Name- Priyanka kumari

Subject code:- MCA 1040(System Analysis and Design)

Roll No.- 1408013126

1. Differentiate Real time systems and Distributed systems.

Ans: Real time system:- Systems that must produce the output within
specified limits of time after obtaining the requisite input are referred
to as real time systems.Real time systems include all those systems
that have a very small response time .Typically ,a real time system
consists of the components organised in the manner.
The turn around time of a real time system is very rigid.
Example:- Aircraft autopilot system is a good example of a real time
system.The autopilot ust respond to an emergency immediately, failing
which disastrous consequences are inevitable.
Distributed system:- A system whose components are not all
localised at one place are called a distributed system.
Theblocalisation may be in turms of physically seperated at different
geographical locations or simply logically seperated. The resources of
such systems are normally located at different places under different
forms but all the components at all the places work in tandem to
achieve the system goal.
The Internet is a very good example of a distributed system. A web page
may be located at a logical site called www.abc.com physically hosted on a
server possibly at another site.
2. What do you mean by systems state of equilibrium? Also
illustrate the process of stabilizing system.

exists for every natural and artificial system with

respect to its operating environment.Usually ,you can regard it as the
balance of power. The state of equilibrium is based on how a system
subsists from its own:
Ans:-A state of eqillibrium

Degree of dominance
Subordination by another systems
Usually ,a system is described at any point at any point of time,by an initial
state and a final state.
System stabilization:To ensure their long life,all natural and artificial systems must maintain a
level of stability. Or else,the system can become unbalanced and possibly
develop into a risk to itself and neighbouring systems.
Systems should include inbuilt design qualities that help them to
stabilize and handle their responses to dynamic external stimuli.
Stabilisation is eventually dependent on having some type of
standardized reference that is stable , dependent, and consistent.
3. What is structured design? Illustrate the process of
modularisation. Also discuss modular design technique.
Ans:-- Structure Design:- Now let us come to the concept of structured
design. Structured Design is a methodology for breaking down a problem
which can be a goal or a task or a system into small scale problems (Subproblems) and solving these smaller problems.
Sub-problems are then arranged into a hierarchy that forms successions of
procedures.
Process of modularization:- Now,as you know, a program is divided into
small and independent modules in case of structured design. They are
organized in a hierarchy that estimates a model of the business area and
is structured in a top-down manner.Therefore , structured design is an
effort to reduce complications and make a problem easy by subdividing it
into smaller sections,which is known as modularization or decomposition.

Modular design technique:-- In this technique, the system is segmented

into independently named and addressable components, known as
modules that are incorporated to fulfil problem requirements. It has been
specified that modularity is the single attribute that permits a program to be
controllable.Monolithic system (that is, a large program consisting of a
single module) cannot be easily recognized by a reader.
4 .Write short notes on:
a. Data Dictionary
b. Data Element
c. Data Structure
d. Data Store
e. Data Flow
Ans:- Data Dictionary
A catalogue comprising all data elements,data structures and processes
depicted in logical DFDs is known as a data dictionary. Following are some
of the terminologies used in DFD:

Data Element :-- Data element is defined as the smallest unit of data
having some meaning. For example , part code, part name, etc.,are
data elements.
Data Structure :-- A set of data elements that illustrate a unit in the
system is known as a data structure. For example , part Details is a
data structurecomprising part code,part name,etc.,data elements.
Data Store:-- A data structure used for gathering data input
throughout processing is known as data store. For example, Part
Register is a data store.

 Data Flow :-- A data structure that represents a unit of data in motion
is known as data flow. For example , a data flow ,New part Details
moves from an external entity to a process.
5. What are the different types of methods used for the training
of operators and users? Discuss.
Ans:- Vender and In-service Training :- The best source of traning is the
vender who provides the equipment .Mainly , vendors provides
extensive educational programs included in their services.the courses
provided by experienced trainers ana sales personnel, includes all
aspects of utilizing the equipment such as how to turn it on and off
,how to store and retrieve data, etc. One session is provided for
hands on training also in order that the members can freely use the
system in front of the trainers.
In service training take place after an employee starts using the
software. On installation of some software like database management
system or teleprocessing, training employee before hand is
preferable to in-service training.
In-House Training :- The major benefit of providing in house
training is that instructions can be customized as per the needs
organization. The vendors generally negotiate fees and charges that
are more cost-effective in order that organizations can include more
personnel in the training program. In-house training enables vendors,
to understand the real time problems and suggest appropriate
remedies.The disadvantages of in-house training include disturbing
telephone calls, business crisis and other disruptions.
6. Explain the concept of inheritance and polymorphism with
example.
Ans:- -

 Inheritance:- Inheritance is defind as a method in which the

subclass inherits the properties and attributes of a class . In the
process of Inheritance the subclasses can be refined by adding some
new attributes and functionality.
A lot of repetitive coding is there when numerous different classes
supporting the same protocol are executed. Inheritance permits the
sharing of the implementation of operations to most of the objectoriented systems instead of duplicate code in different classes.
Polymorphism:- Polymorphism signifies the ability to influence the
objects of different classes knowing just thire general properties. For
example, an operation reservation would be considered appropriately
by a class illustrating a train by means of rules applicable to the
railway. The same operation reservation would be considered in a
different way by another class in case of airline.
Polymorphism signifies many forms. It is also known as method
overridind which is defined as the ability of an object-oriented
program to have various forms of the same method having the same
name inside a superclass/subclass relationship.