1 3 F Calculations Involving Gas Volumes

1.3.
f Formulae, equations and amounts of substance

Students will be assessed on their ability to:
f.
use chemical equations to calculate volumes of gases and vice versa using the concepts of amount of substance
and molar volume of gases, eg calculation of the mass or volume of CO2 produced by combustion of a hydrocarbon
(given a molar volume for the gas)
Q1.
For drivers in the UK, the legal limit of the concentration of ethanol (molar mass
46 g mol1) in the blood is 80 mg per 100 cm3. This is equivalent to a concentration of
A
17.4 mol dm3
1.74 mol dm3
0.0174 mol dm3
0.00174 mol dm3

(Total for Question = 1 mark)
Q2.
Hydrogen and oxygen react according to the following equation.
If all volumes are measured at 110 C and one atmosphere
pressure, the volume of steam produced after 50 cm3 of
hydrogen react completely with 25 cm3 of oxygen is
A
25 cm3
50 cm3
75 cm3
D 100 cm3
(Total for question = 1 mark)
Q3.
The equation for the complete combustion of octane is
(a) The mass of 10 mol of octane is
(1)
A
0.66 kg
1.14 kg
2.10 kg
2.28 kg
(b) The volume of 1 mol of any gas (measured at room temperature and pressure) is 24 dm3. Hence the
volume of oxygen (measured at room temperature and pressure) required for the complete combustion of
10 mol of octane is
(1)
A
240 dm3
300 dm3
3000 dm3
6000 dm3
(Total for question = 2 marks)

Q4.
Complete combustion of 50 cm3 of a hydrocarbon vapour gave 350 cm3 of carbon dioxide, both gas
volumes being measured at the same temperature and pressure. The formula of the hydrocarbon could
be
A C8H18
B C7H16
C C6H14
D C5H12

Q5.
Which of the following gas samples occupies the greatest volume at the same
temperature and pressure?
A 1 gram of ethane
C 1 gram of fluorine
B 1 gram of oxygen
D 1 gram of neon
Q6.
The overall equation for the reaction between sulfur and oxygen to form sulfur trioxide
is shown below.
0.9 mol of O2(g) reacted completely with excess sulfur. What volume, in dm3, of
sulfur trioxide would form?
[Assume the molar gas volume = 24 dm3 mol-1]
A (0.9 3/2) 24
B (0.9 3/2) 24
C (0.9 2/3) 24
D (0.9 2/3) 24

Q7.
0.400 g of magnesium ribbon reacted with exactly 22.2 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of
concentration 1.50 mol dm3.
400 cm3 of hydrogen gas was formed, the volume being measured at room temperature
and pressure.
In the calculations that follow, use the following molar masses:
Mg = 24.0 g mol1
Cl = 35.5 g mol1
(a) Calculate the amount (in moles) of magnesium used.
(1)
(b) Calculate the amount (in moles) of hydrochloric acid used.

(1)
(c) Calculate the amount (in moles) of hydrogen produced.

[Molar volume of any gas at room temperature and pressure = 24 000 cm3 mol1]
(1)
(d) Show that the calculated amounts of magnesium, hydrochloric acid and hydrogen are consistent with
the following equation for the reaction
(1)
(e) Calculate the maximum mass of magnesium chloride that would be formed in this reaction. Give your
answer to three significant figures.
(3)
(Total for Question = 7 mark)
Q8.
Hydrogen has three isotopes, 1H, known as protium, 2H, deuterium, and 3H, tritium.
(a) In terms of sub-atomic particles, give the similarities and differences between atoms of these three
isotopes of hydrogen.
(3)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(b) When a nitrogen atom collides with a high energy neutron, one atom of tritium
and one atom of another element are formed. Complete the equation below.
(1)
(c) Tritium-deuterium gas, consisting of molecules each containing one deuterium atom and one tritium
atom, is used in some nuclear warheads. Typically, each warhead has about 4.0 g of the gas added.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of tritium-deuterium in 4.0 g.
(2)
(ii) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 4.0 g of tritium-deuterium gas.

[Molar volume of a gas under these conditions = 24 000 cm3 mol1]
(1)
(d) Tritium is not usually included in calculations of the

relative atomic mass of hydrogen, because it is
radioactive and has a relatively short half-life. Calculate
the relative atomic mass of hydrogen with the following
isotopic composition. Give your answer to four decimal
places.
(2)
(e) The electronic energy levels in hydrogen are shown

below.
(i) Mark on the energy level diagram, with an arrow, the

transition that
represents the ionization energy of hydrogen.
(1)
(ii) In some versions of the Periodic Table, hydrogen is
placed in the same group
as sodium. Give the electronic configurations for both a
hydrogen atom and a
sodium atom, using the s and p notation.
Use these electronic configurations to suggest why this
is a reasonable
grouping.
(2)
H
........................................................................................................................................................................
Na
........................................................................................................................................................................
*(f) Which element in the Periodic Table has the highest first ionization energy? Justify
your answer.
(3)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Q9.
Sodium burns in oxygen to give a pale yellow solid X.
(a) (i) 1.73 g of sodium reacts with 1.20 g of oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula of X.
(2)
(ii) The molar mass of X is 78 g mol1. Give the molecular formula of X.

(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Write the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of sodium with oxygen to produce X.
(2)
(iv) Calculate the volume of oxygen in dm3 (at room temperature and pressure) which reacts with 1.73 g
of sodium. (The molar volume of any gas at room temperature and pressure is 24 dm3 mol1.)
(2)
(v) Calculate the number of oxygen molecules that react with 1.73 g of sodium.
(The Avogadro constant = 6.02 1023 mol1.)
(1)
>(b) If sodium is burnt in air, compound X is not the only product. Suggest why this is so.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Q10.
This question is about hydrocarbons.
(a) Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a fuel sold as an alternative to petrol. It is a
mixture of liquefied C3 and C4 alkanes.
(i) Suggest a reason why the alkanes are liquefied.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) There are two C4

alkanes.
Draw skeletal
formulae of each of
the C4 alkanes in the
spaces
provided.Name each
alkane.
(4)
(iii) Complete the
following sentence.
(1)
Compounds with the
same molecular
formula but different
structural formula are
called:
.............................
(b) Propane, C3H8, reacts with chlorine, Cl2, in a
substitution reaction.
The mechanism for this reaction is described in three stages.
(i) Give the initiation step for this reaction and state the condition necessary for
this step to occur.
(2)
Initiation step
Condition
........................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give the TWO propagation steps for this reaction.
(2)
(iii) Give a possible termination step for this reaction.

(1)
(c) Myrcene, C10H16, is a naturally occurring compound

which is used in perfumes.
(i) Name the functional group in myrcene.
(1)
............................................................................................
(ii) What colour change would you observe when bromine, dissolved in an organic
solvent, is added to myrcene?
(1)
From ........................................................................ To ...............................................................................
(iii) Classify the type and mechanism of the reaction that occurs when myrcene
reacts with bromine, Br2.
(2)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(iv) In an experiment, 1.36 g of myrcene (molar mass: 136 g mol1) was found to react with 0.72 dm3 of
hydrogen, H2, in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
Use this information to draw the structural formula of the product of the reaction between myrcene and
hydrogen.
[Assume the molar volume of H2 under the conditions of the experiment is dm3mol1.]
(2)
Calculation
Hence structural formula of the product
(d) Myrcene is one of a group of compounds related to 2-methylbut-2-ene shown below.

2-methylbut-2-ene undergoes addition polymerization in a similar way to ethene.
Draw the structural formula of the repeat unit of the polymer formed.
(2)

Q11.
Sulfamic acid is a white solid used by plumbers as a limescale remover.
(a) Sulfamic acid contains 14.42% by mass of nitrogen, 3.09% hydrogen and 33.06% sulfur. The
remainder is oxygen.
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of sulfamic acid.
(3)
(ii) The molar mass of sulfamic acid is 97.1 g mol1. Use this information to deduce the molecular formula
of sulfamic acid.
(1)
(b) A solution of sulfamic acid contains hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ions react with magnesium to
produce hydrogen gas. In an experiment, a solution containing 5.5 x 103 moles of sulfamic acid was
reacted with excess magnesium. The volume of hydrogen produced was 66 cm3, measured at room
temperature and pressure.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to carry out this experiment, showing how you
would collect the hydrogen produced and measure its volume.
(2)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen, H2, produced in this reaction
[The molar volume of a gas is 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure]
(1)
(iii) Show that the data confirms that each mole of sulfamic acid produces one mole of hydrogen ions in
solution.
(2)
(c) Plumbers use sulfamic acid powder for descaling large items such as boilers. Sulfamic acid acts as a
descaler because the hydrogen ions react with carbonate ionsin limescale.
(i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction of hydrogen ions with carbonate ions. State symbols are not
required.
(1)
(ii) Suggest ONE reason why sulfamic acid is considered less hazardous than hydrochloric acid as a
descaler.
(1)
..............................................................................................................................................
Q1.
No Examiner's Report available for this question
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Q6.
Q7.
(a)
Most candidates found the calculations in this question straightforward and a higher
proportion were able to round their final answer in (e) correctly than has been the case
with similar questions in earlier papers in this series. However, a significant number of
candidates still expressed their answers to the first three parts of the question incorrectly
with excessive and incorrect rounding being the common errors. While the stoichiometric
ratio question seemed well understood by most candidates, the mark was often lost by
either failing to make the necessary link between the calculation and the equation or looking
at only two figures, usually the magnesium and the acid.
Results Plus: Examiner Comments

An excellent answer although the candidate has chosen to use the Ar of magnesium given in the
Periodic Table rather than the approximate value stated in the question.

This candidate clearly understands how to do this question but in (d) fails to complete the answer,
only considering the stoichiometric ratio of magnesium to hydrogen. Note also the use of a rounded
value of the number of moles in (e).
Results Plus: Examiner Tip

It is good practice to retain in your calculator unrounded values obtained in intermediate steps of a
calculation and to use these rather than the rounded values that you write down.
Q8.
(a)
This question illustrated a number of weaknesses. First, candidates failed to read the
question, thinking it referred to nuclei, rather than atoms, and omitted to give any
comment about electrons. Another common answer was to correctly make the statements
about protons and electrons, but to simply say 'different numbers of neutrons' which was
insufficient at this level. Some gave the incorrect numbers of neutrons, most commonly one
for protium etc. Very weak candidates gave differing numbers of electrons or protons.
This candidate has failed to mention electrons and given an insufficient statement about neutrons.
Read the question carefully and remember

This is an instructive 2 mark answer.
The candidate has the electrons and protons correct, but has not considered what the effect of their
neutron numbers will be on the mass numbers of the isotopes.
Check answers carefully and critically.
(b)
Though an unfamiliar type of equation, many candidates applied their understanding of
mass number and atomic number to arrive at the correct answer. Some gave the correct
numbers with the wrong element, while others gave the wrong numbers with the correct
element.
This equation is not balanced for neutrons, giving the wrong mass number for carbon.
It is always a good idea to try out lots of examples of applying your knowledge to unfamiliar
situations.

A common example of the incorrect element, which does not match the proton number.
Make sure you understand the significance of atomic number.
(c) (i) - (ii)
In part (i) it was necessary to first calculate the molar mass of tritium-deuterium. This
proved quite a challenge. Provided candidates made it clear they had calculated molar
mass, by stating "Molar mass =", they could get a transferred error mark for the second
mark if they correctly divided the mass by the molar mass.
Similarly in (ii) they received a transferred error mark from their calculated number of
moles. Answers were acceptable in cubic centimetres or cubic decimetres, but if given in
cubic decimetres the unit was essential. There were a few incorrect units.
Though the candidate has the wrong molar mass in part (i), they have made clear what it is, so get
one mark.
In part (ii), they should have got an answer of 31920, but the use of the original fraction from part (i)
was not penalised.
With calculations always make working clear.

Notice that the candidate has indicated the molar mass in part (i), so even though it is incorrect they
get the second mark.
Unfortunately they divided by the molar volume in (ii) so do not gain any credit.
It is worth practising this very common type of calculation, calculating a volume of a gas from its
mass, without using the density.
(d)
Candidates needed to show their working clearly if they got the wrong answer, which many
did because they were unable to give their answer to four decimal places. A few lost a mark
for incorrect units, though the unit was not required.
A well set out correct answer.
Always show your working - it may get you credit even if you make an arithmetic error.

Although the candidate has the correct expression for calculating the relative atomic mass which
gained the first mark, the answer is not given to four decimal places.
Ensure you understand the difference between significant figures and decimal places.
(e) (i)
Though this was the easiest question of this type, it was rather poorly done with arrows
from and to the wrong energy levels, and both up and down.
Though this starts from the correct level and goes in the correct direction, the arrow only reaches
n=2 which is not enough.
Try out lots of these types of questions with different elements, for different ionization energies.

Here the energy levels are correct but the arrow is in the wrong direction for ionization.
Think about what ionization means when answering questions like this.
(e) (ii)
Lower scoring candidates gave the electronic configuration for lithium but could still score
the second mark.
In the second part it was essential to mention the term 'outer', so answers like 'both have a
half filled s shell' or 'same electron configuration were insufficient'.
A typical one mark answer for the correct electron configurations.
Try to be critical of your own answers. Have you said everything you know which is relevant?

This answer secures the second mark at the end with the words 'and their outer shells'. It also
benefits from extremely clear writing.
Write clearly in black ink making lower case letters large enough to be read easily.
(f)
Lower scoring candidates selected elements other than helium. Though hydrogen could
score justification marks, it was not possible to credit justifications for any other elements of
which neon was the most common.
Some who correctly gave helium only made generalisations of ionization energies rising
across periods or down groups when something more concrete relating to helium was
needed. Similarly reference to a filled electron sub-shell was insufficient.
Although true statements about helium are given, they are insufficient explanations to justify the
answer.
Justifications should always attempt to answer the question 'why' as fully as possible.

Helium and more (electron) shielding are worth 2 marks.
The structure of the second sentence can be construed as 'it' refers to an electron which is close to
the nucleus, so a mark was awarded on this occasion.
Always try to be precise in answers.
Q9.
(a)(i)
Many candidates calculated the empirical formula correctly as NaO.

1:1 ratio of Na:O had not been made explicit, but the correct answer NaO was given so both marks
were awarded.
Always show every step in your working.
(a)(ii)
A surprising number of candidates gave a molecular formula for a compound for which the molar mass
was not 78 g mol1.
(a)(iii)
Many candidates were awarded both marks, but a significant number gave the state symbol for Na2O2 as
(aq) rather than (s).

This is a correctly balanced equation, with the state symbols which are also correct, the answer
scored both marks.
Always consider state symbols carefully when asked for them in an equation.
(a)(iv)
Most candidates gained the second scoring point which required the calculated moles of oxygen, O2, to
be multiplied by 24 dm3 mol1 in order to obtain the volume of gas in units of dm3. There was some
confusion, however, between calculating moles of oxygen atoms, O(g), and moles of oxygen molecules,
O2(g).

This is a well laid-out answer which scored both marks.
Set out your answers to calculation questions in an orderly way as illustrated in the above response.
(a)(v)
This question was generally well answered, although sometimes candidates chose to calculate the
number of oxygen atoms instead of molecules.

This was the correct response, which scored the mark available.
Always check which type of particle (atom, ion or molecule) is being referred to in the question.
(b)
This proved difficult for the majority of candidates. A significant number of responses included incorrect
references to the presence of hydrogen gas, H2, in air.

This response scored a mark as it acknowledged that other oxides of sodium may have been formed
in the reaction described.
Be aware of the gases present in air.
Q10.
In (a)(i), many candidates suggested answers relating to either the ease of combustion of alkanes or
safety
measures rather than ease of transport or storage.

This candidate scored the mark, the
reference to safety being ignored.
In (a)(ii), it was clear that some candidates were unfamiliar with the concept of skeletal formulae. Naming
of the two isomers was generally very good and some credit was awarded if a candidate drew two
correct
structural formulae instead of two skeletal formulae. Part (a)(iii) proved to be very straightforward.
In (b)(i), both the initiation step and the requirement for UV light were recalled accurately.
However, in (b)(ii), candidates found it more diffi cult to write two correct propagation steps. There
appeared to be a lack of understanding that the propagation steps lead to the formation of more chlorine
free radicals which keep the reaction going.
There was, in the vast majority of cases, a suitable use of dots to show free radicals. As shown in the
response below, a sizeable number of candidates chose to write the propagation steps for the
chlorination
of methane rather than propane. One out of two marks was awarded if two correct steps were shown for
methane reacting with chlorine.

The candidate has not completed the
termination step in (iii).
In (c)(iii), whilst many appreciated that the reaction of bromine with an alkene is an addition reaction, only
relatively few candidates classifi ed the process as electrophilic. In (c)(iv), calculating the number of
moles
in 0.72 dm3 of hydrogen gas proved to be far more problematic than finding the number of moles of
alkene
in 1.36 g of myrcene.

This candidate has shown a meticulous approach so as to ensure all units are correct.
In a surprising number of cases, structural formulae of the product showed either carbon atoms that were
not tetravalent or structures with not all methyl groups in the correct place, as illustrated below:-
A minority of candidates obviated this difficulty by showing the correct skeletal formula of the product.
In (d), the majority of candidates were able to draw the repeat unit, although some drew a section of the
polymer chain without then indicating what the repeat unit was.
Q11.
Calculating an empirical formula in (a) was a familiar task and well done. A number of candidates forgot
to include the oxygen, but could earn the mark in (ii) by doubling their empirical formula, showing that
its mass was close to half of the molar mass. Another error was to use atomic numbers instead of atomic
masses.
All the atoms in the compound must be included, so the percentage of oxygen has to be calculated.
In (ii) the question asks for information to be used, so the answer should show that this has been
done.

This answer has omitted the oxygen so loses the third mark in (i). However the empirical formula
mass has been calculated and shown to be close to half the molar mass, so the mark was given in
(ii) for using information to deduce a molecular formula. In a perfect answer there would have been
words or abbreviations showing what the numbers referred to.
The diagrams in (b)(i) had to show a workable method of collecting hydrogen, and a suitable method of
measuring its volume. The diagram had to be good enough to show another person what to do, but
tubing,
bungs etc were not expected to be drawn to text-book standard. A number of diagrams showed hydrogen
being collected in test tubes with no way of measuring the volume. More major errors suggested a lack of
practical experience. Collection over water often showed worrying disregard for water levels or indeed the
need for water at all! There were diagrams showing a gas being produced in a sealed container (other
than
a syringe) connected to a sealed flask, or with gas being produced in an open container from which it
would
have escaped, with a side arm leading to a collecting vessel.
Diagrams should be clear enough for someone to work out how to set up apparatus, and they should
show workable methods.

This gets one mark for showing a workable method of collecting hydrogen, but the test tube should
be replaced by a measuring cylinder or inverted burette. The clamp stands need not be shown in
diagrams like this.

This scores both marks. The syringe is not very well drawn but it is labelled.
The number of moles of hydrogen in (b)(ii) was usually correct, the main error being to forget to convert
the molar volume to cm3. In (b)(iii) even those candidates who showed that two moles of sulfamic acid
produced one mole of hydrogen found it difficult to see that each mole of hydrogen was equivalent to two
hydrogen ions.
Candidates found the ionic equation in (c)(i) challenging. Candidates need to learn to balance both atoms
and charges when writing these. Three possible answers were allowed. The equation could show either
formation of water and carbon dioxide, formation of carbonic acid, or formation of hydrogen carbonate
ions.
Both atoms and charges must be balanced in the equation.

This doesn't get the mark because the charge on the carbonate ion should be 2-. If the products are
known, it is possible to work out that another negative charge is needed for balance.
In (c)(ii) few candidates thought about the advantages of a descaling agent being a solid, and most
focussed
on the acid strength or corrosive properties of the two acids.
1.3F MARKSCHEME
Q1.C
Q7.
Q2.B
Q3.(a) B
(b) C
Q4.B
Q5.D
Q6.C
Q8.
Q9.
Q10.
Q11.

1 3 F Calculations Involving Gas Volumes

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1.3.

f Formulae, equations and amounts of substance

17.4 mol dm3

1.74 mol dm3

0.0174 mol dm3

0.00174 mol dm3

(Total for question = 2 marks)

(Total for question = 1 mark)

(Total for question = 1 mark)

(b) Calculate the amount (in moles) of hydrochloric acid used.

(c) Calculate the amount (in moles) of hydrogen produced.

(Total for Question = 7 mark)

(ii) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 4.0 g of tritium-deuterium gas.

(d) Tritium is not usually included in calculations of the

(e) The electronic energy levels in hydrogen are shown

(i) Mark on the energy level diagram, with an arrow, the

(ii) The molar mass of X is 78 g mol1. Give the molecular formula of X.

(ii) There are two C4

(iii) Give a possible termination step for this reaction.

(c) Myrcene, C10H16, is a naturally occurring compound

Hence structural formula of the product

(d) Myrcene is one of a group of compounds related to 2-methylbut-2-ene shown below.

(Total for question = 19 marks)

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