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CITATION
Pettit, E.C., J.A. Nystuen, and S. ONeel. 2012. Listening to glaciers: Passive hydroacoustics
near marine-terminating glaciers. Oceanography25(3):104105, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/
oceanog.2012.81.
DOI
http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.81
COPYRIGHT
This article has been published in Oceanography, Volume 25, Number 3, a quarterly journal of
The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2012 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved.
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Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication,
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Listening to Glaciers:
Passive Hydroacoustics Near Marine-Terminating Glaciers
B y E r i n C . P e t t i t , J e ff r e y A . N y s t u e n , an d S h a d O N e e l
104
Oceanography
2/Hz)
Sound Pressure Level (db rel 1uPa
Pressure (Pa)
Acoustic Event
0
Frequency (kHz)
1
1.172
1.173
1.174
1.176
1.177
Time (s)
1.178
1.179
1.18
1.181
1.182
110
100
80
70
60
50
0.1
1.173
1.174
1.175
1.176
1.177
Time (s)
1.178
1.179
1.18
1.181
1.182
10
Frequency (kHz)
40
AIR
30
1.172
Loudest
24 Hour Period
90
10
13 kHz Peak
Minimal
Oscillations
Strong
Fundamental
Mode
Oscillations
WATER
ICE
Initial High
Freq Pulse
2)
100
Dampened
Oscillations
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
Local Midnight
208
Local Midnight
Local Midnight
209
Day of Year 2011 (Local Time)
210
Figure1. (top right) The 13 kHz Peak shows the average sound pressure levels in a tidewater glacier fjord. (top left) The Acoustic Event shows an example of
the amplitude and spectrogram of a bubble recorded in Icy Bay, Alaska. The background diagram shows the stages of bubble oscillation, beginning when the ice
shatters and air is released into the water (initial high-frequency pulse). The bubble is loudest just after formation (strong fundamental mode oscillation), and,
finally, the bubble quiets as oscillations are damped. (bottom right) The Diurnal Cycle shows the 100 Hz signal during a three-day period in late July 2011 that
we interpret as freshwater discharge from the glacier.
Author s
Erin C. Pettit (pettit@gi.alaska.edu) is
Assistant Professor, Department of Geology
and Geophysics, University of Alaska Fairbanks,
Reference s
Oceanography
| September 2012
105