Vector spaces

Definition 1. A real vector space is a set of elements

together with two
operations
satisfying the following properties:
If and
the operation

are any elements of

)

a).

b).

for any
(

c). There is an element

d). For each

in

for any
in

is in

(i.e.,

closed under

;
,

such that

, there is an element

If is any element of
closed under the operation
e).

, then

for any
in

such that

and is real number, then

)
for all real numbers

;
;

is in (i.e.,

and all

and

f). (
g).

h). 1

The elements of

are called vectors; the real numbers are called scalars.

The operation
multiplication.

is called vector addition; the operation

The vector
The vector

in property c) is called a zero vector.

in property d) is called a negative of

is called scalar

in

Example 1.
{

Consider the set

(
numbers. If
put

}, where
(

and

is the set real

then we
)

) and

Then the set

is vector space under the operations of addition and scalar
multiplication of - vectors.
Example 2. Consider the set
of all ordered triples of real numbers of the
form (
and define the operations and
by
(

(
(

is vector space, since it satisfies all properties of Definition 1.

Example 3. Consider the set

and define the operations

Properties a), b), c), d) end e) of definition hold. Here

the negative of the vector (
is the vector (

For example, to verify property e) proceed as follows.

First,
( (

[(

Also
(

]
(

(
(

( (

We show that property f). fails to hold.

Thus (

((

).

and

is zero and
.

by

On the other hand,

(
(
)

Example 3.

(
((

As ((
Therefore,

(
((

the property f). is not valid.

is not a vector space.

Consider the set
]

{[

} of all

matrices under the usual

operations of matrix addition and scalar multiplication. Then

Example 4. Let
on the interval [

]
]. If

be the set of all real valued functions the are defined

[
] we define
by
(

If

] and

by
(

] is vector space.

Example 5. Let
Is

, we define
(

Then

is vector space.

with operations

and

a vector space? If it is not, which properties in Definition 1 fail to hold.

Solution.
We taking

is not a vector space. Because property a) fails to hold.

Then

and

Therefore,

Definition 2. Let
be a vector space and
vector space with respect to the operations in

a nonempty subset of . If
is
the
is called a subspace of

Example 6. Let
be subset
consisting all vectors of the form (
where
are any real numbers, with usual operations of vector addition and
scalar multiplication.
(

Let
(

(
(

(
(
Definition 1 hold. Hence

be vectors in
Then
is in
Also, if
is in
Thus properties
is a subspace of

of

Definition 3. Let
be vectors in a vector space
called a linear combination of
if

for some real numbers

Example 7. In
The vector
numbers

A vector

in

is

.
(

let
(

then

is linear combination of
so that

if we can find scalar

.
(

Solving this linear system we obtaining

Thus

Definition 4.

The vectors

in a vector space

are said to be linearly

dependent if there exist constants

Otherwise,

, not all zero, such that

are called linear independent. That is,

linearly independent if whenever

(
(

(
(

and

are linear independent.

Example 9. Let

(
(
(

. Then

Thus

we must have

Example 8. Let

are

. Then

(
(

{
Then the solution this system is
independent.

Thus

and

are linear