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    Fitzpatrick Volumes Solutions

    Enviado por

    atiggy05
    s

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    NEW SENIOR MATHEMATICS FOUR UNIT COURSE J.B. FITZPATRICK HEINEMAN EDUCATIONAL AUSTRALIA VOLUMES ( 2003." Fy) By, SY R col DETAILED SOLUTIONS BY SAMI EL HOSRI MSC ( Phy). Dip-Ed. © S&G PUBLISHING and COACHING ACADEMY P.O. BOX 237 PUNCHBOWL 2196 TEL: (02) 7504467 FAX: (02) 750 4467 NT ‘The truncated cone is formed when the interval AB is rotated about the y-axis. The equation of AB, using two- points formula, is: y-4=-0-4 x-2 3-2 yr4e-xete yrrax +22 (1) Slices method Consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the y-axis of radius x, thickness 6y at a distance y from 0. The volume of the Slice is: 6v = 4 x? by from (1) we get wo ange je 16 =r(9- 3 y+ y_) by 2 16 : the volume of the cone a (9 - 2 y + -¥8) ay ° 2 16 cr[y-ay+ el: ‘ ae, = (36-12 + 64 ] 48 = _16_ 7 cubic units 3 cylindrical shells method We start by dividing the solid into a cylinder and a hollow cone. ¥ v, is the volume of the cylinder. Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height y = 4 (see figure), radii x and x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: 6V, © 2x y 6x v, = or f x ax shell =| xz 2 |, > Vv, is the volume of the remaining solid (hollow cone). Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height y (see figure), radii x and x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: $V, = 20x (y) ax = 2nx (4x + 12) 6x vam orf (-x? + 3x) ax ve = onl se + ae I 3 2d, women | lae 3 V, + V, = 28" + 16m = 26x cubic units 3 3 x -3- 4 The equation of interval AB, using the 2 point formula, is: 3[AG2) -y =y- x-% Xe - % ee ee x 4-0 4 (y - 3) =x (1) ay - 12 = -x ax = 12 - 4y (1) Slices method Consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the y-axis of radius x, thickness éy at a distance y from 0. The volume of the Slice is: év = 1 x? by = @V = 4(12 - 4y)? ay = n( 144 - 96y + 16y*) dy aver \? (144 - 96y + 16y*) dy = = [sey = 48y? + 16 y> 3 = | [144(3) - 48(9) + 16(9)] - | 144(2)-48(4)+2608)}) ~ nfaae - 2282 | = 16 # cubic units 3 cylindrical shells method From (1) x= 12 - 4y -4- SP = y.~ ¥, = 12=x% = -2 4 sP=4-x 4 Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure), radii x and x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: 2 Vs ax j= 4 av @ ax (* (4x = x7) ax [ef \ z h cubic units i Slices method Consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the y-axis of radius x, thickness sy at a distance y from 0. The volume of the Slice is: 8V = mx? by The equation of the circle wtypea (1) Baeeedety 6v = x(a? - y?) by Ven (*(a" - y*) ay Here: dee] = 2 a cubic units a -5: Cylindrical shells method From (1) x+y? = a yooat-x ny a Vase Consider a hollow cy2indrical shell of height y (see figure), radii x and x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: 6v = 2xx (Ya? — 38) bx ve an (0 x aT = dx let a - x =u du = -2x dx 4-1 du = x dx 2 .Vsam. “4°, uw? du ee { ew? du “lef “fe = _2n & cubic units 3 @ 4. Slices methoa The equation of the circle is: x* + y*>= a? (I) We let y =a to find the ends points of A and B. 2 a | : r 2 + ate at ¢ 2? = 3a? 4 = x =a 2 Sag ay Consider a slice in the form ©f a hollow disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radii agand y, thickness éy at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: aver (yt ~ ae ) & 4 maf ate at lox = aa - ) & sora | ge} = (fae) (9G) | be v9 eB] [ae “4/25 - (eB) = [pars «v= @ XG m cubic units 2 cylindrical shells method Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP = 2y (see figure), radii x and x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: 6V = 4nx y 6x -7- From the equation of the circle: x* + y? we can get: y = Vax .6V = 4nx Ta? = xO bx ve 4an f° x Va? = ax let at- x? =u = du = -2x dx ea du (7° | v= (3a? cubic units 2 es wg? du = ae Let y? = y? to get the points of intersection of the 2 curves wa2-x wex- 250 by inspection x =1 is a root 2 2 = (KA 1) OF + x + 2) but x? +x +2 itsA=1-8=-7 it has no roots. or y =~ : the points of intersection are A(1,1) and B (1, -1) Slices method ‘The volume of the solid generated is divided to 2 volumes. V, is generated by y* = x for x varies between 0 and 1. v, is generated by y* = 2 - x for x varies between 2 and 2. (see figure ) To find the volume V, we consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radius y,, of thickness 6x at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: ay, = ry bx y= 6V, = 9x? 6x Vv, = 4 cubic units 4 To find the volume V, we consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radius y,, of thickness 6x at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: 5V, = my, 6x but y,=2-x by, 0 x(2 - x) 6x va m(t (2-2) ae Vao=" ma: ve r[a-2-| -2]] <¥, = 4 cubic units 2 . the total volume = v, + V, = -m_ + _m_ = 39 cubic units 4 2 4 -9- cylindrical shells method SP = x) - % SP = (2 - y*) - y?? .SP=2-y?- y? Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure ), radii y and y + Sy. The volume of the shell is: 6v = any (2 - y* ~ y*?) by ant Cal aaa Nee) oy av x @ 8 |, car[a- 2-3] 4 8 m3 Let y Note: y, = 2 - _3." cubic units 4 = y to get the points of intersection of the 2 curves = 8 2x? = =x points of intersection are (2, 4) (+2, 4) ero Slices method Volume about x - axis Consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radii y, and y,, thickness éy at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: m(y; - yi) 6x bys 8V = 1((B - x2)? - xt) 6x 6V = (64 - 16x? + xt - xt) 6x Lr v rén [ax - 2] : vo rerfe> 8} [e+ 84] = 8121 cubic units volume about the y - axis The volume of the solid generated is divided to 2 volumes. V, is generated by y = x? for y varies between 0 and 2. v, is generated by y = 8 - x* for x varies between 2 and 8. (see figure ) To find the volume V, we consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the y-axis of radius x,, thickness éy at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: 6v, = 9x, 6y The curve has the equation yx sxe ly -11- wor fe] a, = 8m cubic units Similar slice év, in the volume V, is 6V, = 1 x, 6y The curve has the equation: y=8-x = 6V,=m (8 - y) by Yor f Tey ay va sy- vie rlesl V, = #[64 - 32) - (32 - 8)] m[32 ~ 23] a 0 V, = 8" cubic units : the total volume of the solid generated is: veytvs = 16m cubic units cylindrical shells method About the x-axis We start by dividing the volume generated into 2 volumes. V, is the volume of the solid generated by the curve y = x for y between 0 and 4. Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height 2x (see figure ), radii y and y + é6y. The volume of the shell is aX UE The curve has equation y = x? YeB-X 6, © 4x y 6x xo Wey -12- 8V, = any? by vi = 4 ‘ yr? ay 2M, = 256 7 cubic units 5 Vv, is the volume of the solid generated by the curve yes-x Similarly: 6V, = 4m xy 6y The curve has equation y = 8 - x ae = B-y x= Very .6V, = any VE-y by ver an ft y NETY ay let 8-y=u yre-u ay = -du v, = ° (8 =u) we? dau v, = 40 fee 2. w?-_2 uv 3 5 ve nar [a 2-12 4 3 5 Vv, = 1792 9 15 : the total volume generated is: V=V,+V, = $129 cubic units 3 Note: when y y I; ua Q7. a about the y - axis SP=y,-y,=8-x- = SP = 8 - 2x? Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure ), radii x and x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: 8V = 2"x (Ye ~ Yp) 5X 6V = 20x (8 - 2x") 6x = 2m(8x - 2x?) 6x ve aie (8x = 2x?) ax = el x 2 = 2n[16 - 8) = 16 cubic units Slices method Volume about the x-axis Consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radius y, thickness 6x at a distance x from 0. The volume of the Slice is: bv = ny? bx ‘The equation of the curve is: y? = 36 - 4x 6V = 1(36 ~ 4x) 6x view? (36 = " (36 ~ 4x) ax cal [324 - 162] = 162 7 cubic units -14- Volume about the y-axis Consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the y-axis of radius x, thickness sy at a distance y from 0. The volume of the Slice is: 6V = ax? by ‘The equation of the curve is: y? = 36 - 4x 4x = 36-¥ By squaring both sides we get ex? = (36 - y?)? x? = (36 = y*)? 16 = a s[ sr +9 w+ vt jay dn 2 16 : qoy-ay+y : 2 B06 w{(486 - 324 + 97.2) -(-486 + 324 - 97.2)] 518.4m cubic units = the ratio of volumes generated by the curve about the x-axis to the volume about the y-axis is: 162n : 518.40 (simplifying by 7) = 162: 518.4 =5: 16 cylindrical shells method About the x-axis yrs (9x) x=9-¥ 4 sP=xX-% ces ae -15- Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure), radii y and y + éy. The volume of the shell is: év = 2yx(9 - yt) 6y 4 = 2x sy - ¥) éy 4 = 2x sy - ¥|sy sy - vt] ay a! ve ay vt -“v 2 16). ee 2 324 - _6t 2 is V = (324 = 162) V = 162 cubic units About y-axis y? = 4(9 = x) wet2>x sP=y,-y, = 2V5—x - (-2 Y9- x) ssp = 41> x y Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure), radii x and x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: 6v = en x To - x 6x ee letu=9-x x ax Note: When x x ~an* (9 - u) Tadu -16- 1 al 9. aw zum I 8r{ 162 - 482 | 518 _2. m cubic units 5 = the ratio of volumes generated by the curve about the x-axis to the volume about the y-axis is: lear: 518.29 (simplifying by 7) 5 = 162: 518.2. 5 =5: 16 Slices method About x - axis Consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radii y, and y., thickness éy at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: 6v = rly, - yi) 6% ee ie ce lacaeasane *[-3)- Re = Zan cubic units 5 About y - axis The volume of the solid generated is divided to 2 volumes. v, is generated by y = (x - 2)? for y varies between 0 and 1. v, is generated by the 2 curves y = (x - 2)? and y = x for y varies between 1 and 4. (see figure ) aye (x-2y" To find the volume V, we consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the y-axis of radius x, and x., thickness éy at a distance x from 0. The volume of the 26V, = 7 (2 + Ty)? - (2 ~ Vy)71 by we Fe + Vy)? - (2 - Vy)?7) ay v= rf avy dy = or 2V, = 16" cubic units 3 Similarly the slice is: sv, =" (x = a) by Note: from the curve y = (x - 2)? we get x, = Vy + 2 and from yoxwe get x, =y 18V, = 9 (y + ay + 4 - y*) by Venn (ty + Wy tay) ay qy+ pe yesay-y |* lz" 3 3 (itraeeragy dette all 4 = 103" 6 the total volume V= v, + Vz NV = 458 cubic units 2 ~1e- Cylindrical shells method About x - axis We start by dividing the volume generated into 2 volumes. v, is the volume of the solid generated by the curve y = (x-2)? for y between 0 and 1. Woe x, - xy = Vy +2- (Vy +2) = ay Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height WZ (see figure ), radii y and y + éy. The volume of the shell is: év, = any Vy by .V, = 40 five ay (42: = 8x cubic units 5 Similarly sv, = 2"y . (UV) sy wher UV is the height of the hollow cylindrical shell limited by the 2 curves y = (x-2)? and y = x, for y between 1 and 4. + 6, = Amy (% — %) = any (V¥ + 2- y) = an (yy + 2y - y*) Yam 2n{* Ly Vy + 2y - y*) ay aE (y?? + 2y - y?) dy aftager yw . 15 3 -19- ~ arf(ages + (e+r-2]] 5 3 5 3 |i = 64 units 5 the total volume V = V, + V; Vv = 82 + 64" = 22m. cubic units 5 5 4 y About y - axis ce =x = (x - 2)? =x - (x - 4x + 4) = Sx- x - 4 Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see fig.), radii x and x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: -4 6V = 2xm (5x - x7 - 4) 6x 2n(5x? - x = 4x) 6x ve ele (5x? - x? + 4x) ax ar[pe a] 0 ali cieceeead seca) 45m cubic units 2 ; yy Q 9. Slices method Consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the y-axis of radius x, thickness éy at a distance y from 0. The volume of the Slice is: 6 = mx? by The equation of the curve is: wetyer eee ete cr ffP oe) ieee nee -20- goal woe a emt eens ah 3 3 > [arnt n ] = mht [3r - h) 3 Cylindrical shells method Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height "y-r+h" and radii x and x + 6x. The volune of the shell is: 8V = 2xm (y-rth) 6x since y = vr*- 6v = 29x(vr* = - r+ h)éx Intersection of circle and line: yeor-his: et (r- har 2G = 2rh = ht x = iVarh- ave 5 (aes = )ax - 2 ee x(x - h)dx Let u =r? - x? when x = V2rh ~ h? du = -2xdx usr? - 2rh + h? = (r - h)? whenx = 0, u=r? ve ae au - 2m - anges x(x - h)ax - of we cme are =m) fa ian w2m[(r - hb)? = 4°) = 2n( 3 eee les -21- = -_g[x? - 3r¢h + 3rh? - he - PP) - w(x - h)[2rh - h*] 3 -_2n[3rh? ~ 3r%h - bh?) = (wr - wh)(2rh - h*) 3 = - 2wrh? + 2erth + _2h*w - 2rthw +h? rw + 2h°rm - wh? 3 =- hen + herr 3 = _abh?(3r - h) 3 Q 10.Slices method about y axis a we? 4 ye? = at Gere (av = yey? a “3 yee 4 yaa? yt = consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the y-axis of radius x, thickness éy at a distance y from 0. The volume of the Blice ii mois 6v = mx? by 6V = 4(a? = at y2? + 3a”? yt” - yt) by we tT (a? = 3a" y?? + 302 yt? = y?) ay 5 (ev ~ ery + ves ay? - ¥)" offer gece jo Cae apes |] 32na° 108 cylindrical shells method 2 + 2? = ae (y??)? = (a? = 27) y = ta? = 27) -22- = yp = (02? = 87797 ~[- (a2? = 227)7] SP = 2(a?? - 92 9/2 Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure ), radii x and x + éx. The volume of the shell is: 6V & 4x (a8? - 97) 6x (ar? = 32/9)2/4ax. let a? - x =u au x = aru =a du 2 Note: When x = 0, u = a? xe a,u=0 v= -6r r (a? =u). we au - 7 orf 7 gus uet = 2a ,u2 + WA) du ~ or[-gae weg eeu we ie 5 7 9 lo ~ 6ry_ge = 40 get 5 7 9 = 32a? m cubic units 105 Q 11. Slices Method Consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radius y, thickness éx at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice i 8V = my? 6x vem [* (c= 2)7(4 = x) ax : x le el 16_) ax 2 x -23- =n [ =x + 4x? - 20x + 16log,x 3 r(smt 1610g,4 - 1610g,2 3 7 [281092 - a2] don[tog.2 - 2. ] cubic units Q 12. Slices Method Consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radii y, and y,, thickness 6x at a distance x from O. The volume of the slice is: v fi (ys = ydax me ft (> eye [a 1! = 96” cubic units 5 cylindrical Shells Method Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height AB (see figure), radii y and y.+ é6y, The volume of the shell is: bv = 2ny(AB) éy where AB = x, - x = 2Vy - v2 4 ws anfty( AF - 2) oy pate arfay? - et] 5 is |, 26m cubic units 5 ease Q 13. Slices method y? = 4ax yirx 4a ay 16a" Consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the y-axis of radius x, thickness Sy at a distance y from 0. The volume of the Slice is: 6v = 1 x? by év =_nyt_ by lea* V=21_ ie “ae ($1 (y*) dy, = jE [ razaet - azat] 16a’ 5 5 = 62ma° cubic units 5 cylindrical shells method AY We start by dividing the solid into a cylinder and remaining solid. V, is the volume of the cylinder. Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height y = 2a (see figure), radii x and x + sx. The volume of the shell is: 8V, = 2nx y 6x v= dan i x ax = a ey° 2a? cubic units “ga a a 2a 3a 4a 2 V, is the volume of the remaining solid. yehan -25- 4a - 2Vax Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure), radii x and x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: sP=y.- 6V, = 2mx (4a - 2Vax ) 6x $V, = 44 (2ax - xVax ) 6x Va = oe (2ax = a7.) ax = Asem gee r = or [casar ~ eat canyee) — (a? — gaitsaay] 5 = 4m [ leat - 64 a at + 2a] V, = S2ma* cubic units 5 the total volume is: V =v. + V, V = 2na? + Sana? 5 V = S2ra’ cubic units 5 Q. 14. Slices Method Consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radius y, thickness 6x at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: Svan y* bx ven [ sintx dx Note: Sintx = 4[1 - cos2x] =n I 4(1 - cos2x)ax = et (x - sin 2x)}, 2 Lin} 2 = 2 cubic units 2 -26- Cylindrical Method Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height AB (see figure), radii y and y + éy. The volume of the shell is év = 2mxy by but y = sinx ay = cosx 4x : 6v = 29x sinx cosx 6x Note: = mx sin 2x 6x v Gees Using integration by parts letu=x dv = sin 2x ax du=dx = v = -_1.cos 2x 2 up x sin 2x dx = ™)-_x cos 2x * (2 i = 2 + 1 [ksin 2 2 #2 cubic units 2 Q. 15. Slices Method Consider a slice in the form of a rectangle perpendicular to the x-axis of dimensions y and z and thickness éx at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: 6V = yz 6x From the vertical cross section Using similar 4’s _y = _x- @ 0 y = 4x 5 From the horizontal cross section Using similar 4’s _z = x ce 20) z= 3x 5 6V = 12x? bx 25 2sinx cosx = sin 2x +2 ee ie 2 Je 2x 1 -27- "4b FP 160 cm Q 16. Slices Method consider a slice in the form of a right angled triangle perpendicular to the x-axis of sides y and z (sides of the right angle) and thickness 6x at a distancex from 0. ‘The volume of the slice is: 8V = 4 yz 6x From the vertical cross section Using similar A's bre osyee ‘4 From the horizontal cross section Using similar 4/s a 3 4 6 = 2x? Sx a I x? dx a 8 ce @ I, Vertical cross-section Q. 17. Slices method In the right angled triangle MPN tané = 112 =8 (ty) 165 in the right angled trinagle OKN tan 6 = bh (2) 1 from (1) and (2) we get hn = om -28- = the height of the pyramid from the apex to the base is 8 +12 = 20m Consider a slice in the form of a square perpendicular to the x-axis of side y, and thickness 6x at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: ny By similar A/s aa 5 20 yrx 4 6V = y? 6x asa = [" x ax » ‘Te ails = 202 - 8 48 48 .V = 156m? Q 18. Slices method In the right angled triangle MPN tane=5 (1) But /OMK = 8( corresp. angle to /MPN,KM | NP) « Using the right angled triangle OMK tan 6 = OK. (2) 2 from (1) and (2) we get OK = 10m =, the height of the pyramid from the apex to the base is 10 + 10 = 20m Consider a slice in the form of a rectangle perpendicular to nae eee ee ee ee ee eee -29- the x-axis of dimensions y and z and thickness 6x at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: bv = yz 6x From the vertical cross section Using similar A/s wre 8 20 y= 2x. 5 From the horizontal cross section Using similar A’s hee 6 20 z Be ov K e To find the mass of the pyramid, Which is the same as the pyramid in question 17 but its density varies uniformly with the height x, we start by finding the equation between the density and the height. From question 17 we know that the height of the pyramid with reference to the apex is 20m and y = _x 4 Note: When x= 8 , p= 20 + (8 , 20) x= 20, 9= 12 + (20, 12} As the density decreases uniformly we can use the gradient point formula to find p in terms of x =30- Q= 2 = B= X-*% %- % 2+ 20 = 12-20 =-2 x-8 20-8 3 p- 20= 22. (x - 8) . pe s2x+ 16 . 3 3 the mass of the slice is: 6M = p6V 6M = py? &x OM = (=2x + 76) 2 6x 3 3 16 oe eee) 3 3. 16 wey (gee [3 * 3 1? “USE * gee fo (gE * Agee 38 3e pease M = 2328 kg. Q. 20. Slices Method Consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radii y, and y., thickness éy at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: év = rey - ¥) év = m(y? - 1)6x ve " ee ee = lp (x4 = 4x? + 2x? + 4x) dx ee -31- mw) xe - xt + 2x? + 2x? 1? (3 3 I. 56x cubic units. 15 cylindrical Shells Method consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height AB (see figure), radii y and y + Sy. The volume of the shell is: $v = 2my(AB)6y where AB = x, - x, we know that y = 1 + 2x - x* x -axty-1=0 2 x=sltv2-y Height of cylinder aBeilyv2-y-itv2-y =22-¥ év = 2any(2v2 - y)éy * Re (eteale cy Letu=2-y wheny=2, u=0 dus -1 y=, dy vn dnp wie (2 ~ wpa nfs (awe weyau ar[gur -4ae"]: 86m cubic units. 15 Q.21. Refer to Q. 8. Q. 22. Slices Method Consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the line x = 10 of radii 10 - x and 10 + x, thickness sy at -32- the distance y from the x-axis. . the volume of the slice is: év =m [(10 + x)? - (10 - x)?]6y = 1[40x]6y Due to symmetry about the x-axis the volume of the solid above the x-axis equals to the volume below it. 2 a 40x dy = aft 40V25 - y? dy = 80f* V25 - y? dy a Note: Let y = Ssin@_ . dy = Scosede when y = 5, sin@=1 | 6= 1/2 when y = 0, sing=0 :@=0 v Ae |5cose| Scosé ae Since 0 <8 < 4/2 « |5cose| = Scose = 1000"/"? 2cos76 ae 1000|*? (cos 26+ 1) ae rocoriisin 206 of” 1000m[ 4/2] 0 500m? cubic units cylindrical Shells Method Rotation about x = 10 Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP = 2y and radii 20 - x and 10 - x + 6x the volume of the shell is: 4y (&-20}'+y?225 6v = 2m(10 - x) . 2y 6x 3 4m(10 - x) . V25 ~ x &x 4n(10 ¥25 - x* - x 25 - x*) 6x ve cae V25 — x dx - or xV25 - x? ax xy 33+ Integrating [* vi5 — ax Note: : Let x = 5sin@_« dx = Scosede * when x= 5, sin@=1 <0 = 4/2 when x = -5, sind = -2 : @ = -"/2 v25 = x* = V25~- 25sin"o = |5cos@| = Scos@ since 1 < @ < x 2 2 f. v25 - x? dx = [*/? Scos® . Scos? dé 25 Cc cos? 6 ao = 25. [7 (cos 28 + 1) 40 2 Sara = 25. {asin 28+ 08 2 2 = 25) + 2 ea) 2 = _255 2 Integrating ie x V25 — x dx Let u = 25- x? du = -2x dx when x = 5 u=o0 when x =-5 :u=0 f xV25 - x dx hf vu du ee age =0 v= 407 /25r_) = 500m? cubic units 2 Q. 23. Slices Method Consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radii y, and y,, thickness sy at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: 6v = (mys? ~ my,?) 6x -34- = w(ys? — yi?) 6x Note: y,? = b? - b’x?/a* from ellipse. yes a- x from circle. v =f ( vs anor y vi - ay ° BF Let u = i-_y? » du = -2y dy a a mg = 2wab? ft Vu au _4m_ab*tw*15, 3 4 mab* cubic units. 3 total volume = v, - v, —4."(a* - ab*) cubic units. 3 Q. 24.Slices Method Consider a slice in the forn : of a hollow disc perpendicular yex to the x-axis of radii y, and y.,thickness éy at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: bv = (my, - my,?)6x = n(x ~ x*)dx Note: The points of the intersection of both curves are at (0,0) and (1,1. ae {x - x*]dx 5 ae Te] v ye-x? S5x_ cubic units. 14 -36- cylindrical Shells Method Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height AB (see figure), yex radii y and y + éy. The volume of the shell is: bv = 2my(AB)éy Since AB = x - x = y? - y* év = amy (y*? - y?) éy Lvs els (y? - yay amas et 7 4, 1 Sx_ cubic units 14 Q. 25. Let y = y to get the points of intersection of the 2 curves ve =6-x by squaring both sides x= 36 - 12x +x? x? - 13x + 36 = 0 Kea, x=9 by substituting both values of x we get that x = 4 is the only valid solution. the point of intersection is (4,2). Slices method The volume of the solid generated is divided to 2 volumes. v, is generated by y = vx for x varies between 0 and 4. v, is generated by y = 6 - x for x varies between 4 and 6. (see figure ) =37- To find the volume V, we consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radius y,, of thickness 6x at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: bv, = my, 6x y= x bY, = 1x 6x ‘we x ax wo ET ax cubic units va To find the volume V, we consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radius y,, of thickness 6x at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is 6V, = my, 6x but y, = 36 - 12x + x? 6V, = 1(36 - 12x + x*) 6x Ve = mf* (36 - 12x + x) ax Vv, =" (36x - 6x*+ x 1. —F—r—™—". sa) 3 ve V, = 81 cubic units 3 the total volume veVy+tvs a an + 8 3 = 32m cubic units 3 =38- cylindrical shells method Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure ), radii y and y + éy. The volume of the shell is: év & amy (6 - y ~ y*) by paca (6y - y? - y*) ay = on j3y?- yr yt? l 3 |, = 2m, 12 7a 4 U 3 32 7 cubic units 3 Q. 26. Slices Method a) Rotating about the y-axis. Considering a slice perpendicular to the y-axis of radius x-units, and thickness 6y at a distance y from 0. by = mx? by = rly) by veonty ay amy it la]. = 8m cubic units elma b) Rotation about the line y = 4 Considering a slice perpendicular to the line y = 4 of radius (4-y) units, and thickness 6x at a distance ¢ units from 0. =39- . 6v = m(4 = y)? 6x = (4 - x7)? 6x yt (16 = 8x? + x*)ax < 0 =r lex - gx + at l 3 5 = 512" cubic units 15 ©) Consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the x-axis of radii y, and y,, thickness 6x at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: év = (16 ~ y,*)6x w(16 - x*]6x v T. (16 = x*)ax = miex - xt? l ee = 256x cubic units 5 d) Consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the line y = -1 of radii 5 units and y+1 ,thickness éx at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: 6v = 7 [25 - (y + 1)? Jéx m [25 ~ (x? + 1)7]6x w [24 - xt - 2x?) 6x < 4 FI t24 ~ xt ~ mata =n 24x - xt - ae 2 lL Bees = 10a8 cubic units. 15 =40- e) Consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the line x = 2 of radii (2 - x) and (2 + x) units ,thickness 6x at a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: 6v = 4[(2 + x)? = (2 — x)*]6y = a[(2 + Vy)? - (2 - Wy)*I6y y = m(avyléy ve op avy ay [\ ° Mess = or y'? ay aw em) 2 yy? # 3 J = 128m cubic units. 3 % i ¥ - &, 5 = = oe oo oe om Cylindrical Shells Method a) Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure) SP =y, - y. = 4~y,radii x and x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: = bv by 2mx(4 - y)éx , As y = x anx(4 - x*)6x ve 2 free - © )ax = 2m, 2x? - xt 7 { a. = 8 cubic units, b) Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure) SP = x, - x, = 2x , radii 4 - y and 4 ~y + 6y. The volume of the shell is: ee bv = 2n(4 - y). 2x Sy , AS x = Wy ve ale (4 - y) 2vy ay es ce ~41- 7 or (ay? - yay sng ye ay Is 3 |, = 512m cubic units. 15 c) Consider a hollow cylindrical 2 shell of height SP (see figure) y y=x SP = x, - x, = 2x , radii y and y + 6y units. ‘The volume of the shell is: év = 2my. 2x 6y , AS x = Vy bv = 4nyvy by ve or ye? ay =4n_2y! is, 256m cubic units. 5 da) Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure) SP = x, - x, = 2x , radii 1 +y and 1 +y + éy units. The volume of the shell i: év = 2n(1 + y) 2x 6y , AS x = W an(1 + y) vy by ar ons + wna ov v 4m 2 y+ 2 ye ts 5 | = 10881 cubic units. 15 e) Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure) SP = y,-Y.= 4 -y , radii 2 -x and 2~ x + 6x units. The volume of the shell is: =42- Sy = 2n(2 - x)(4 = y) 6x, AS y= 6y = 2"(2 ~ x)(4 - x?) 6x = 2n(8 ~ 2x? - 4x + x*)6x Cele (8 = 2x7 - 4x + Jax m= 29 Bx - 2x2 - 2x? + _xt [ 3 4 nar(16~ a6 - 844) - [16+ ag +e - ayy U\ ea 3 B} 3 = 128” cubic units. 3 Q 27. Slices method consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the line x = b (b>a) of radii b-x and b+x, thickness éy at a distance y from 0. ‘The volume of the slice is: 6V = r{(b + x)? ~ (b - x)*16y 1 [ (b*+2bx+x?) - (b?-2bx+x?) ]5y ambx 6y Note: #7 + y? =a? . x= $V = 4nb Va - y* by Vv = 4brf+ var =F dy (1) ‘The volume of the solid between -a and 0 is equal to the volume between 0 and a. v ae va? - y* y* dy Let y = a sin © a cosé 46 b+x ss = = = a -43- Note: When y = 8, 8 == Z y=0,0=0 Vay? = Vat-atsin"e = a cos® as 0<6<_z 2 < 0 abr a? cos'e dé = Note: 2cos*@ = cos 26+ 1 = 4a*br f° 2cos76 dé = 4a%be vr (1 + cos 28) a6 2a*by 6+ _1_ sin2@ |*/* 2 Jo { 4a? br a V2 = 2matb cubic units cylindrical shells method x+y? = az X=b far 2 apeiee sP=¥.- sp = Va - 8 - (-VaP x) i} & sp = ae s Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP(see figure), radii b- x andb-x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: 6V & 4n(b - x) Va? — x bx Vos an f. (b = x) Va? = 38 ax ae | Note: -44- let u=a?- x? : du = -2x dx when x =a ,u=0 when x = -a, u=0 2s [eee va? - 8 dx 5 = -28 ig udu = 0 As xVa® - x* is an odd function integrated between two equal pronumerals a and ~a which are equal but have opposite sign, therefore, the integral of this function should equal to 0. . Vs 4rb f va’ =x ax The solution of this integral is done in the slices method. see (1) V = 2m?a%b cubic units Q 28. Slices Method Consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the line x = 1 of radius (1 - x) unit ,thickness éx at a distance y from 0. The volune of the slice is: év = (1 - x)? by Note: y=1-x7 sx=Vi-y ma - vi - y)? by eg ay bv bet usi-y du = - ay when y= 1 , a yuo , u ee ea aor e- 4 we l 3 2 I. = 1 cubic units 6 — me jes ee =45- cylindrical Shells Method Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure) sP=y,-Y%=1-y, radii 1-x and 1 - x + 6x units. The volume of the shell is: év = 2n(1 = x)(1 - y)éx bv = 2n(1 - x)x? 6x v= 28 f (7 =e au ar) et "TS |, 1 cubic units 6 Q 29. Slices Method Consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the line to y- axis of radii x, y and x,, thickness éy at a distance y from 0. Xp The volume of the slice is: SV = w(x" — xX?) 6¥ As (x-a)? + y? = bt axsaivpoy év = al(a + WEP oy)? (a+ vera yy ley 4na vb? - y? by (xrayey? @-ayey 6v V = 4ar[? vb? - y? dy (1) The volume of the solid between -b and 0 is equal to the volume between 0 and b. . V = 8an[ vb* = y? ay let y=bsin@ « dy = bcosé do -46- Note: When y = b, 0 =a 2 y=0,0=0 -y? = vbt-b*sin*d = b cos® as 0<0<_x 2 s 0 Ban"? b* cos*@ dé Note: 4ab'r 2 2costé dé 1 4aber eg (1 + cos 28) ae aber er 1. sin2e |"? 2 I. carrey yb? cubic units. cylindrical shells method (xray? + y? = bP y = + vb - (xray? SP = 2 vb =(x-a)* Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP(see figure), radii x and x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: 2. 6V & 49x vb? -(x-a)* 6x v= 40 l= x vb? -(x-a)? dx Let u=x Note: When x = 2c0s*9 = cos 26+ 1 -47- ve ali (uta) vB™ eee |e ue du + 47a [° vb? ~ u? du as uvb? - @ is an odd function integrated between two equal pronumerals b and -b which are equal but have opposite sign, therefore, the integral of this function should equal to 0. Vv = 4ma f° vb? - ut du Let u = bsin @ du = bcosé 48 Note: Whenu=b , 0=2 2 u -b, @=—— Ww -wepsine |=” =bcos® as O<@6 i (“r O5 |, = 46.2." cubic units. 5 Q 34. Cylindrical Shells Method x23 SP = Ya ~ Ye sp = | VR-= (POOR) - (- VP = Gee aR)? Joy ay SP = Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP (see figure) radii x and x + 6x units. The volume of the shell is: 6V = 4x VR? = (x -2R)? by ——— a Vn anp xv Ge BEF ay (428) = aR) du = - dx . u=R . tomes v ae (u+2R) VR? -u? du er As uVR u? is an odd function integrated between two equal pronumerals R and -R which are equal but have opposite sign, therefore, the integral of this function should equal to 0. ™ u VR? -u? du + Late -60- nn Let u = Rsin 9 du = Rcosé 48 Note: When u = R , O=x1 2 u=-R , O==5 Vip-u = VR oR sin*6 2 =Rcos@ as 0¥ ww =24VarTy xP = 2+V4~y and x, év =al2z+va-y-2 wo 2 - V4 +V4-y léy -61- 6v = 2nVa- y by b) dy = 6x - 4x° (gradient function) ox Let dy = 0 To find the turning points x= 0 oF x= + V2 When x 0 x > V2, dy/ax < 0 . at (V2, 4) there is a maximum turning point. v= anf ve = y dy sran) 24 - yp7y* 3 I. = 32" cubic units. 3 Q 36*. Rotation about x = -_e 4 cylindrical shells method SP = ye - Yp =sinx-0 SP sin x Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP(see figure), radii o_ +x and 2 +x + 6x. 4 4 The volume of the shell is: 6V = 20 (_g_ +x) sin x 6x 7 ar ver Pyncher paces 2 Je ° * fies iors ligceal alle ** from Q.30 c) [PoE [pete eee Vv = x2 (2) + 2m (mw) = 9? + 2n? = 3x? cubic units 2 Q 37. Slices method Consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the line ~62- x = s (s>r) of radii s-x and s+x, thickness éy at a distance y from 0. The volume of the slice i: 6v = a[(s + x)? - (5 - x)?]6y = wf (s*+28x+x7)-(8?-25x+x") 15 = 4nsx by Note: x +yt=r? 2 x= vET= y 6V = 4ns vr* = y* by ‘The volume of the solid between -r and 0 is equal to the volume between 0 and r. 2 V = Berit vrF - y* ay Let y=rsino = dy =r cose dé Note: When y =r, 6 =a 2 y=0,0=0 = vr-rsine =r cosé as 0 <6 < 4 2 V = asn(*? r? cos*e d@ Note: 2cos*@ = cos 26+ 1 = 4r’sr ie 2cos"8 de = 4xse I’ (1 + cos 28) a6 = 4r’s 6 + 1 sin2e l 2 I saveron = 2wr's cubic units Cylindrical shells method xt ye = rt yout vr? - x? -63- sP=y.~Y¥, sp = vr? = x* - (-Vvr? - x?) , =SP = 2vr* = x? Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP(see figure), radii s - x ands - x + 6x. The volume of the shell is: 6V = 4n(s - x) vr? - 8 bx ee eee ax ae eee ee Note: ot xr = x8 dx = -2n(* (-2x) vO ~ Fes dJetusr-x du = -2x dx when x =r 7 uso when x = =r d= 0) eran) vr = -20 f way as xvr - x! is an odd function integrated between two equal pronumerals r and -r which are equal but have opposite sign, therefore, the integral of this function should equal to 0. VCE Gere! The solution of this integral is done in the slices method. See (1). Q 27 V = 2r%s cubic units Q 38. a) Rotation about the x-axis. Slices Method Consider a slice in the form of a disc perpendicular to the x ~axis of radius y , thickness 6x at -64- a distance x from 0. The volume of the slice is: 8V = ny? 6x as yt = bt - pie by = eta - xox leat! Viwr[s bt = pix?) ax el a | = bi = be l 3a |. Benes ~ big + bia - Be = grabt cubic units. cylindrical shells method vem at ays x = SP = SP = SP = ay Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP(see figure), radii _y and y + éy. The volume of the shell is: Vedra fy 1 - yay f v BF v= aaa py Pay Let u=b?-y? = du=- 2ydy wheny=b , u=0 y=0 , use ees ~65- V = gra we 3b I V = 4nab? cubic units. 3 b) Rotation about the lixe x = a. Slices Method Consider a slice in the form of a hollow disc perpendicular to the line x = a of radii a-x and a+x units, thickness 6y at a distance y from 0. The volume of the slice is: Vv = 4ma? [* vbF- y* ay bj. The volume of the solid between -b and 0 is equal to the volume between 0 and b. We Seer y? ay Let_y =p sin’ dy = b cosé a6 Note: When y = b, @ =a y=0,0=0 Voy = VEN = bcos®@ as0<6< 4 2 Vv = San Ip bt cos*6 d6 = Note: 2cos*@ = cos 20+ 1 bode -66- = 4a°br ia 2cos*e ae = 4a°br [ee (1 + cos 26) a8 = 4a%br [6 + 1. sin2e}"7* 2 = 4atbr x) 2 = 29?a*b cubic units cylindrical shells method SP , SP= 2 Consider a hollow cylindrical shell of height SP(see figure), radii a- x and a - x + éx. The volume of the shell is: 6V = 4m(a - x) / b? = bx? 6x are 4mb [* (a -x) /1 - x a: Lange SN Vr amb ft (a an Y= ae Be v v ale oe le ate “ ada As xva — x* is an odd function integrated between two equal pronumerals a and -a which are equal but have opposite sign, therefore, the integral of this function should equal to 0. -67- Vo= 4b f Vat - x* ax The volume of the solid between -a and 0 is equal to the volume between 0 and a. V = 8rb [* va? = x? ax Let x= asin® = dx =a cos dé Note: When y= a , 0 = 2 y=0 ,@=0 Var? = Var-atsin®é a cos8 as 0 <6

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