This clearly indicates the fact that a house is a part and
parcel of a mans life.
Urban housing problem that perhaps causes the most
concern to a majority of urban dwellers is the problem of finding an
appropriate place to live. The popular feeling is that the prices of
housing of all kinds have been increasing exorbitantly could
indicate that housing investment has not kept pace with the
increasing demand for housing.
needed,
before
conditions
decline
even
further.
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and condition that are suitable for people to obtain maximum quality
of shelter as per their needs as well as their capabilities.
The high rate of growth of urban population and its
accumulative nature with a population over one lakh has led to
increasing problem of housing, reducing privacy and over crowding
in small house, steady growth of slums and unplanned settlements
and severe effect on civic services in urban areas.
Housing
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Special
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7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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12.
The policy
foresees the role of co-operatives, financial institutions, multinational companies, private and public institutions etc.
On the basis of recommendations of the government of India
regarding the national housing policy, the state government has
prepared its own policies within the existing socio-economic,
cultural, political, geographic conditions, with the optimum use of
available local resources.
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Among the
authorities,
state
and
central
owned
public
Life Insurance
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Careful
Cost-
sustainable,
Benefit
Planning,
development
well
oriented,
planned,
equal
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4.
through
widespread
social,
economical,
that
necessary
support
systems
are
available to it.
6.
7.
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9.
considering
our
age
old
traditional,
non
governmental
organizations,
research
and
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No
1
Details
No. of Households(Lakh)
India
U.P.
a. Rural
1115.90
180.20
16.15
b. Urban
404.20
43.50
10.76
c.
1520.10
223.70
14.72
a. Rural
1079.40
173.40
16.06
b. Urban
390.70
40.60
10.39
c. Total
1470.10
214.00
14.56
No.
Total
of
Occupied
Residential
Houses (Lakh)
regarding
population
household
and
occupied
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Item
Number of Population
Number of Households
Number of Occupied Residential
Houses
1981
1007604
183010
177133
1991
1669204
293130
270571
% Change
65.66
60.17
56.28
No
1
2
3
4
5
Year
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
India
7.57
7.36
7.18
6.93
6.64
UP
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.81
0.77
Per cent
11.6
11.7
11.7
11.7
11.6
plan period nearly one million houses were constructed in the urban
areas of India.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Items
Number of Households
Number of Houses
Housing Shortage*
Congestion Factor
Obsolesce Factor
Total Housing Shortage
Metros
13728
13421
927
656
564
2147
Lucknow UA
301
299
17
14
13
44
% of Col 3 to 2
2.19
2.23
1.83
2.13
2.30
2.05
Items
Number of Households
Number of Houseless Households
1991
293130
4852
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11912
9224
2688
It may be shown from Table 4.5 that 1.7 per cent of the
households of Lucknow UA were houseless households during the
year 1991. Near about 12000 persons were not having proper
house for staying; they stayed either on the streets or roads, public
places. Of this, 2688 were females. It clearly narrates the pathetic
situation of housing in Lucknow UA. The main reason behind this
may be due to the level of poverty, low level of maintaining the
available houses, absence of maintaining the house due to the joint
family system and not taking responsibility among the concerned at
proper times, etc,.
Poverty means an inadequate income level that is very
difficult to maintain the standard of living as judged by the society.
The norms for fixing the level of poverty may differ due to the use of
different types of tools/techniques. Some times it is in monetary
terms or calorie terms or any other terms. The population below
poverty level in the urban areas of Uttar Pradesh and India is
presented in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6
No
1
2
3
4
Year
1973-74
1977-78
1983
1987-88
India
49.01
45.24
40.79
38.20
Urban
UP
60.09
56.23
49.82
42.96
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5
6
1993-94
1999-2000
Source:-
32.36
23.62
35.39
30.89
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Table 4.7
No
Materials
Wall
Burnt bricks, Glass
sheets or other metal
sheets, stone, cement
concrete
Source:-
Typology
Roof
Tiles, slate, shingle, corrugated
iron, zinc, or other metal sheets,
asbestos, cement sheets, bricks,
lime
stone
and
RBC/RCC
Concrete
Grass, leaves, reeds, bamboo,
thatch, mud, un-burnt bricks,
woods, etc,.
Pucca
Kutcha
It may be inferred from Table 4.7 that those houses, which have
both, wall and roof made pucca material are called pucca. When
both wall and roof are made of kutcha materials the house is called
kutcha. If either wall or roof is made of pucca material and the other
of kutcha material, then the house is classified as semi-pucca. The
kutcha houses have been further classified as serviceable and nonserviceable. If wall is made up of materials such as grass, leaves,
reeds or bamboo and roof is made of material like grass, leaves,
reeds, thatch, wood, mud, un-burnt bricks or bamboo then the
house has been classified as un-serviceable kutcha and other
kutcha houses as serviceable.
Item
Number of Residential Houses
Number of Pucca Houses
Number of Semi Puccca Houses
Number of Kutcha Houses
i. Number of Serviceable Houses
ii. Number of Unserviceable Houses
Number
368790
322515
23175
17295
12810
4485
%
100.0
88.85
6.38
4.77
3.53
1.24
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6.38
3.53
88.85
Pucca Houses
Kutcha Houses
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Typology
Pucca
Proportion in Bad Condition
Semi Pucca
Proportion in Bad Condition
Kutcha
Proportion in Bad Condition
India
73.84
3.44
17.89
18.66
8.27
52.63
(Per cent)
Uttar Pradesh
77.15
4.71
15.68
24.28
7.17
55.55
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Table 4.10 Houses and the Uses to Which They Are PutLucknow 1991
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Details
Census Houses
Vacant Houses
Residences
Shop Cum Residences
Workshop/ Factory cum Residences
Residence Combination with Other Uses
Hotels, Tourist Houses, Inspection Houses, Dharamsalas
Shops Excluding Factory Houses
Business Houses and Offices
Factories, Workshops and Work sheds
Restaurants, Sweet Meat Shops, Eating Places
Entertainment and Community Gathering
Places of Worship
Other Non Residential Houses
Number
368790
35110
274190
7335
3080
3200
510
19380
2510
8525
1995
150
2050
10735
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Table 4.11
No
1
2
3
4
Tenure Status
Owned
Rental
Others
Total
%
63.67
32.43
3.90
100.00
It may be inferred from Table 4.11 that near about two third
of households in Lucknow UA during the year 1991 were in the
tenure status of owned, 32 per cent of the households were in the
category of rented and the remaining 3.9 per cent of them were in
others. The proportion of owned, rented and other categories of
housing in the tenure status of urban India and Lucknow UA were
more or less same. The tenure status of housing in Lucknow UA
during the year 1991 is depicted in Figure 4.2
Figure 4.2
Tenure Status of Housing in Lucknow UA
Owned
Rental
Others
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Table 4.12
No
1
2
3
4
Household Size
1-2
3-5
6-8
9+
Total
Owned
17700
76230
62955
31505
188390
Rented
15205
49075
24615
7075
95970
Others
2250
5405
2885
870
11410
It may be observed from Table 4.2 that 44.2 per cent of the
households in Lucknow UA during the year 1991 was in the
household size of 3-5. Only 11.9 per cent of the households in
Lucknow UA were in the size of 1-2, showed lowest proportion in
this household size group. 13.6 per cent of the households and
13.3 per cent were in the household size of 6-8 and 9+ respectively
in Lucknow UA in 1991.
Living Pattern of Household
Living standard of household in the city is an important indicator
for analyzing the status of housing in the city. In order to
understand the same in Lucknow UA the distribution of household
by size and number of rooms during the year 1991 is presented in
Table 4.13.
Table 4.13
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1-2
20
19890
9140
3170
1390
535
3-5
45
47770
43990
20260
9620
3525
Household Size
6-8
15
28965
30235
14980
8965
3470
9+
8010
10585
7330
5690
3125
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7
8
Six Rooms +
Unspecified
Total
770
240
35155
3170
2330
130710
3795
30
90455
4700
10
39450
It may be observed from Table 4.13 that more than one third of
the households in Lucknow UA were occupying one room for their
living purpose during the year 1991.
Only 80 households in
Lucknow UA during the year had not any space for living and
treated as non exclusive room during the same period. Just below
one third of the households (31.8 per cent) in Lucknow UA during
the year 1991 had been using two rooms for living purpose. Only
4.2 per cent of the households in Lucknow UA had 6 rooms or more
as their living space. This clearly indicates the fact that more than
two third of the households in Lucknow UA had less than three
rooms and suggested the requirement of more number of rooms for
their purpose. It may be due to the low level of income among the
households, less level of employment opportunity within the city,
socio economic set up like joint family system etc,. The information
regarding household availing electricity and toilet facility by tenure
status in Lucknow UA during the year 1991 is presented in Table
4.14.
Table 4.14
No
Tenure
No of HHs
1
2
3
4
Owned
Rental
Others
Total
188390
95970
11410
295770
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Table 4.15
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Items
Bricks
Sand
Stone Ballast (20 mm gauge)
Sal Wood
Cement
MS Round
Unit
Per thousand
Per Cu mt
Per Cu mt
Per Cu mt
Per M Tone
Per M Tone
Rupees
1475
348
420
22550
2760
15250
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Table 4.16
No
1
2
3
Workers
Manson (First Class)
Carpenter (First Class)
Unskilled Workers
Wage in Rupees
110
110
57
It may be inferred from Table 4.15 that each brick cost Rs.
1.48 during the year 2000 in Lucknow. Sand cost Rs.348 per Cu
mt, Stone Ballast costs at Rs. 420 per Cu mt, Sal Wood at Rs.
22550 per Cu mt, cement at Rs. 2760 per M tone and MSRound at
Rs. 15250 per M Tone respectively. The average wage rate of
construction workers is clearly mentioned, the first class manson
and carpenter at Rs. 110 and unskilled workers at Rs. 57.
Research and Development in Housing
Due to the fast development especially in computer
software, hardware, training and all other service sectors, the
standard of living of the people has increased manifolds. This has a
correlation between the design, pattern, technology used, per
capita living space and the mental satisfaction of the people
towards housing. Now people take utmost care of certain facilities
including design on the basis of vastushilp, free flow of air within
the houses, a good and spacious house to live, the required
number of rooms covering for the next at least thirty years, without
creating a congestion, etc,. Moreover the vast knowledge of
pollution and environmental problems especially in the educated
urban people create another situation. They always try to construct
the houses far away from these environmental hazardous situations
and stresses to make them in green belt areas where good
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stablising the temperature and host of other factors go in to a userfriendly housing. Excess of any of the factors create imbalance that
become harmful. Some studies suggested the fact that excessive
use of concrete results in radon emission, which would be major
cause of cancer, vertical fluctuation could cause viral fever and
other related ailments. Moreover it leads to carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide emission that are highly poisonous in nature. In this
condition policy makers on housing should adopt the policy that
covers energy rating system for houses based on insulation, bricks,
concrete and other materials used that will definitely make a
sustainable balanced ecological and environmental systems.
Presently housing sector is facing number of problems like lack of
knowledge and availability of information on appropriate building
and construction technology, limited use of design that covers local
needs, lack of trained personnel and institutions that are capable of
supporting construction, design and research on housing especially
in rural areas of India, an inadequate understanding of local
resources and design practices which is necessary for any
successful attempt to upgrade them, lack of adequate production
and distribution system to disseminate innovative system of design,
etc,. Any way, various research and development activities on this
aspect are going on and it is expected that a new technology in
housing which
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