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DETERMINANTS
DETERMINANTS
2.1
Basic Concepts
The eliminant of the variables from the equations
(i)
is
(ii)
= a1b2 a2b1 = D
Properties Of Determinant
1.
The value of determinant is not altered by changing rows into columns and columns into rows.
2.
If any two adjacent rows or two adjacent columns of a determinate are interchanged, the
determinant retains its absolute value but changes its sign.
3.
If any line of a determinant D be passed over p parallel lines the resultant determinate is (1)p D.
4.
If any two rows or two columns of a determinant are identical, then the determinant vanishes.
5.
If each constituent in any row or in any column be multiplied by the same factor then the
determinant is multiplied by that factor.
6.
If each constituent in any row or column consists of r terms then the determinant can be
expressed as the sum of r determinants.
7.
If to or from each constituent of a row (or column) of a determinant are added or subtracted the
equi-multiples of the corresponding constituent of any other row (or column) the determinant
remains unaltered.
(a)
The value of a determinant is obtained by multiplying the elements of any row (or column) with
the corresponding cofactors and adding the resulting products.
(b)
If we multiply the elements of any row (or column) with the corresponding cofactors of any other
row (or column) and add them, then the result is zero.
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DETERMINANTS
(c)
2.3
Special Determinants :
a h g
(1)
(2)
-c
a
-a 0
b
= 0.
All the diagonal elements are zero and aij = aji or the elements situated at equal distance from
the diagonal are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Its value is zero.
a b c
(3)
The three rows or columns are the cyclic arrangement of the letters a, b, c, i.e. a, b, c ; b,
c, a and c, a, b respectively.
(4)
(i)
1 1 1
a b c
a2 b2 c 2
1 1
b c
a3 b3 c 3
(ii) a
= (a b) (b c) (c a)
=(a b) (b c) (c a) (a + b + c)
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DETERMINANTS
SOLVED PROBLESM
x
sin cos
-x
1
cos
1
x
is independent of q.
Ex.1
Sol.
sin q
cos q
sin q
sin q
sin q
cos q
cos q
Ex.2
Evaluate :
1
(i) 1 x + y
Sol.
(i)
Let
y
y
x+y
(ii)
x
y
x+y
y
x+y
x
x+y
x
y
y
y
x+y
D = 1 x+y
x+y
y
x
x+y
1 x x+y + 1 x+y y
= x + y + xy x y = xy
(ii)
Let
x
y
x+y
y
x+y
x
x+y
x
y
D=
=x
x+y x
x
y
x+y
x
y x + y y + (x + y) x + y
= x y + xy x y + x y + xy + x y x xy 2x y + xy x y y 2xy
3
= 2x 2y = 2 (x + y )
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DETERMINANTS
Ex.3
Sol.
Let
D=
x+
x
x
x
x+
x
x
x
x+
= 0, (a 0).
x+a
x
x
x
x+a
x
x
x
x+a
= (x + a)
x+a
x
x
x+a
2
x xx x +x a + x xx x +x a
2
= (x + a) [(x + a) x ] x [x (x + a) x ] + x [x x (x + a)]
3
2
2
2
= (x + a) x (x + a) ax ax
3
3
2
= (x + a) x 3ax
3
2
2
3
3
2
= x + 3ax + 3a x + a x 3ax
2
3
= 3a x + a
Equating it to zero, we have
2
3a x + a = 0
Ex.4
x=
a
3
D=
b+c c+a a+ b
c+a a+b b+c
a+ b b+c c+a
=0
Here,
2 (a + b + c ) c + a a + b
D = 2 (a + b + c ) a + b b + c
2 (a + b + c ) b + c c + a
(C1 C1 + C2 + C3)
1 c +a a+b
= 2 (a + b + c) 1 a + b b + c
1 b+c c+a
1 c +a a +b
= 2 (a + b + c) 0 b - c c - a
0 b-a c -b
b-c c -a
= 2 (a + b + c) 1 b - a c - b
= 2 (a + b + c) [(b c) (c b) (b a) (c a)]
2
2
2
= 2 (a + b + c) [bc c b + bc bc + ac + ab a ]
2
2
2
= 2 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca a b c )
Equating D to zero, we have
2
2
2
2 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca a b c ) = 0
2
2
2
Either a + b + c = 0 or ab + bc + ca = a + b + c
Either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c
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Ex.5
Sol.
DETERMINANTS
Show that
2 +
2 +
2 +
D=
a a2 b + g
b b2 g + a
g g2 a + b
Let
= (b g) (g a) (a b ) (a + b + g)
a - b a 2 - b2 b - a
b - g b2 - g 2 g - b
g
g2
a+b
1 a+b
-1
-1
a+b
= (a b) (b g) 1 b + g
g
= (a b) (b g)
0
a + b -1
0
b + g -1
a + b + g g2 a + b
(C1 C1 + C3)
= (a b) (b g) (a + b + g) ab ++ bg -- 11
= (a b) (b g) (a + b + g) (a b + b + g) = (a b) (b g) (g a) (a + b + g)
3a
-a + b -a + c
3b
-b + c
-c + a -c + b
3c
Ex.6
Show that -b + a
Sol.
= 3 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca)
D = a+b+c
1 -a+b -a+c
3b
-b+c
1 -c +b
3c
= (a + b + c) 1
1 -a+b -a +c
a-b
0 a - c a + 2c
= (a + b + c) 0 a + 2b
1+ p
1+ p + q
Ex.7
Prove that 2 3 + 2p 4 + 3p + 2q = 1
Sol.
Let
3 6 + 3p 10 + 6p + 3q
1+ p
1+ p + q
1 1+ p 1 + p + q
1
2+p
0 3
7 + 3p
D = 2 3 + 2p 4 + 3p + 2q = 0
3 6 + 3p 10 + 6p + 3q
2+p
= 3 7 + 3p = (7 + 3p) 3(2 + P) = 1
Ex.8
x + 2 x + 3 x + 2a
x + 2c
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6
Sol.
DETERMINANTS
Let
x + 2 x + 3 x + 2a
D = x + 3 x + 4 x + 2b
x + 4 x + 5 x + 2c
x + 2 x + 3 x + 2a
1
1
2(b - a)
2
2
2(c - a)
x+2 x+3
x + 2a
1
1
2(b - a)
0
0
2(c - a) - 4(b - a)
(R3 R3 2r2)
= [2 (c a) 4 (b a)] x +1 2 x +1 3
= [2c 2a 4b + 4a] (x + 2 x 3)
= [2c + 2a 4b] (1) = (4b 2a 2c)
Since, a, b, c are in AP,
2b = a + c
\
4b = 2a + 2c
Hence by (1), D = 0
(b + c)2
a2
a2
2
2
b
(c + a)
b2
2
2
c
c
(a + b)2
Ex.9
Prove that
Sol.
= 2abc (a + b + c)
(....1)
(b + c )2 a2 - (b + c )2 a2 - (b + c )2
b2
(c + a)2 - b2
0
2
c
0
(a + b)2 - c 2
b2 + c 2 + 2bc a - b - c a - b - c
b2
c + a-b
0
c2
0
a+b-c
D = (a + b + c)
Replacing C2 by C3 +
1
b
2bc
- 2c
- 2b
b2 c + a - b
0
c2
0
a+b-c
C1 and C3 by C3 +
D = (a + b + c)
2bc
b2
c+a
c2
c2
b
1
c
C1, we have
0
b2
c
a+b
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(a
c)
7
DETERMINANTS
Ex.10 Find the values of h if area of a triangle is 4 sq. units and vertices are (i) (k, 0) (4, 0) (0, 2)
Sol.
(i)
1 k 0 1
4 0 1
2 0 2 1
1
2
1
2
(2k + 8) = (4 k) sq units
k=0
k=8
Hence, the possible values of k are 0 and 8.
(ii)
1 -2 0 1
0 4 1
2 0 k 1
1
2
[2 (4 k) 0 (0 0) + 1 (0 0)]
= (k 4) sq units
According to the question,
k4=4
or
k 4 = 4
k=8
k=0
Hence, the possible values of k are 8 and 0.
Ex.11 Using determinants, find the equation of the line AB, joining
(i)
A (1, 2) and B (3, 6)
(ii)
A (3, 1) and B (9, 3)
Sol. Let P (x, y) be any point on AB. Then, area of the triangle ABP is zero, since the points A, B and P are
collinear. So,
(i)
1 1 2 1
3 6 1
2 x y 1
1
2
=0
6 y 6 + 2x + 3y 6x = 0
y = 2x
Hence, the equation of the line AB is y = 2x.
(ii)
1 3 1 1
9 3 1
2 x y 1
1
2
=0
9 3y 9 + x + 9y 3x = 0
2x = 6y
x = 3y
Hence, the equation of the line AB is x = 3y.
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DETERMINANTS
UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
EXERCISE I
Q.1
Q.2
Q.3
2 5
4 - 3
b2c 2 bc b + c
c 2a2 ca c + a
a2b2 ab a + b
1 a a2 - bc
1 b b2 - ac
1 c c 2 - ab
(a x - a - x )2 (a x - a - x )2 1
(a y + a - y )2 (a y - a - y )2 1
(a2 + a - z )2 (a z - a -z )2 1
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6
Prove that
1+ a
1
1
1 1+ b
1
1
1 1+ c
Q.7
Prove that
a + b + 2c
a
b
c
b + c + 2a
b
c
a
c + a + 2b
Prove that
(b + c )2 a2 bc
(c + a)2 b 2 ca
(a + b)2 c 2 ab
Q.9
Show that
1 + a2 - b2
2ab
- 2ab
2ab
1 - a2 + b2
2a
2b
1 - a2 - b2
- 2a
Q.10
Solve :
Q.8
3x - 8
3
3
3
3x - 8
3
3
3
3x - 8
x x 2 1 + x3
y y 2 1 + y3
z z2 1 + z3
sin( g + d)
1 1 1
= abc 1 1 + + + = abc + ab + bc + ca
= 2(a + b + c)3
= (a2 + b2 + c2) (a + b + c) (b c) (c a) (a b)
= (1 + a2 + b2)2
=0
Q.11
If x y z and
Q.12
If a, b, c are all positive and are pth, qth and rth terms respectively of a G.P. then prove that log b q 1
=0
Q.13
Find the area of a triangle with vertices : (3, 5), (3, 6), (7, 2)
Q.14
Find the value of l so that the points given below are collinear (l, 2 2l), (l + 1, 2l) and (4, l, 6
2l)
Q.15
Using determinants, find the area of the triangle, whose vertices are (2, 4), (2, 6) and (5, 4). Are the
given points collinear ?
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DETERMINANTS
BOARD PROBLES
EXERCISE II
Q.1
Prove
1 x x3
1 y y3
1 z z3
= (x y) (y z) (z x) (x + y + z).
Q.2
Q.3
Q.4
= 0.
[C.B.S.E. 2001]
[C.B.S.E. 2002]
= (x y) (y z) (z x).
(b)
x+y
x x
5 x + 4y 4 x 2x
10 x + 8 y 8x 3 x
Q.5
1 x + y x2 + y2
1 y + z y 2 + z2
1 z + x z2 + x 2
b2c 2 bc b + c
c 2a2 ca c + a
a2b2 ab a + b
[C.B.S.E. 2000]
43 3 6
35 21 4
17 9 2
[C.B.S.E. 2002]
= 0.
(b)
9 9 12
1 3 -4
1 9 12
a+x
y
z
x
a+y
z
x
y
a+z
= x3.
[C.B.S.E. 2003]
= a (a + x + y + z).
(b)
0 ab 2 ac 2
a2b 0 bc 2
a2c cb2 0
y+z
z
y
z
z+x
x
y
x
x+y
Q.6
Q.7
Q.8
[C.B.S.E. 2005]
Q.9
[C.B.S.E. 2005]
Q.10
x +1 x + 2 x + a
(a)
1 1 1
a b c
a3 b3 c 3
(b)
x
y
z
x2
y2
z2
y+z z+x x+y
= 4xyz
[C.B.S.E. 2004]
[C.B.S.E. 2005]
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (a + b + c)
= (x y) (y z) (z x) (x + y + z).
x +1 x + 2 x + a
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[C.B.S.E. 2006]
10
Q.11
DETERMINANTS
Using the properties of determinants, prove that
b+c c+a a+b
q+r r +p p+q
y+z z+x x+y
(a)
Q.12
a b c
=2 p q r
[C.B.S.E. 2006]
3a - a + b - a + c
a-b
3b
c -b
a-c b-c
3c
(b)
x y z
1 bc bc(b + c )
1 ca ca(c + a)
1 ab ab(a + b)
(a)
[C.B.S.E. 2007]
x x2 yz
y y2 zx
z z2 xy
= (x y) (y z) (z x) (xy + yz + zx)
[C.B.S.E. 2008]
= 0.
(b)
x x 2 1 + x3
y y 2 1 + y3
z z2 1 + z3
Q.13
Q.14
If a, b and c are all positive and distinct, show that D = b c a has a negative value.
a b c
c a b
[C.B.S.E. 2008]
3x - 8
3
3
3
3x - 8
3
3
3
3x - 8
Q.15
Solve for x :
Q.16
Q.17
= 0.
(a)
x x 2 1 + ax 3
y y 2 1 + ay 3
z z 2 1 + az 3
(b)
1 + a2 - b 2
2ab
- 2b
2ab
1 - a2 + b2
2a
2b
1 - a2 - b2
- 2a
(c)
1 x x2
x2 1 x
x x2 1
[C.B.S.E. 2008]
[C.B.S.E. 2008]
= (1 + axyz) (x y) (y z) (z x)
= (1 x )
3 2
= (1 + a2 + b2)3
(d)
1 a2 + bc a3
1 b2 + ca b3
1 c 2 + ab c 3
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (a2 + b2 + c2).
1 + a2 - b2
2ab
- 2b
2ab
1 - a2 + b2
2a
2b
1 - a2 - b2
- 2a
1+ p
1+ p + q
2 3
a2 + 1 ab
ac
ba b2 + 1 bc
ca
cb c 2 + 1
a
(c) 2 3 + 2p 1 + 3p + 2q = 1
3 6 + 3p 1 + 6p + 3q
= (1 + a + b ) (b)
2
= 1 + a2 + b2 + c2
(d) a - b b - c c - a = a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
b+c c +a a+b
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11
Q.18
Q.19
DETERMINANTS
Using properties of determinants, prove the following :
(a)
(b + c )2
ab
ca
ab
(a + c )2
bc
ac
bc
(a + b)2
(b)
a + b + 2c
a
b
c
b + c + 2a
b
c
a
c + a + 2b
[C.B.S.E. 2010]
= 2abc (a + b + c)3
= 2 (a + b + c)3
[C.B.S.E. 2010]
2x - 3
2x - 9
3x - 4
3 x - 16
x - 8 2x - 27 3x - 64
[C.B.S.E. 2011]
=0
b+c
a
a
b
c+a
b
c
c
a+b
Q.20
Q.21
x+y
x
x + 2y
x+y
x+y
x + 2y
[C.B.S.E. 2012]
[C.B.S.E. 2013]
= y2(x + y)
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE 1 (UNSOLVED PROBLEMS)
2. 0
10. x =
3. 0
4. 0
5. 0
11 11 2
, ,
3
3 3
1
, 1
2
3 3 3
5. (b) 2a b c
7. 0 or 3a
15.
2
3
or
11
3
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