2/9/2012

Signal and System Analysis

(MCT 2121)

Wahju Sediono

wsediono@iium.edu.my

Department of Mechatronics Engineering

International Islamic University Malaysia
1

Example: Control System

Block diagram of a feedback control system. The controller drives

the plant, whose disturbed output drives the sensor(s). The resulting
feedback signal is subtracted from the reference input to produce an
error signal e(t), which, in turn, drives the controller. The feedback
loop is thereby closed.
2

2/9/2012

Biomedical Signal Processing

Morphological types of nerve cells (neurons) identifiable in monkey

cerebral cortex, based on studies of primary somatic sensory and
motor cortices. (Adopted from E. R. Kande, J. H. Schwartz, and T. M.
Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed., 1991; courtesy of Appleton
and Lange.)
3

Biomedical Signal Processing

The traces shown in (a), (b), and (c) are three examples of
EEG signals recorded from the hippocampus of a rat.
Neurobiological studies suggest that the hippocampus plays a
key role in certain aspects of learning and memory.
4

2/9/2012

Continuous- and Discrete-Time Signal

(a) Continuous-time signal x(t).

(b) Representation of x(t) as a
discrete-time signal x[n].

Periodic Signals
Periodic signals:

x(t ) x(t T ) for

all t

T T0 , 2T0 , 3T0 , ...... and T T0 Fundamental period

Fundamental frequency:
1
f
T
Angular frequency:
2
2 f
T

Example: Square wave with amplitude A = 1 and period T = 0.2s.

6

2/9/2012

Periodic Signals
Discrete-Time Case:
x n x n N for integer

Fundamental frequency of x[n]:

2

Discrete-time square
wave alternative
between 1 and +1.

Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

Triangular wave alternative between 1 and +1

Aperiodic discrete-time signal

consisting of three nonzero
samples.

2/9/2012

Sinusoidal Signals
Continuous-time case:

x(t ) A cos(t )

where

x(t T ) A cos( (t T ) )
A cos(t T )
A cos(t 2 )
A cos(t )
x(t )

Sinusoidal signal A cos( t + ) with phase = +/6 radians.

Sinusoidal Signals
Discrete-time case :

x[n] A cos(n )

x[n N ] A cos(n N )

N 2 m

2 m
radians/cycle, integer m, N
N

A discrete-time
sinusoidal signal: A = 1,
= 0, and N = 12.
10

2/9/2012

Generation of Sinusoidal Signal

LC

d2
v(t ) v(t ) 0
dt 2

v(t ) V0 cos(0t ), t 0

where

1
LC

11

Sinusoidal Signal: Example

A pair of discrete-time sinusoidal signals with a common angular frequency is
defined by

x1[n] sin[5 n]

and

x2[n] 3 cos[5 n]

(a) Both x1[n] and x2[n] are periodic. Find their common fundamental period.
(b) Express the composite sinusoidal signal

y[n] x1[n] x2[n]

in the form y[n] = Acos(n + ), and evaluate the amplitude A and phase .

Solution:
(a) Angular frequency of both x1[n] and x2[n]:

5 radians/cycle

2 m 2 m 2m

5
5

This can be only for m = 5, 10, 15, , which results in N = 2, 4, 6,

12

2/9/2012

Sinusoidal Signal: Example

(b) Trigonometric identity:

A cos(n ) A cos(n)cos( ) Asin(n)sin( )

Let = 5, then compare x1[n] + x2[n] with the above equation to obtain that

Asin( ) 1 and A cos( ) 3

sin( ) amplitude of x1[n] 1

cos( ) amplitude of x2 [n]

3
Asin( ) 1

tan( )

=/6

1
2
sin / 6

Accordingly, we may express y[n] as

y[n] 2cos 5 n
6

13

Exponential Signals
Continuous-time:

x(t ) Beat

Decaying exponential, for which a < 0

Growing exponential, for which a > 0

14

2/9/2012

Exponential Signals
Discrete-time:

x[n] Br n where r e

(a) Decaying exponential form of discrete-time signal.

(b) Growing exponential form of discrete-time signal.
15

Exponential Signals: Example

Lossy capacitor:

RC

d
v(t ) v(t ) 0
dt
v(t ) V0e t /( RC )
Lossy capacitor, with the loss
represented by shunt
resistance R.

16

2/9/2012

Exponential Signals: Example

x(t ) Ae t sin(t ), 0

Exponentially damped sinusoidal signal Ae at sin(t), with A = 60 and = 6,

and = 0.
17

Exponential Signals: Example

Generation of an exponential damped sinusoidal signal
x(t ) Ae t sin(t ), 0

(a)

1 t
v( )d
L

d
1
1 t
v(t ) v(t ) v( )d 0
dt
R
L

v(t ) V0e t /(2CR ) cos(0t ) t 0

(b)

where

1
1

LC 4C 2 R 2

R L /(4C )

Parallel LRC, circuit, with inductor L,

capacitor C, and resistor R all
assumed to be ideal.

By comparing (a) and (b), we get

A V0 , 1/(2CR), 0 , and / 2
18

2/9/2012

Exponential Signals: Example

A = 1;
omega =2*pi/12; % angular frequency
n = -10:10;
y = A*cos(omega*n);
r = 0.85;
x = A*r.^n; % decaying exponential sequence
z = x.*y; % elementwise multiplication
stem (n, z)

Exponentially damped DT sinusoidal signal

19

Complex Exponential Signals

Eulers identity:

e j cos j sin

Complex exponential signal:

B Ae j

Be j t
Ae j e j t
Ae j ( t )
A cos( t ) jA sin( t )

A cos(t ) Re{Be jt }
A sin(t ) Im{Be jt }
Discrete-time case:

A cos(n ) Re{Be jn }
Asin(n ) Im{Be jn }
20

10

2/9/2012

Complex Exponential Signals

Two-dimensional representation of the complex exponential e j n
for = /4 and n = 0, 1, 2, , 7.

/4
/ 4
Projection on real axis: cos(n)
Projection on imaginary axis: sin(n)

Complex plane, showing eight points uniformly distributed on the unit circle.
21

Basic Operations on Signals

Amplitude scaling: y(t ) cx(t )
y[n] cx[n]
Addition:
y(t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t )
y[n] x1[n] x2 [n]

Multiplication:

y(t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t )
y[n] x1[n]x2 [n]
Differentiation:

y (t )

d
x(t )
dt

Integration:
t

y (t ) x( )d

22

11

2/9/2012

Basic Operations

Inductor with current

i(t), inducing voltage
v(t) across its
terminals.
Inductor: v(t ) L

d
i(t )
dt

Capacitor with voltage

v(t) across its
terminals, inducing
current i(t).
Capacitor:

v(t )

1 t
i ( )d
C

23

12