Static Equations

Axial Loads

Fx 0 Fy 0 M 0

Axial Stress

Normal stress
P force
A cross-sectional area

P
L
A
E
N

Allowable Stress Factor of Safety

Pfailure
P allowable

Strain

failure

Pallowable

failure

allowable

ur

pl pl

2
pl

2.

Case 2: geometric conditions

3.

L1 L2

Case 3: AtBtgapAB

Integration of axial members

dF x
dx

q x 0
du

F x AE

dx

where,

Modulus of Toughness, ut area under the stress strain curve

Poissons ratio

[1]

T x

du
dx

Torsion

lat

Shear Stress

long

Hookes Law of Shear stress

r
T
J

G
Shear stress
G Modulus of Rigidity
shear strain

1 2

Case 1 :

/E

Ai Ei

1.

L1

i 1

T L
change in length
thermal coefficient
change in the temperature
length of the segment

Normal stress
E Modulus of Elasticity
strain
Modulus of Resilience

Pi Li

Statically Indeterminate axial loads

shear strain
/ L for small angle

Hookes Law

Remember that the temperature can have

1.
Strain without stress
2.
Stress without strain

strain
change in length
L0 original length

AE

change in length
load in the segment
length of the segment
area of the segment
modulus of elasticity of the segment
number of segments

T
L

L0

dx

Temperature strain and deflections

Shear Strain

PL

A x E

shear stress
V shear force
A cross-sectional area

F .S

An axial load acting over several segments

Average Shear Stress

Constant over a length

P x

E
21

Tr
J

shear stress
maximum outside radius
torque (F-L)
polar moment of inertia

[2]

r4

solid shaft

Forces
Moment

2
J

ri 4

4
o

Point Force
ro - outside radius ri - inside radius
Distributed
load
Ramp load

Power

P = Tf
P
T

power (force-length/time)
Torque
angular velocity in rad/s
frequency in Hz.

Angle of Twist

niAi

J xG

Ai
yi
Ii

JG

Torsional loads acting over a number of segments

Ti Li

i 1

J i Gi

T
L
J
G
N

-w < x a >

-F < x a>

-(w/2L)< x a >

yi

niAiyi

di2niAi

di

center of the section

moment of inertia

bh 3

12

r4

hollow circular section, I

Compatibility conditions
Case 1 :

distance of the center from centroid

ni

ratio of modulus of Elasticity

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

4.

dx

dM
dx

i 1
N

V x

< xa>

Point Force

< xa>

Distributed
load
Ramp load

Function
-2
-1

< xa>
< xa>

0
1

Finding the moment of inertia

i 1

i 1

-1
0

-(w/L) < x a>

Flexural Stress Bending Moment Stress

-2

-w < x a>

I ni I i ni Ai d i2

F(x)
-M < x a>
-F < x a>

n A
i 1

The singularity functions are defined for various force loads.

Forces
Moment

n A y

Slope on the moment diagram is the value of the shear

diagram.

w x &

w x dx & M V x dx
dV

Ei

Centroid -- which is the location of the NA

Compute the reactions

Find V(x)
Find M(x) , which is the area under the shear diagram

Area of the section

solid circular section, I

1.
2.
3.

-(w/6L) < x a>

niIi

prismatic section ,

angle of twist in radians

torque in the segment
length of the segment
polar moment of inertia of the segment
modulus of rigidity of the segment
number of segments

Case 2:

-(w/2) < x a>

4
o

ri 4

M
I
y
n

My

stress due to bending

bending moment
moment of inertia
distance from the neutral axis
ratio of moduli of elasticity

yi y

Statically Indeterminate Torque

dx

TL

-F< xa>

-M < x a>

Table setup to find the centroid and moment of inertia

T x

M(x)
-1

Moment of Inertia

Constant over a length

V(x)
-M < x a >

E j

Flexural Stress Section Modulus

S zz
Izz
ymax

I zz
y max

i 1

i 1

3
o

Flexural Shear Stress,

2.

Ib

Pr

Pressure,

2t

My

I
VQ
Ib
Pr

& h

Compute the stress for each load independent of the

other stresses
Sum the stresses on the stress block to final stress
loading

Equations of Plane Stress

Sign Convention

Q Ai d i Ai y i y
Q

4.

1.

VQ

shear from the shear diagram

moment of inertia
cross-section thickness
first moment

Principle of Superposition

Shear Stress (flexural)

V
I
b
Q

Flexural Stress

5.

moment of inertia
distance from the neutral axis

3.

Angle
Shear Stress

xy

Normal Stress

ri3 -- hollow cylinder at neutral axis

(+) CCW

( - ) CW

(+) CCW on VP

( - ) CW on VP

(+) Tension

( - ) Compression

Shear Flow

VQ

I
q
V
Q
I

shear flow (force / length )

shear force from shear diagram
first moment (can include n*A)
moment of inertia

Connector spacing

s
s
N
F
q

x y

x y

cos 2 xy sin 2

cos 2 xy sin 2

x y

Spherical Vessel

p1 , p 2

2.

Cylindrical Vessel

Pr
2t
Pr
2t

sin 2 xy cos 2

Principal Stresses

spacing between connectors

number of connectors
Force /connector
shear flow

1.

P
r
t

x y

xy

NF

Pressure Vessels

a
h

x y

x y
2

x y

xy

p 3 0 or P
& h

Pr

Angles

axial or longitudinal stress

hoop stress
internal pressure
inner radius of the tank
wall thickness

x
y
xy

Combined Loads
1.

Axial load

2.

Torsional

2 xy

tan 2 p

x
y

x
y

,
tan
2

2 xy

normal stress acting in x direction on the VP

normal stress acting in y direction on the HP
shear stress acting on the VP

x,y,xy are the transformed stresses

(Note xy is acting on the VP)
p
angle need to rotate the block to get principal

P
A
Tr
J

stresses.

angle need to rotate the block to get maximum inplane shear stress acting on the block

p1,p2

principal stresses

x y z

V0

Center

xy

EI

x y

v(x)
M (x)
E
I

x y
2

p max p min
2

, ave

x y
2

where, 3 or z is equal to zero except on the inside of a

pressure vessel, where 3= - Pressure.
Construction of Mohrs circle
Plot the points
Connect the two points with a line, where it
crosses the x-axis is the center of the circle.
Draw the circle.
The radius of the circle is the maximum in-plane
shear stress. The principal stresses are the points
where the circle crosses the x-axis.

1
E

x
xy

y x
x y

x y
E

xy
G

v x M x

Forces
Moment

V(x)

Point Force

-F< xa>

M(x)

-M < x a >

-1

-M < x a>

-F < x a>

Distributed
load
Ramp load

-w < x a >

Forces
Moment

EI v(x)

Point Force

-(F/2) < x a >

Distributed
load
Ramp load

-(w/6)< x a >

-(w/2) < x a>

-(w/2L)< x a >

-M < x a >

d4

EI

dx 2

Displacement at location x
Moment at location x
Modulus of elasticity
Moment of inertia

Find the strains from known stress

d2

-(w/6L) < x a>

EI v(x)
1

-(M /2 ) < x a>

2

-(F/ 6)< x a>

-(w/24L)< x a >

-(w/24)< x a>
4

-(w/120L) < x a>

Singularity functions do not turn on until a is reached. The

boundary conditions are used to solve the problem.

Plane Stress

1 2

The singularity functions are defined for various force loads

to continue from the earlier singularities.

Maximum Shear Stress

Solve the problems using the boundary conditions

Using the slope or deflection.

p1 = center + R
p2 = center - R
n = center + Rcos()
n = Rsin()
max in-plane = R

3.
4.

Integrate the moment equation to find deflection

It is a graphical method to find the stresses acting on any

stress block.

1.
2.

Deflection Calculations

Mohrs Circle

max 3 D

E
1 2
E
1 2

y
x

v x w x

dx 4

d3

EI

dx 3

d2

EI

dx 2

x 0

EI

d
dx

xy G xy

v x

w x dx V x

v x

V x dx M x

v x

M x dx S x

EIv x
v(x)
w (x)
V (x)
M (x)
S (x)

Volume dilatation

S x dx

Displacement at location x
Force at location x
Shear at location x
Moment at location x
Slope at location x ( * EI)

E
I

Modulus of elasticity
Moment of inertia

Superposition for deflection of a beam

Learn to use the tables to find the deflection and slope at a
point on the beam.
Indeterminate Beams
Two methods to solve the indeterminate deflection problems
for the deflection of beams.
1.

Integration of the moment equations

(a) Start from the force function
(b) Apply boundary conditions to solve for the
coefficients of integration.

2.

Superposition Method
(a) Break the problem into statically determinate
problems.
(b) Solve the problem using the boundary conditions
for displacement and/or slope.

Buckling of Columns

Pcr

Pcr
Le
cr
A
E
I
r

2 EI
L2e

2 EA
Le

cr

2E
Le

Critical buckling force

Effective length
Critical buckling stress
Cross-sectional area
Modulus of elasticity
Moment of inertia
radius of gyration

I
A

L/r

slenderness ratio

Effective lengths
The effective length is dependent on the boundary conditions
in the column

Fixed Fixed translation Le=1.0L