The inverse of a matrix

Definition. Let
(
) (
column of

] be an

matrix. Let

) sub matrix of

be the

obtained by deleting the

]
th column

The determinant |
The cofactor

| is called the minor of

of

is defined as
[

Example 1. Let

].

Then |

Hence

th row and

th

Theorem 1. (Determinant of n order square matrix).

[

] be a

Let

size matrix. Then for each

and for each

are same . This number is called the determinant of the matrix A and denoted as
| |. The first expression is called the expansion of | | along the i-th row, the
second one is called the expansion of | | along the

Example 2. To evaluate the determinant

| , we note that

it is better to expend along either second column or the third row because they each
have two zeros. Its expansion along the second column is
| |

|
)

Its expansion along the third raw is

| |

|
(

) (

|
)

Theorem 2.

Let

] be an

matrix. Then

for
for

Definition. Let

] be an

Example 3.

matrix. The

] called the adjoint of

Solution.

] . Compute

matrix

Thus

Theorem 3.

]
[

If
(

Definition. An
there exists an

The matrix

] is
)

matrix
matrix

matrix, then
(

[ ] is called nonsingular (or invertible) if

such that

is called an inverse of

and we shall write

If there is no such matrix

then

Corollary. If

matrix and | |

is

| |

Example 4.

( )

is called singular (or noninvertible).

, then

| |

| |

| |

| |

| |

| |

[ | |

| |

| | ]

] Then | |

]
[

Theorem 4. (Cramers Rule)

{

Let

be a linear system of

equations in

unknowns and let

can write the given system as

If | |

] be the coefficient matrix so that we

where

then the system has unique solution

|

| |

| |

| |

by replacing the column of

, where

by

Example 5. Consider the following system:

{

Then

| |

Hence
|

|
| |

|
| |

is the matrix obtained from

|
| |