Introduction To Cable Technology

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1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Introduction
to Cable Technology
Session 202
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Copyright 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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HFC is the Network of

choice to support HS
Services based upon IP
Technology
Abstract
The prevailing architecture and

critical components of an HFC
(Hybrid Fiber Coax) plant capable
of supporting IP service
applications based on DOCSIS
(Data Over Cable Service Interface
Specification) is discussed
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Agenda
Early CATV Architecture
Hybrid Fiber Coax Infrastructure
Optical
Rings
Upgrade for Quality Service
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Friendly vs. Hostile Upstream Frequency

Network Management of Physical System
Attributes of HFC
IP Access Platform
HFC Network with IP Access
The Promise of IP
Conclusion
5
Agenda
Optical
Rings

Attributes of HFC
IP Access Platform
The Promise of IP
Conclusion
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Typical Cable Distribution Plant
HEAD END
Receivers
Scramblers
Descramblers
Modulators
and
Upconverters
(n)
Channels
Coaxial Distribution Plant
One Way
Local Content
Optimized for Distribution

Many Thousands of Homes
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Early Coaxial Feeder Network
> 2000 HOMES
Headend
Coaxial Cable
COAX
One way distribution

Cascade of many amplifiers
Degraded performance
Failure prone
High operation and maintenance cost

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Agenda
Optical
Rings
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Attributes of HFC
IP Access Platform
The Promise of IP
Conclusion
9
Cable Serving Area
Headend
or Hub
Fiber
> 2000 HOMES
COAX
NODE
Typically Fewer than Five Amplifiers in Cascade
More Bandwidth
Video is transmitted over fiber to the node, where

it is converted to an electrical signal and forwarded
to the subscriber over existing coaxial cable
Provision is made to support return traffic for
future services
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Optical nodes
provide:
Small robust
serving areas
CNN
HBO
ESPN
Improved reliability
Node
Increased access
bandwidth
Hub
Node
COAX
Node
Tap
Two way operation

Drop
Alternate Feed
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Settop
TV
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To/From
Head End
or Hub
Typically Fewer than Five Amplifiers in Cascade

to Support up to 2 K Homes
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Benefits of HFC to Node level
Increases RF bandwidth
750 MHz (or more)
Source brought closer to subscriber
Facilitates introduction of two way
Improves reliability and availability

Fewer failure components
Improves noise characteristics
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Reliable, High Quality Access

Bandwidth Provided by HFC
Technology Validates that:
HFC is the Network of choice to

support HS Services based
upon IP Technology
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Agenda
Optical
Rings
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Attributes of HFC
IP Access Platform
The Promise of IP
Conclusion
15

CNN
HBO
ESPN
Hub
Hub
Headend
Hub
Reliability
Bandwidth
Signal Quality
Analog fiber RING for to improve reliability of

broadcast video
SONET/SDH RING overlay for reliability of
advanced services
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Benefits of RING Configuration
Increases RF bandwidth
750 MHz (or more)
Source brought closer to subscriber
Facilitates introduction of two way
Supports hub distribution
Improves reliability and availability

Fewer failure components
Improves noise characteristics
Ring path protection
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HFC is the Network of choice

to support HS Services based
upon IP Technology
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Agenda
Optical
Rings
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Attributes of HFC
IP Access Platform
The Promise of IP
Conclusion
19

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High bandwidth (750 MHz or more)

Two way operation
Migration strategy to small nodes
Minimize amplifier cascades
Design to prevailing industry standards
Incorporate DOCSIS plant specifications
Design for maximum noise abatement
Network management
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10

Recognize home wiring ingress
Ensure best upstream CNR
(Carrier to Noise Ratio)
Characterize the plant and maintain

to the original level
Build to Minimum Noise Criteria

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upon IP Technology
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Agenda
Optical
Rings
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Attributes of HFC
IP Access Platform
The Promise of IP
Conclusion
23
Friendly vs Hostile Upstream

Frequency
Characteristics of (US) Upstream Spectrum
Subject to known potential interference
CB (Citizens Band Radio)
HAM (Amateur radio)
Government, Military, Naval radio, etc.
Portions of the US lost to interference

Only Portion of the US available for
two way
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Frequency
24.5 MHz
4 MHz per
Division
Consider Operating within this Upstream Spectrum!!!

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Frequency
15.6 MHz
17.55 MHz
Example
Noise
Noise
Useable
GAP
(1950 kHz)
Frequency
Useable gaps dictate

Upstream channel selection and bandwidth
Spectrum management options
Upstream data throughput
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13

Frequency
Useable Spectrum Gaps
From
(KHz)
To
(KHz)
GAP
(KHz)
200
(KHz)
400
(KHz)
800
(KHz)
1600
(KHz)
3200
(KHz)
5000
5950
950
6200
7300
9900
10150
7000
9500
800
2200
200
1500
4
11
2
5
0
3
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
1
3
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
9
0
3
0
1
4
0
10100
11650
1
7
0
1
12050
13800
14350
15600
17900
13600
14000
15100
17550
18068
1550
200
750
1950
168
18168
21850
24990
26100
27410
21000
24980
25670
26960
28000
2832
3040
680
860
590
14
15
3
4
2
7
7
1
2
0
3
3
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
29700
40000
10300
51
25
12
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0
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HFC Infrastructure Provides

Adequate Useable Quality
Bandwidth Validating that:

upon IP Technology
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Agenda
Optical
Rings
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Attributes of HFC
IP Access Platform
The Promise of IP
Conclusion
29
Network Management of the

Physical System
Total Network Management
< 100 Channels
CNN
HBO
ESPN
FNN
Hub
Headend
Node
Hub
Node
COAX
Hub
Node
Node
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Tap
Drop
Node
Nodes Tend to 500 Homes

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Node
Settop TV
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15
Network Management of the

Physical System
Network Management
Means to identify and diagnose faults
Permits preventive maintenance
Assures reliability and high availability
Provides valuable maintenance aid
Helps maintain customer satisfaction
Install One, and Reap the Benefits!!!

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HFC Infrastructure can Be Provisioned

with Enhanced Network Management
to Ensure that:

upon IP Technology
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Agenda
Optical
Rings
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Attributes of HFC
IP Access Platform
The Promise of IP
Conclusion
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Attributes of HFC
High reliability
Increased bandwidth:
100 Channels
Downstream rebuilds to 750 MHz

Wide band amplifiers etc
CNN
HBO
ESPN
Two way operation

Upstream (542 MHz) Provisioned and Operational
HE
Signal
542 MHz
Flow
N
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50750 MHz
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Agenda
Optical
Rings
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Attributes of HFC
IP Access Platform
The Promise of IP
Conclusion
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Cisco IP Access Platform
uBR904 SOHO CM
uBR924 SOHO Cm e/w VoIP
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uBR7246
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Cisco IP Access Platform

Universal broadband router
uBR7246 and uBR7223
Router integrated with DOCSIS CMTS
(Cable Modem Terminating System)
Cisco subscriber cable modem

uBR904 CM for data
uBR924 CM for data and voice
Partner cable modem products
Interoperable multi-vendor CM products

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A Field Proven Interoperable

DOCSIS IP Platform Is now
Available to Support that:
HFC is the Network of choice

to support HS Services based
upon IP Technology
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Agenda
Optical
Rings
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Attributes of HFC
IP Access Platform
The Promise of IP
Conclusion
39
HFC with IP Access

Total Network Management
Node
uBR7246
< 100 Channels

CNN
HBO
Broadband Router
Hub
ESPN
FNN
Node
Hub
PSTN
Node
COAX
Node
Node
Hub
Internet
Node
Tap
Drop
Node
Cable Modem PC
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HFC Networks Provisioned with A

Proven Interoperable DOCSIS IP
Platform Ensures without Doubt that:

upon IP Technology
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Agenda
Optical
Rings

Attributes of HFC
IP Access Platform
The Promise of IP
Conclusion
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Promise of IP
Data, a Growth Opportunity
Acceptance and
penetration of
the Internet
Data bandwidth/
cost beating
Moores Law
Data
Video
Voice
BW
Today
Time
Bandwidth vs Time
Open standards for

DOCSIS and
digital TV
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Promise of IP
Recent CATV Consolidations
AT&T purchase of TCI

AT&T purchase of Media One
Adelphia purchase of Century
Cox purchase of TCA
Cox purchase of Media General
High Capacity HFC Cable Plants Is

the Common Denominator
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22
Market Dynamics and the Growth of the

Internet Indicate that HFC Cable Plants Are
the Platform of the Future Indicating that:

upon IP Technology
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Agenda
Optical
Rings

Attributes of HFC
IP Access Platform
The Promise of IP
Conclusion
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Conclusion
HFC plants can be built to provide
Reliable transmission media
High access bandwidth
High-speed IP access using DOCSIS
HFC plants with HS IP access offer

A viable business opportunity for
Data
Voice (VoIP)
Interactive video
Future advanced services
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Is your CATV Plant Being Upgraded to HFC ?

Are Plant Upgrades Meeting Current Standards?
Is Network Management Included?
Is a DOCSIS IP Network Considered?
What about Noise Control?
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We believe hybrid
fiber coaxial has the
potential to carry the
most capacity over
the future
Michael Armstrong
Chairman & CEO AT&T
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HFC is the Network

of choice to support
HS Services based
upon IP Technology
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Please Complete Your

Evaluation Form
Session 202
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Introduction To Cable Technology

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202

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

HFC is the Network of

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

The prevailing architecture and

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Friendly vs. Hostile Upstream Frequency

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Friendly vs. Hostile Upstream Frequency

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Typical Cable Distribution Plant

Coaxial Distribution Plant

Optimized for Distribution

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Early Coaxial Feeder Network

> 2000 HOMES

One way distribution

High operation and maintenance cost

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Friendly vs. Hostile Upstream Frequency

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Hybrid Fiber Coax Infrastructure

Cable Serving Area

> 2000 HOMES

Typically Fewer than Five Amplifiers in Cascade

Video is transmitted over fiber to the node, where

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Hybrid Fiber Coax Infrastructure

Two way operation

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Hybrid Fiber Coax Infrastructure

Typically Fewer than Five Amplifiers in Cascade

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Hybrid Fiber Coax Infrastructure

Improves reliability and availability

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Reliable, High Quality Access

HFC is the Network of choice to

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Friendly vs. Hostile Upstream Frequency

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Hybrid Fiber Coax Infrastructure

Analog fiber RING for to improve reliability of

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Hybrid Fiber Coax Infrastructure

Improves reliability and availability

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Reliable, High Quality Access

HFC is the Network of choice

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Friendly vs. Hostile Upstream Frequency

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Hybrid Fiber Coax Infrastructure

High bandwidth (750 MHz or more)

Hybrid Fiber Coax Infrastructure

Characterize the plant and maintain

Build to Minimum Noise Criteria

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Reliable, High Quality Access

HFC is the Network of choice to

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Friendly vs. Hostile Upstream Frequency