Process Control using TWIDO PLC

Laboratory Guide

Embedded and Ambient Systems Laboratory

BMEVIIIA350

Author: KOVCS Gbor

gkovacs@iit.bme.hu

Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology
2014

Process Control using TWIDO PLC

Contents

Contents

TWIDO controllers ........................................................................................................................... 3

Basics of ladder diagram programming........................................................................................... 4

2.1

Basic logic elements ................................................................................................................ 4

2.2

Operands language objects .................................................................................................. 5

2.3

Basic function blocks ............................................................................................................... 6

2.4

State machines ........................................................................................................................ 9

Measurement tasks ....................................................................................................................... 12

3.1

Manufacturing line control.................................................................................................... 12

3.2

Control of a 3D manipulator.................................................................................................. 13

3.3

Control of a chemical process model .................................................................................... 15

3.4

Control of a signalled pedestrian crossing ............................................................................ 16

Appendix: Laboratory report skeleton .......................................................................................... 18

Process Control using TWIDO PLC

TWIDO controllers

1 TWIDO controllers
TWIDO is the PLC family of Schneider Electric designed for low complexity applications, containing
both modular and compact devices. During the measurement, different models of compact
controllers will be used.
Being compact devices, PLCs used during the measurement enclose the power supply unit, the CPU
and the IOs in the same housing. Parts of a compact TWIDO PLC are shown by Figure 1.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Covers of input and output connectors

Hinge door
RS485 connector (programming
interface)
Place of operator display
Input connectors
Connector for extension modules
(located at the right side)
Input, output and status LEDs
Output connectors
Setpoint potentiometers
Place of second serial port
Power connection
RTC / EEPROM expansion slot

Figure 1 Parts of a compact TWIDO PLC

Depending on the model, PLCs might have 24V DC or 230V AC power inputs, from which the power
supply unit generates lower voltage supply for the CPU and other modules.
The CPU is responsible for operating the PLC, running the operating system and the user program. It
is equipped with 32kBytes of RAM, of which the program memory has the capacity of 3000
instructions. The RAM includes 256 bit registers and (depending on the use of function blocks) at
most 3000 word registers. The CPU allows simultaneous use of 128 counters and 128 timers. The
RAM is battery-powered to store its contents during power outage, but an external 32kByte EEPROM
cartridge can also be used. The controller can also be equipped with a real-time clock (RTC) module.
Depending on the model, compact TWIDO PLCs might have up to 24 digital IOs with 0-24V voltage
levels, decoupled from the CPU. Analogue setpoint potentiometers are also available in the base
unit. PLCs in the lab have relay outputs, but models with solid-state digital outputs are also available
both in sink and source configurations. States of inputs and outputs are displayed on the front panel
LEDs. Further inputs and outputs (both digital and alalog ones) can be connected to the base unit in
forms of expansion modules.
Every TWIDO PLC is equipped with an RS485 communication interface, serving both as programming
interface and a MODBUS communication port for connection to other controllers. Other
communication interfaces (ASI, CAN or Ethernet) are available as expansion modules.
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Process Control using TWIDO PLC

Basics of ladder diagram programming

2 Basics of ladder diagram programming

Among the PLC programming languages defined by the standard IEC-1131 (and later IEC-61131), the
ladder diagram is the most popular one used in simple applications. In the followings, the basic
concepts of ladder programming will be presented using the syntax of its TWIDO implementation.

2.1 Basic logic elements

As initially designed to mimic relay logics, ladder diagram consist of rungs, each implementing a
logical function. In each scan cycle, the PLC reads the inputs, evaluates the logic functions from the
top to the bottom, and updates the outputs. Basic logic elements of ladder diagrams are shown by
Table 1.
Contacts

Coils

Normally open (NO) contact

Normally opern (NO) coil

Normally closed (NC) contact

Normally closed (NC) coil

Rising edge sensitive contact

Set (latch) coil

Falling edge sensitive contact

Reset (unlatch) coil

Table 1 Basic logic elements

Inputs of a logical function correspond to the contacts, while its outputs correspond to the coils. The
current flow starts from the left side of the rung, and directed towards the right through the contacts
and then the coils. The normally open (NO) contact can be interpreted as a simple pushbutton: it
conducts if the value of the associated variable (written over the contact in the diagram) is true (1).
The normally closed (NC) contact works the opposite way: it conducts if the corresponding variable is
false (value 0), so it can be considered as a normally closed pushbutton. Serial interconnection of
normally open contacts (resp. normally closed contacts) realize an AND (resp. NAND) operation,
while their parallel interconnection implements an OR (resp. NOR) operation.
Normally open (NO) coils set the corresponding variable to 1 if energized, and set it to 0 otherwise.
Similarly, normally close (NC, negated) coils set the corresponding variable to 1 if not energized.

Figure 1 Implementation of a logical function

The ladder diagram above implements the logical function Y=NOT(A OR (B AND NOT C)). The top
branch on the left conducts if A is true, while the bottom one conducts if B is true and C is false (B
AND NOT C). The coil on the right is energized if either of the branches on the left conduct, i.e. if the
condition A OR (B AND NOT C) is true. However, since the coil is a normally closed one, the variable
C is set to the value NOT(A OR (B AND NOT C)).
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Process Control using TWIDO PLC

Basics of ladder diagram programming

It is important to emphasise that the operation of the rung implements a logical function, which sets
the output no matter its condition is satisfied or not. Beginners often make a mistake by associating
the above ladder rung with the instruction IF (A OR (B AND NOT C)) THEN (Y=0)of highlevel programming languages. However, this is not correct: the instruction above does not change
the value of Y if the condition is not satisfied. On the other hand, the logical function implemented by
the ladder rung sets the output to 1 in that case. Therefore, the logical function should be associated
with the instruction IF (A OR (B AND NOT C)) THEN (Y=0) ELSE (Y=1).
Variables associated to the coils are set to the value corresponding to the part of the rung left from
them in each scan cycle. If we would like to add memory-like behaviour to a variable, Set and Reset
coils should be used. The Set coil sets the corresponding variable to 1 if energized, and does not
change its value if not energized. Clearing the variable can be achieved by a Reset coil in a similar
way.
Due to the cyclic behaviour of PLCs, the user program can not directly set the output bits. Instead, it
sets the bits of the output map stored in the memory, which are copied to the physical outputs after
the end of the program scan. Therefore, if an output bit is assigned by coils in multiple rungs, the last
assignment will overwrite the results of the formers in the output map, so therefore those
assignments do not appear at the physical output. It is strongly recommended to write each output
only in one single rung of the diagram.

2.2 Operands language objects

Operands used by different operations are referred to as language objects by the TwidoSuite
development environment. These objects can be bit, word, double word or (in case of some PLC
models) floating point language objects. During the measurement only bit and word objects will be
used. Language objects, except to immediate values, are referenced by their identifier. The identifier
starts with the % character, followed by the object type (1 or 2 characters) and the number of the
object. In case of function blocks, the identifier is extended by the identifier of the function block
variable the objects represents.
Bit object include digital inputs and outputs, memory bits and function block outputs. Inputs, outputs
and memory bit objects are identified by the characters I, Q and M, respectively. Addresses of inputs
and outputs are composed of two numbers delimited by a dot (.). The first number corresponds to
the module the given port is located at (the base unit, used during the measurement, has the
number 0), while the second is the number of the given input or output inside the module. In case of
memory bits, the address is one single number from 0 to 255.
Word objects include analog inputs and outputs (IW and QW), memory words (MW) and constants
(KW), and some function block variables. Referencing input, output and memory word objects is the
same as referencing their bit object counterparts.
Variables of function blocks (see next section) can be referenced by adding a dot (.) and the variable
identifier to the identifier of the function block object (like when referencing a property of an object).
Language objects used during the measurement are shown by Table 2.

Process Control using TWIDO PLC

Language
object
%Ix.y

Basics of ladder diagram programming

Description

Example

Digital input y of module x

%I0.4 Digital input 4 of the base unit

%Qx.y

Digital output y of module x

%Q0.0 Digital output 0 of the base unit

%Mi

Memory bit number i

%M4 Memory bit number 4

%MWi

Memory word number i

%MW3 Memory word number 3

%KWi

Word constant number i

%KW3 Word constant number 3

%Ci

Counter number i

%C2.V Value of the counter number 2

%TMi

Timer number i

%TM7.Q Output of the counter number 7

Table 2 Language objects

2.3 Basic function blocks

Beside simple logic elements, more sophisticated blocks, the so-called function blocks can also be
used in ladder diagram. The most important timer, counter, compare and operation function blocks
of TWIDO will be presented in the sequel.
Timers
TWIDO compact PLCs allow the simultaneous use of 128 timer blocks (%TM0%TM127) which might
be of different types (TON, TON, TP). Output Q of the timer block is a delayed copy of the input IN
and its actual behaviour depends on the type of the counter. The time delay can be set by the time
base (base) and preset parameters. The time base can be 1ms, 10ms, 100ms or 1 min (pay attention
that 1 minute is the default setting), and the delay can be expressed as the multiple of the time base
defined by the preset value (e.g. using 10ms time base and a preset value of 30 will result in a delay
of 300ms):
.

Figure 2 The Timer function block

The output of the timer (%TMi.Q, read-only), the preset value (%TMi.P) and the current value of
the counter (%TMi.V, read-only) can be addressed from the user program.

Process Control using TWIDO PLC

Basics of ladder diagram programming

The On-delay timer (TON) delays the rising of the input IN by a configurable delay, if the input was
active during the whole time. The output of the timer will reset immediately upon the input becomes
0 (see Figure 3).

Figure 3 Timing diagram of a TON-type timer

The output of the Off-delay timer (TOF) follows immediately the rising of the input, but it delays the
falling edge of it by a configurable amount of time. The output of the timer is reset only if the input
was constantly 0 during the delay (see Figure 4).

Figure 4- Timing diagram of a TOF-type timer

The output of the Pulse timer (TP) function block is set to 1 upon a rising edge of the input for the
predefined delay and then returns to 0, regardless the change of the input value (see Figure 5).

Figure 5 - Timing diagram of a TP-type timer

Other PLCs might implement other types of timers (e.g. retentive ones) also.
Counters
Compact TWIDO PLCs allow the simultaneous use of 128 counter blocks (%C0%C127). These
counters are bidirectional, resettable and a preset value can be defined to each of them.

Process Control using TWIDO PLC

Basics of ladder diagram programming

Figure 6 The Counter function block

The value 1 of the R (Reset) input sets the current value of the counter to 0, while the value 1 of the
S (Set) input sets it to the predefined preset value. Rising edges on the CU and CD inputs increment
and decrement the counter value, respectively.
The current value of the counter can be in the range of 0 to 9999. Overflow (9999 0) is signalled by
the value 1 of the output F (Full), while underflow (0 9999) is signalled by the output E (Empty).
The value of the output D (Done) is set to 1 if the current value equals the preset value. These
outputs can be referenced as language objects, e.g. as %Ci.D.
However the current value and preset value of the counter do not appear as outputs (as being not
logical values), they can be accessed through compare and operation function blocks using the
language objects %Ci.V and %Ci.P, respectively. Note that the current value of the counter is
read-only.
The Compare function block
Non-logical operators (e.g. memory words or counter values) can be compared to each other using a
compare function block.

Figure 7 The Compare function block

The block is evaluated only if energized, i.e. the condition to its left evaluates to true. The
comparison operation can be <, <=, =, >, >= or <> while the operators can be word or double
word objects, including immediate values (see Figure 7).
The Operate function block
Non-logical assignments and arithmetic operations can be carried out using an Operate function
block. The block is evaluated only if energized, i.e. the condition to its left evaluates to true: in that
case, the operation defined above the block is executed.
Assignment is represented by the operator :=. The left side of the operator can be any non-readonly language object, while any language object or immediate value can be present at the right side.
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Process Control using TWIDO PLC

Basics of ladder diagram programming

Right side might also include an arithmetic formula using addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication
(*), division (/), remainder (REM), square root (SQRT), increment (INC), decrement (DEC) or
absolute value (ABS) operations, depending on the data types of the operands.

Figure 8 The Operate function block

2.4 State machines

Operation of controlled processes can often be described by finite state machines, which are then
implemented by a ladder diagram. Generally Moore-model automata are used, i.e. the outputs
depend only on the current state.
As an illustrative example, consider the control of a simple heating device: the equipment can be
turned on by pressing a pushbutton. In that case, only one of the two heaters is turned on (LOW
mode). Upon a second press of the button, the other heater is also turned on (HIGH mode). The third
press of the button turns off the equipment. The state transition diagram of the process is illustrated
by Figure 9.

Figure 9 State transition diagram of the heating device

Implementation of state machines can be carried out in three simple steps:

1. definition of the transitions
2. definition of the output mapping
3. initialization of the state machine
At first, a memory bit (the state register) should be assigned to each state. The value of a state
register is 1 if and only if the corresponding state of the state machine is active, otherwise it is 0. In
the sequel the registers assigned to the three states of the heating device will be referred to as
S_OFF, S_LOW and S_HIGH.
Implementation of a state machine means the definition of the mapping which gives the next state
as the function of the current state and the conditions of the transitions. Therefore, in order to
execute a transition, it has to be evaluated whether the initial state of the transition is the current
state and whether the condition of the transition is met. If both evaluate to true, the current state
has to be replaced to the destination state of the given transition, i.e. the state register bit of the
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Process Control using TWIDO PLC

Basics of ladder diagram programming

current state has to be set to 0 and the state register bit of the destination state has to be set to 1.
The rung for implementing a generalized transition is shown by Figure 10.

Figure 10 General template for implementing state transitions

Here <origin state> and <dest. state> are the state registers associated to the origin
and destination state of the transition, respectively. The condition of the transition is modelled here
by a simple contact, but in general, any logical function can be plugged in there.
The ladder diagram describing the state transitions of the heating device is given by Figure 11.

Figure 11 Ladder diagram implementing the state transitions of the heating device

When implementing the output mapping, the rule of writing an output only in one single rung has to
be respected. In case of state machines with multiple states, it is useful to make a table containing
the state of each output in the different states. Let us denote the outputs of the heating device by
the symbolic names HEATER1 and HEATER2 (corresponding the on/off state of the two heaters).
Then the table of the output mapping is given by Table 3 Output mapping of the .

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Process Control using TWIDO PLC

State
HEATER1
HEATER2

Basics of ladder diagram programming

S_OFF
0
0

S_LOW
1
0

S_HIGH
1
1

Table 3 Output mapping of the heating device

Based on the table, the output mapping can easily be implemented as illustrated by Figure 12.

Figure 12 Ladder diagram implementing the output mapping of the heating device

However the implementation of the transitions can assure that no more than one state can be active
simultaneously, each state register bit is set to its default value 0 upon starting the PLC, i.e. there will
be no active state. In order to start the state machine from its initial state, the corresponding state
register bit has to be set to 1.
One solution, which is platform-independent, i.e. can be used in any environment, is to set the state
register of the initial state to 1 if all state registers are of value 0 (see Figure 13).

Figure 13 General solution to initialize the state machine

A more sophisticated (and, especially in case of a high number of states, more convenient) solution is
to use the current state of the PLC as condition for setting the initial state of the state machine. PLCs
usually use a system bit or system word to notify the user program that the current scan cycle is the
first one after startup, so this information can be used to initialize the state machine. TWIDO PLCs set
the system bit %S13 to 1 during the first scan, so the initialization of the state machine can be
implemented as shown by Figure 14.

Figure 14 Initialization of the state machine on a TWIDO PLC

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Process Control using TWIDO PLC

Measurement tasks

3 Measurement tasks
One of the following tasks will be assigned for each group. The measurement tasks model such
control problems, which are solved using PLCs in the industrial practice.

3.1 Manufacturing line control

The manufacturing line model consists of four conveyors, two pushers connecting the perpendicular
conveyors, a milling machine and a drilling machine (see Figure 15).

Figure 15 Layout of the manufacturing cell

Photo sensors are installed along the conveyors. Parts arriving in front of the sensor break the light
beam and therefore their presence is signalled by the logical value 0 of the corresponding photo
sensor. Conveyor motors and machines can be operated by setting the corresponding PLC output to
1. In case of pushers, the direction of motors can be set by an other PLC output (1: forward, 0:
backward). Limit switches are placed at the forward and backward extremities of the pushers, which
signal if pressed by the device.
The control of the manufacturing line should achieve the following operation. When a part is put
onto Conveyor 1 (in front of Photo sensor 1), the conveyor should be started in order to forward the
part to Pusher 1. Passing the part to the pusher can be achieved by operating the controller for 2
seconds after the part has passed Photo sensor 2. The pusher should push the part to Conveyor 2 (for
smooth operation, Conveyor 2 should be operating during the pushing operation), and then retract
to its back position.
As the part arrives to the milling machine, Conveyor 2 should be stopped, and the machine should be
operated for 3 seconds. Afterwards, the conveyor should forward the part towards the drilling
machine: it should be operated for approximately 4 seconds after the part left the milling machine,
and Conveyor 3 should be turned on in the meantime.
As the part arrives to the drilling machine, Conveyor 3 should be stopped and the machine should be
operated for 5 seconds. Afterwards, the conveyor should forward the part to Pusher 2 (again, 4
seconds of conveyor operation is needed after the part leaves the machine).

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Process Control using TWIDO PLC

Measurement tasks

Pusher 2 should forward the part to Conveyor 4 (which should be started during the extension of the
pusher for smooth operation) and then retract to its back position. Conveyor 4 should be operated
for additional 2 seconds after the part has passed by Photo sensor 5, and then stopped.
Measurement task
Implement a PLC program which achieves the operation described above. You can assume that only
one part is present in the whole line.
Additional task
Modify the program to deal with multiple parts present in the line simultaneously.
Hints
Implement distinct state machines for the elements of the line (input conveyor, output
conveyor, machines, pushers) and operate them simultaneously. Take the time to design the
state machines on a piece of paper before implementing them.
Take care not to move pushers to incorrect directions upon the activation of the limit
switches.

If you experience any problem (e.g. pusher off the rail) stop the line using the emergency
shutdown button and ask for assistance.

3.2 Control of a 3D manipulator

The task is to relocate parts from an output conveyor to an input conveyor using a 3D manipulator.
The manipulator is a 3-degrees-of-freedom arm, equipped with a mechanical gripper, as shown by
Figure 16.

Figure 16 The 3D manipulator

Joint 1 is a rotational one, which rotates the whole arm around its vertical axis (the positive direction
is the clockwise one). Joint 2 is a translational one, which allows lowering (positive direction) or lifting
(negative direction) the horizontal segment of the arm. Joint 3 allows extending (positive direction)
or retracting (negative direction) the horizontal segment. The gripper can be opened by positive
motion of its motor and closed by negative motion. There are two PLC outputs corresponding to each
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Measurement tasks

joint and the gripper. The first turns the motor on or off, while the second sets the direction of
movement (0: negative direction, 1: positive direction).
Reference positions of the joints and the gripper (a given angular position for Joint 1, top position for
Joint 2, fully retracted position for Joint 3, closed position for the gripper) are sensed by limit
switches, providing absolute position information. Joints are also equipped with pulse switches,
which output a square signal when the given joint is moved. By summing these pulses with respect to
the sign of the direction of movement (i.e. incrementing the counter in case of positive direction and
decrementing it in case of negative direction), the relative position of the joints from their reference
position can be obtained. Positions of the manipulator are given using these values (the so-called
joint coordinates), e.g. the coordinate (30,0,20) means that Joint 1 has turned 30 pulses from its
reference position to the positive direction, Joint 2 is in its reference (top) position and Joint 3 has
been extended by 20 pulses.
The manipulator should be controlled as follows. After the start of the controller, the position of the
arm is unknown, so it has to be calibrated, i.e. all joints have to be moved to their reference positions
indicated by the limit switches. At first the gripper has to be moved to negative direction until the
limit switch signals, then Joint 2 (lifting), Joint 3 (retract) and finally Joint 1 (turning to counterclockwise direction) has to be moved to negative direction.
After calibration, the manipulator should be moved to Position 1 over the output conveyor and the
gripper should be opened. If a part arrives at the output conveyor (the value of the photo sensor
input becomes 0), the arm should be lowered to Position 2, and the part should be picked up by
closing the gripper. Then the arm should be fully lifted (Position 1 again), and moved to Position 3
over the input conveyor. Then it should be lowered to Position 4 and the gripper should be opened.
After lifting the arm back to Position 3, it should be recalibrated by moving it to its reference
position. After the calibration, it should be moved to Position 1 and the controller should wait for the
next part to pick up.
Measurement task
Implement a PLC program which operates the manipulator as described above.
Hints
Implement a state machine, which controls the successive movements defined above. Take
the time to design the state machine on a piece of paper before implementing it.
Use counters to count the pulses of each joint and the gripper (take care of the direction of
the movement). Use the appropriate limit switches to reset these counters.
When the goal of a movement is the reference (0) position of a joint, use the limit switch for
sensing the goal position instead of the less reliable counters.
Joints 1 and 3 should be moved only if the limit switch of Joint 2 is active (the vertical
segment is fully lifted).
The manipulator might harm itself and parts of the manufacturing cell. If you experience a
dangerous situation, stop the movement immediately by the emergency shutdown button
and ask for assistance.

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Measurement tasks

3.3 Control of a chemical process model

The model consists of two tanks, two pumps, a mixer, a level sensor, two pushbuttons and a status
light (green lights signalling the operation of the pumps and the mixer are in serial connections with
the corresponding motors). Pump 1 pumps the liquid from Tank 1 to Tank 2 (storing, betrol in
Hungarian), while Pump 2 operates in the reverse direction (discharging, kitrol in Hungarian).
Level of Tank 2 is measured by a floating level sensor, which triggers a digital switch if the level
reaches the high level, and another if the level reaches the low level. The layout of the model is
shown by Figure 17.

Figure 17 Layout of the chemical process model

In discontinuous operating mode, the operation is started by pressing the START button. Pump 1
should fill Tank 2 (the pump should be operated until the high level sensor becomes active), and then
the liquid should be mixed for 5 seconds. Then the liquid should be pumped back to Tank 1 (the
pump should be operated until the low level sensor becomes active), and the process should be
stopped. During the whole procedure, the lamp should be lit.
In continuous operating mode, the process should not be stopped after discharging, but a new cycle
should be started (i.e. the liquid should be pumped again to Tank 2 etc.). In this operating mode, the
process can be stopped by pressing the STOP button. Upon pressing the button, the operation should
not terminate immediately, but after discharging (when Tank 2 becomes empty). In order to notify
the operator that the request for stop has been processed, the lamp should blink during the
termination (otherwise it should be lit continuously).
Measurement tasks
1. Implement a PLC program which implements the discontinuous operating mode.
2. Modify the program such that it realizes the continuous operating mode.

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Measurement tasks

Additional task
Modify the program such that it allows emergency shutdown. If the STOP button is pressed in the
termination phase (i.e. it is pressed at a second time), switch off all motors regardless the current
operation. Take care to pump all liquid from Tank 2 to Tank 1 before starting the normal operation
after an emergency shutdown.
Hints
It is advised to solve the problem using a state machine. Take the time to design the state
machine on a piece of paper before implementing it.
Use system bit %S6 to implement blinking of the light. The system bit outputs a 0-1 sequence
with 1Hz frequency.

3.4 Control of a signalled pedestrian crossing

On roads with heavy vehicle traffic but rare needs of pedestrians to cross the road, pedestrian
request-based signalling is commonly used. Pedestrians arriving the side of the road can request a
green signal by pressing a button, which is granted for them after a while. You can find such a
pedestrian crossing at the tram station of Goldmann Gyrgy tr.

Figure 18 Layout of the signalled pedestrian crossing

The controller should operate the traffic lights the following way. Initially, the lights show green for
the vehicles and red for the pedestrians. If a crossing request is signalled by pushing the button, the
WAIT (VRJON) light should be lit to notify the pedestrian about processing the request. After 2
seconds, the light for the vehicles should be turned to yellow, then, after another 2 seconds, to red.
After 1 second, the pedestrian light should be turned to green for 5 seconds and the WAIT light
should be turned off. Then, the green light for the pedestrians should start blinking for 5 seconds,
and then turned to red. The same time the light for the vehicles should show a red-yellow signal, and
after 2 seconds, turned to green.
Measurement task
Implement a PLC program which can control the traffic lights accordingly to the description above.

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Measurement tasks

Additional task
Implement the feature of night mode. By switching the mode switch to night mode, the yellow
lights for the vehicles should start blinking while the lights for the passengers should be turned off.
Take care of returning to a safe state (red for all directions) when switching back to daylight mode.
Hints
Lights and buttons of the two sides are connected to common IOs.
It is advised to solve the problem using a state machine. Take the time to design the state
machine on a piece of paper before implementing it.
Use system bit %S6 to implement blinking of lights. The system bit outputs a 0-1 sequence
with 1Hz frequency.

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Process Control using TWIDO PLC

Appendix: Laboratory report skeleton

4 Appendix: Laboratory report skeleton

Laboratory Report
Embedded and Ambient Systems Laboratory (BMEVIMIA350)

Process Control with TWIDO PLC

Date:

<year>.<month>.<date>

Group:

<identifier of the group (e.g. M1)>

Students:

<name 1> (<neptun code 1>)

<name 2> (<neptun code 2>)

The Laboratory Report is to be sent by email with the project documentation attached to the address
gkovacs@iit.bme.hu within 7 days from the measurement session. Reports sent late are not
accepted.
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Appendix: Laboratory report skeleton

Measurement task
<Give a brief description of the measurement task assigned to the group>

Outline of the solution

<Give a brief outline of the principles of the solution, e.g. the state machine used to realize the control
task>

Project documentation
Project documentation generated by TwidoSuite is attached in file <filename.pdf>.
< Attention! Only documentation generated from a well-commented project (i.e. descriptive
symbolic names, comments attached to each rung) is acceptable! >

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