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7 Further reading
Nicholas II
The peace conference was proposed on August 29, 1898 by Russian Tsar Nicholas II.[4]
Nicholas and Count Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov, his foreign minister, were
instrumental in initiating the conference. The conference opened on May 18, 1899, the
Tsar's birthday. The conveniton was signed on July 29 of that year, and entered into force
on September 4, 1900. The Hague Convention of 1899 consisted of four main sections
and three additional declarations (the final main section is for some reason identical to the
first additional declaration):
The main effect of the Convention was to ban the use of certain types of modern
technology in war: bombing from the air, chemical warfare, and hollow point bullets.
Theodore Roosevelt
The second conference, in 1907, was generally a failure, with few major decisions.
However, the meeting of major powers did prefigure later 20th-century attempts at
international cooperation.
The second conference was called at the suggestion of President Theodore Roosevelt in
1904, but postponed because of the war between Russia and Japan. The Second Peace
Conference was held from June 15 to October 18, 1907, to expand upon the original
Hague Convention, modifying some parts and adding others, with an increased focus on
naval warfare. The British tried to secure limitation of armaments, but were defeated by
the other powers, led by Germany, which feared a British attempt to stop the growth of
the German fleet. Germany also rejected proposals for compulsory arbitration. However,
the conference did enlarge the machinery for voluntary arbitration, and established
conventions regulating the collection of debts, rules of war, and the rights and obligations
of neutrals.
The Final Agreement was signed on October 18, 1907, and entered into force on January
26, 1910. It consisted of thirteen sections, of which twelve were ratified and entered into
force:
The Brazilian delegation was led by the statesman Ruy Barbosa, whose contribution was
essential for the defense of the principle of legal equality of nations.[7] The British
delegation included the 11th Lord Reay (Donald James Mackay), Sir Ernest Satow and
Eyre Crowe. The Russian delegation was led by Fyodor Martens.The Uruguayan
delegation was led by Jos Batlle y Ordez, great defender of the compulsory arbitration
by creating the idea of an International Court of Arbitration, and an alliance of nations to
force the arbitration.
Korea made a futile effort to take part in the conference, in an incident known as the
Hague Secret Emissary Affair. King Gojong dispatched Yi Jun, Yi Sang-Seol and Yi WiJong as envoys to the second peace conference, to argue that Eulsa Treaty was unjust and
ask for help from the international society to recover Koreas diplomatic sovereignty. An
American missionary, Homer Hulbert, also travelled to The Hague to argue against the
treaty. All four men were denied entry.[8]
See also
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica article Peace
Conferences.
American Peace Society
Antimilitarism
Command responsibility
Hague Secret Emissary Affair
Martens Clause
Militarism
Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868 (Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of
War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight)
World Federation
Notes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
References
Avalon Project at Yale Law School on The Laws of WarContains the full texts
of both the 1899 and 1907 conventions, among other treaties.
List of signatory powers of the Hague Conventions
Hudson, Manley O. (January 1931). "Present Status of the Hague Conventions of
1899 and 1907". The American Journal of International Law 25: 114117.
DOI:10.2307/2189634.
Lee, Jin Hyuck. The First Hague Peace Conference 1899 as portrayed in Punch
Schlichtmann, Klaus (2003). "Japan, Germany and the Idea of the two Hague
Peace Conferences". Journal of Peace Research 40 (4): 377394.
Schcking, Walther (1918). The International Union of the Hague Conferences.
Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Trueblood, Benjamin F. (1899). The Federation of the World. Boston and New
York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Robinson, James J. (September 1960). "Surprise Attack: Crime at Pearl Harbor
and Now". ABA Journal 46(9). American Bar Association. p. 978.
Further reading
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Sources of
international
criminal law
Crimes against
international law
International courts
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Rome Statute
War of aggression
Command responsibility
History
Related concepts
Superior Orders
Joint Criminal Enterprise
Laws of war
Universal jurisdiction