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opportunities to express their views and wishes service providers; upgrading competencies and
with regard to their care arrangements. They need accountabilities for professionals working with
to be aware of their rights and helped to protect children; reforming the legal base for child care
themselves from exploitation, abuse and the dan- systems; establishing independent monitoring
gers of trafficking and HIV/AIDS. bodies; and transforming residential care institu-
tions into alternative care services.
Capacity of families and communities
Community-based social services, such as day In Malawi, UNICEF’s advocacy efforts have helped
care, parenting education and home support for secure high-level political commitment and re-
children with disabilities, are needed to strengthen sources for the scale-up of the response to the
the capacity of families to care for their children crisis of orphans and other vulnerable children. In
and of extended families and communities to pro- 2005, the National Plan of Action for Orphans and
vide alternative forms of care. Vulnerable Children was launched by the President
on the Day of the African Child, 16 June. Also,
Monitoring, reporting and oversight UNICEF focused on enhancing the capacity of
Mechanisms are needed to ensure oversight of in- families and communities to care for their orphans
stitutions providing public and private care, as well and vulnerable children through supporting 611
as foster care arrangements. Data collection and community-based child care centres reaching out
analysis on the situation of children without paren- to nearly 50,000 children under the age of 5.
tal care is key to changing public attitudes, promot-
ing better practices and increasing accountability. In the aftermath of the Pakistan earthquake in
October 2005, UNICEF and its partners rushed to
provide psychosocial assistance to orphans, unac-
Examples of UNICEF in action companied children and children who lost their
UNICEF is contributing to the development of a family members during the earthquake. To protect
continuum of social services to gradually replace these children from trafficking and exploitation
the system of residential care institutions in all UNICEF has taken the lead responsibility to regis-
countries of the CEE/CIS. Its strategies to this ef- ter all children in the relief camps.
fect include upgrading or piloting essential ele-
ments in the continuum of services such as child Notes
and family support services, social work functions
1
nited Nations Children’s Fund, TransMonee 2005: Data,
U
and foster care systems; developing standards for Indicators and Features on the Situation of Children in CEE/CIS
and Baltic States, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence,
2005, p. 5.
Millennium Development Goals 2
nited Nations Children’s Fund, Stop Violence against Children:
U
When parents are struggling to overcome
Act Now, Report of the Regional Consultation for the UN
poverty, AIDS or natural disaster, families may
be compelled to place their children in public Study on Violence against Children, 5-7 July 2005, Ljubljana,
care institutions, where their access to quality Slovenia, UNICEF, 2005, p. 9.
education is likely to be poor (thus thwarting 3
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, United Nations
the aim of MDG 2, universal primary education).
Children separated from their mother at an early Children’s Fund and United States Agency for International
age, especially if they remain in institutional set- Development, Children on the Brink 2004: A Joint Report of
tings for a long time, may suffer from damaged New Orphan Estimates and a Framework for Action, Popula-
emotional and physical development and are at tion, Health and Nutrition Information Project under USAID,
greater risk of early death – diminishing reduc- Washington, D.C., July 2004, pp. 7–8.
tions in child mortality (MDG 4).
4
Ibid, p. 3.