Properties of Matrix operations.

Theorem 1. Properties of Matrix Addition

For m n matrices A, B, and C, the following properties hold.
Closure property: A + B is again an m n matrix.
Associative property: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
Commutative property: A + B = B + A.
Additive identity: The m n matrix 0 consisting of all zeros
has the property that A + 0 = A.
Additive inverse: The m n matrix (A) has the property
that A + (A) = 0

.Theorem

2. Distributive and Associative Laws

For conformable matrices each of the following is true.

A(B + C) = AB + AC (left-hand distributive law).
(D + E)F = DF + EF (right-hand distributive law).
A(BC) = (AB)C (associative law)
[

Example 1. Let

Then

][

[
[

][
]

] and

][
[

Definition. The

If

scalar matrix

] is called the identity matrix of order

] is

matrix, then

Theorem 3. Properties of Scalar Multiplication

For m n matrices A and B and for scalars and , the following
properties hold.
Closure property: A is again an m n matrix.
Associative property: ()A = (A).
Distributive property: (A+ B) = A+ B. Scalar multiplication
is distributed over matrix addition.
Distributive property: ( + )A = A + A. Scalar multiplication
is distributed over scalar addition.
Identity property: 1A = A. The number 1 is an identity element
under scalar multiplication.
Theorem 4. Properties of the Transpose
a). ( )
b). (
)
c). (

Definition. A matrix
Example 2. The matrices
Because

d). (

] is called symmetric if
[
and ( )

] and
[

.
[

] are symmetric.

Determinants.
[

Let

] be

matrix.

Definition. We define the determinant of

( )

Thus, if

Let

| |

] then

( )

] be

Definition. We define the determinant of

( )

by

| |

matrix.

by

| |
.

=22

In evaluating used the next diagram:

Example 1. Let

Solution. |
=

Evaluate | |

Properties of Determinants.

( )

Theorem 1.

Example 1. Let

| |

)
[

] Then

|=

, |

Theorem 2. If matrix

],

. Thus | |

|=

results from matrix

| |

(columns) of

then

Example 2.

We have |

by interchanging two rows

| |.

and |

|
are equal, then | |

Theorem 3. If two rows (columns) of matrix

Example 3.

Theorem 4. If a row (column) consists entirely of

zeros, then

| |

Example 4.

Theorem 5. If
by a real number

Example 5. |

is obtained from
, then | |
|=|

by multiplying any row (column) of

| |
|

Theorem 6. If

is obtained from

by adding to each element of the

a constant times the corresponding element of the
of , then | | | |

th row (column) of
th row (column) ,
| |

Example 6.

If add 2 times the first row to the second row then

|

Theorem 7.
Theorem 8. |

|
|

| || |