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Performance
and
of Transmission Lines
H. P.
ST.
CLAIR
FELLOW AlEE
existing systems.
All of these approaches have been used
1152
Voltage level is undoubtedly the biggest factor of all. To begin with, however, we can eliminate voltage as a variable in the paper and figures by accepting
the substantially correct assumption that
load capability will vary directly as the
square of the voltage and by expressing
kilowatt load in terms of kv2. We could
stop with that, but it is convenient to go a
step further and to express load in terms
of the so-called surge impedance loading,
(SIL), which is approximately 2.5 kv2 for
conventional 60-cycle single-conductor
transmission lines. For divided-conductor lines, the SIL will be some 25 to 30
per cent higher, depending upon the
number and arrangement of conductors.
At SIL, the 12X or kilovar loss in a line is
substantially equal to the line-charging
kilovars, a relationship that has useful
applications which will be pointed out
later.
STABILITY
At any given voltage, stability is probably the most important limiting factor
for lines of longer lengths, at least for 200
miles and above. Many excellent papers
and a nunmber of very good books have
been written on this subject dealing with
all aspects of the stability problem.'-'
What it really means practically is that a
transmission line is essentially a reactance
and as such requires the voltage at the
_ A - CURVE
NORMAL RATI NG
_
3.0 _ _ _ X
2.0
11
2.5 __%_T_I
INKVAMPERES IN KV
1.5
1.0
(,v
I
IT~~~I
0
-j
0.5
VI.
LLI
04
(L
S.
-J
0 Z
z
-0.5
-1.0
00
200
300
400
DEcEMBER 19053'
DECEMBER 1 953
____ B - CURVE
HEAVY LOA DING
2.5
3.5
II_A _
2.0
3.0
LINE
LN
4
LINE MURRENT
2.5
> 1.5
-j
z2.0
c)1.
0
-J
cr
< 0.5
0
z
-J
.0
-0.5
0.5
1.0
_KW LOAD \_
T:1
_IN SIL*
3:lIV
100
200
300
400
LINE LENGTH IN MILES
1153
LINE
VOLTAGE
KV
AMP.
CHARGING
KVA PER
Mi.
100
3,000
50
12,000
100
138
48,000
200
10,000
161
_
230
t _ _
LA287
330
65,000
233
330
412
13,000
69
_
KW
34.5
3 .0
5
SURGE IMPEDANCE
LOADING
B
D
B
*
-j
- 2..0
132,000
205,000
600
2,500
27,000
42,000
_ACTUAL VALUES
()
_ _-CURVE
_ 0 \ As = _NORMAL RATING'
B - HEAVY LOADING
CURVE
5_-_ -5
i 8_ _ aI.J .5l
0
0
X
0
0
0
0
-4
A
LiJ
O_
-J
.5 L
0.
-
--
100
-X020000
200
300
400
500
6C )O
1154
represents a more conservative ev-aluation of capability for lines under 300 miles
resents the
more
conservative basis of
DECF-MBIER 1953
be taken roughly as the ratio of the over- Table 1. Reduction Factors for Line Section
Outages
all transmission impedances before and
after the outage. In other words, for two
Number of Circuits in Parallel
Number of
circuits in parallel without sectionalizing, Sectionalizing
4
3
the capability would be reduced to one2
Stations
half. Reduction factors for other com12/3. 4/5.
6/7
binations of lines and sectionalizing sta.
2.
6/7.
9/10
3/4 .
tions are given in Table I. In using the A
8/9
3.
12/13
4/5
or B curves to determine the reliable
capability of a combination of parallel
lines with or without sectionalizing stations, the aggregate capability of the in- iust given, the total net kilovar loss under
dividual circuits would then be reduced normal operating conditions without any
by the appropriate reduction factor from line outage would be approximately
this table. After determining the net 19,000 kilovars. With one 70-mile section
capability in this manner it may be of in- out of service the net loss in the remaining
terest to check the severity of the line- circuit carrying 2.24 SIL would be 77,500
outage condition from the data given on kilovars. This loss added to the normal
the curv,es. One check that can be made loss of 9,500 kilovars in the remainder of
is to determine the change in total net the system results in a total net loss of
reactive requirements caused by the 87,000 kilovars. The difference between
switching out of the line section.
this figure and the normal loss of 19,000
As a typical example, assume two cir- kilovars is a net incremental loss due to
cuits in parallel, 140 miles in length, with the line outage of 68,000 kilovars.
one intermediate sectionalizing station, as
As to which of the two ratings should
shown in Fig. 4. Using the A curve, we be used, that is, the A -curve rating of
have a capability of approximately 1.5 264,000 kw or the B-curve rating of apSIL per circuit or a total capability of 3.0 proximately 300,000 kw, it is believed
SIL without any outages. From Table I that the higher value would be entirely
the effective capability with one 70-mile feasible with favorable terminal condisection switched out would be 2/3 X3.0 tions including adequate reserves of
or 2.0 SIL. At 230 kv this would be kilovar capacity. Obviously, the curves
264,000 kw. Since this load represents will not take the place of more complete
only 1.0 SIL per circuit with all sections studies in a given case, particularly if it is
in service, the normal net reactive loss is desired to operate a system as close to the
zero. If one 70-mile line section goes out limit as possible. As a guide for a quick
the net reactive loss goes up in the re- and fairly close approximation of transmaining line section which now carries mission capability, however, they have
2.0 SIL over one circuit. From Fig. 3 the been found very useful.
charging kilovolt-amperes for a 70-mile
In using the approximate value of 2.5
230-kv line would be 70/100X27,000 or kv2 for the SIL of a conventional single19,000 kilovars. At 2.0 SIL the total conductor 60-cycle line, it should be
I2X loss in this section will be four times pointed out that this figure is more nearly
charging kilovolt-amperes, leaving a net correct for rather large ratios of conductor
loss of 3 X 19,000 or 57,000 kilovars. This spacing to conductor diameter and that it
amount of additional kilovar loss will be tends to be somewhat low for modern
incurred by the switching out of the 1- designs of transmission lines using meline section.
dium to large conductors. A significant
A convenient equation which is ap- commentary on this is the fact that the
proximately correct for net I2X loss in relatively smaller spacing used on doubleconventional transmission circuits in circuit construction tends to increase the
terms of SIL and voltage is as follows
SIL and with it the inherent capability
of such lines as compared with lines of
Net j2X loss =0.52 X 100 [(SIL)2 -1 Ikv2
single-circuit construction. For example,
the
330-kv double-circuit lines with 1.6where 1 = line length in miles.
conductors as adopted on
inch-diameter
If the system of Fig. 4 is evaluated on
Gas and Electric System
American
the
the basis of the B curve, we obtain 1.68 X
of approximately 2.7
an
SIL
have
will
2, or 3.36 SIL with no outages, which reThe corresponding
2.5.
of
instead
kv2
duces to 2.24 SIL or 296,000 kw with one
tower construction would
single-circuit
70-mile section out. Using the equation
have given an SIL of somewhat less or
approximately 2.6 kv2. For most of the
138-kv designs used on our system the
I
- LOAD
SIL
appears to be closer to 2.6 kv2 than
Fig. 4. Typical 140-mile transmission
kv2 figure.
the
2.5
station
with
one
sectionalizing
system
E0-fIZ
I
70 Mi.
DiEcEMBF-R 190-3
I
-41--
OPEN
x
70 MI.
1155
References
1. STABILITY LIMITATIONS OF LONG-DISTANCE
A-C POWER-TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS, Edith Clarke,
S. B. Crary. AIEE Trantsactiots, vol. 60, 1941,
pp. 1051-1059, 1299-1303.
2. ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION A-ND DISTRrBUTION
REFERENCE BooK. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East Pittsburgh, Pa., 4th edition, 1950,
pp. 479-483.
3. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY-VOLUME I (book),
S. B. Crary. John Wiley and Sons, New York,
N. Y., 1945.
4. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY-VOLUME I (book),
EXTRA-HIGH-VOLTAGE
Clair, E. L. Peterson.
AIEE Transactions, vol. 70, pt. I, 1951, pp. 84151.
+~~~~~~~~~~~
Discussion
J. G. Holm (New York, N. Y.): About 10
statements were made in the engineering literature to the effect that a line
loading equal to 1.0 SIL may be applied to
single-circuit lines shorter or longer than
300 miles, and that the loading criterion, in
terms of kilowatt-mile product, good for
300-mile lines may be extended to lines of
any length, with a uniform margin of
steady-state stability. Mr. St. Clair pointed
out clearly that such statements constitute not only oversimplifications of the stability problem but lead to misleading conceptions and are erroneous. By dissipating
the wrong concepts and making his statements in a very lucid manner, Mr. St. Clair
has rendered a valuable service to the enyears ago
gineering profession.
REFERENCE
1. EXPERIENCE GAINED WITH TEE SWEDISH 400KV POWER TRANSMISSION AND THE NOVEL FEATURES OF THE SYSTEEM, B. G. Rathsman, G. Jancke.
AJEE Transactions, vol. 72, pt. III, Dec. 1953,
pp.
1089-1100.
1156
a little too conservative and that the A loading curve without reduction factors would
DECEIIBER 1953
DECIEMBER 1953
for 50 cycles, and by a factor of approximately 1.25 for divided conductors, we get a
loading of 2.5X3802X1.2X1.25 or 540,000
kw at 380 kv, without compensation. Mr.
Rathsman's figure of 650,000 kw, which is
some 20 per cent above the corrected Fig. 3
value, would seem to be a rather conservative evaluation of the effect of 40-per-cent
line compensation. It is probably not too
conservative, however, in terms of the stability margin considered necessary for the
Swedish system.
Mr. Butler has asked for a clearer statement as to which of the two loading curves
the author recommends as the proper guide
and points out an apparent inconsistency
between different portions of the paper
where the author has made comments on
which curve should be used.
Actually, the apparent discrepancy disappears if the basic character of the two curves
is understood. These curves are intended
to give the capability of a given line as an
individual circuit or unit without any consideration of additional emergency loading
brought about by loss of parallel circuits.
Practically, however, such emergency load
conditions must be taken into account in
system design, and it is here that the range
of load capability between the A and B
curves can be used as a guide. If the emergency load condition does not exceed the B
curve, it should be all right in most cases,
but any loading above the B curve should be
examined carefully to determine its feasibility.
This leads to Mr. Butler's second question
regarding the use-or misuse-of reduction
factors as given in Table I. It will be noted
in reference 6 of the paper that, in assigning
load capabilities for the economic studies
reported there, the reduction factors for the
100-mile and 200-mile 2-circuit lines were
modified for precisely the reasons Mr.
Butler points out. In the 140-mile example
where a reduction factor of two-thirds was
applied without any modification, certainly
the use of less than the B curve criterion
would be unnecessarily conservative.
As to Mr. Butler's suggestion that reduction factors should not be used at all, particularly for shorter lines, it hardly seems
reasonable to assume that one circuit can
carry as much as two. Also, regardless of
1157