Struktur Beton Bertulang Lecture 1

RC09-1354
RC Structural Elements
Lecture 1 - Fundamentals
10 September 2013
RC09-1354: RC Structural Elements
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
Lecture Goals
Design Process
Limit states
Design Philosophy
Loading
Concrete Properties
Steel Properties
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
RC09-1354
Design Process
Phase 1: Definition of clients needs and
priorities
priorities.
Functional requirements
Aesthetic requirements
Budgetary requirements
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
Design Process
Phase 2: Development of project
conceptt
Develop possible layouts

Approximate analysis preliminary members
sizes/cost for each arrangement
g
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
RC09-1354
Design Process
Phase 2: Development of project
concept
Selection most desirable structural system

Appropriateness
Economical/Cost
Maintainability
y
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
Design Process
Phase 3: Design of individual system
Structural analysis (based on preliminary

design)
Moments
Shear forces
Axial
A i l forces
f
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
RC09-1354
Design Process
Phase 3: Design of individual system(cont.)
Member design
Prepare construction days and
specifications.
Proportion members to resist forces
aesthetics
constructability
maintainability
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
Limit States and Design

Limit State:
Condition in which a structure or structural
element is no longer acceptable for its
intended use.
Major groups for RC structural limit states
Ultimate
Serviceability
Special
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
RC09-1354
Ultimate Limit State

Ultimate limit state
structural collapse of all or part of the

structure ( very low probability of
occurrence) and loss of life can occur.
Loss of equilibrium of a part or all of a
structure as a rigid body (tipping, sliding of
structure).
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
Ultimate Limit States

Ultimate limit state
Rupture of critical components causing

partial or complete collapse. (flexural,
shear failure).
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Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
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RC09-1354

Progressive Collapse
Minor local failure overloads causing

adjacent members to failure entire structure
collapses.
Structural integrity is provided by tying the
structure together with correct detailing of
reinforcement provides alternative load paths
in case of localized failure
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Formation of a plastic mechanism - yielding
of reinforced forms plastic hinges at enough
sections to make structure unstable.
Instability cased by deformations of structure
causing buckling of members.
Fatigue - members can fracture under
repeated stress cycles of service loads (may
cause collapse).
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RC09-1354
Serviceability Limit States

Functional use of structure is disrupted, but
collapse is not expected
More often tolerated than an an ultimate
limit state since less danger of loss of life.
Excessive crack width
leakage
corrosion of reinforcement
gradual deterioration of structure.
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
13

More often tolerated than an an ultimate limit
state since less danger of loss of life
life.
Excessive deflections for normal service

caused by possible effects
malfunction of machinery
visually
i
ll unacceptable
t bl
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RC09-1354

More often tolerated than an an ultimate limit
state since less danger of loss of life
life.
Excessive deflections for normal service

caused by possible effects
damage of nonstructural elements
changes
h
in
i force
f
distributions
di t ib ti
ponding on roofs
collapse of roof
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More often tolerated than an ultimate limit
state since less danger of loss of life.
Undesirable vibrations
vertical
floors/ bridges
lateral/torsional
tall buildings
Change
Ch
in
i the
th loading
l di
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RC09-1354
Special Limit States

Damage/failure caused by abnormal conditions
or loading.
Extreme earthquakes
Fl d
Floods
damage/collapse
damage/collapse
d
/ ll
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Special Limit States

Damage/failure caused by abnormal conditions
or loading
loading.
Effects of fire,explosions, or vehicular

collisions.
Effects of corrosion, deterioration
Long-term physical or chemical instability
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
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RC09-1354
Limit States Design

Identify all potential modes of failure.
Determine acceptable safety levels for normal
structures building codes
load
combination/factors.
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Limit States Design

Consider the significant limits states.
Members are designed for ultimate limit
states
Serviceability is checked.
Exceptions may include
water
t ttanks
k ((crackk width)
idth)
monorails (deflection)
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RC09-1354
ACI Building Codes

Whenever two different materials , such as steel and
concrete acting together,
concrete,
together it is understandable that the
analysis for strength of a reinforced concrete member
has to be partial empirical although rational. These
semi-rational principles and methods are being
constant revised and improved as a result of
theoretical and experimental research accumulate. The
American Concrete Institute (ACI), serves as clearing
house for these changes, issues building code
requirements.
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Design Philosophy
Two philosophies of design have long prevalent.
Working stress method focuses on conditions
at service loads.
Strength of design method focusing on
conditions at loads greater than the service
loads when failure may be imminent.
The strength design method is deemed conceptually
more realistic to establish structural safety.
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11
RC09-1354
Strength Design Method

In the strength
g method, the service loads are
increased sufficiently by factors to obtain the load at
which failure is considered to be imminent. This
load is called the factored load or factored service
load.
strength required to
strength
t
th provided
id d
carry factored loads
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Strength Design Method

Strength provide is computed in accordance with
rules and assumptions of behavior prescribed by the
building code and the strength required is obtained by
performing a structural analysis using factored loads.
The strength provided has commonly referred to as
ultimate strength. However, it is a code defined
value for strength and not necessarily ultimate
ultimate . The
ACI Code uses a conservative definition of strength.
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RC09-1354
Safety Provisions
Structures and structural members must always be
designed to carry some reserve load above what is
expected under normal use.
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Safety Provisions
There are three main reasons whyy some sort of
safety factor are necessary in structural design.
[1] Variability in resistance.
[2] Variability in loading.
[3] Consequences of failure.
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RC09-1354
Variability in Resistance
Variability of the strengths of concrete
and reinforcement.
Differences between the as-built
dimensions and those found in
structural drawings.
Effects of simplification made in the
derivation of the members resistance.
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Variability in Resistance
Comparison
C
i
off
measured and
computed failure
moments based on
all data for reinforced
concrete beams with
fc > 2000 psi.
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Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
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RC09-1354
Variability in Loading
Frequency distribution
of sustained component
of live loads in offices.
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Consequences of Failure
A number of subjective factors must be
considered in determining an acceptable level of
safety.
Potential loss of life.
Cost of clearing the debris and replacement
of the structure and its contents.
C
Cost
to society.
i
Type of failure warning of failure, existence of
alternative load paths.
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RC09-1354
Margin of Safety
The distributions
Th
di t ib ti
of the resistance
and the loading
are used to get a
probability of
failure of the
structure.
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
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Margin of Safety
The term
Y=R-S
is called the safety
margin.
The probability of failure is defined as:
Pf Pr
P obability
b bilit off Y 0
and the safety index is
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
Y
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RC09-1354
Loading
SPECIFICATIONS
Cities in the U.S. generally base their
building code on one of the three model
codes:
Uniform Building Code

Basic Building Code (BOCA)
Standard Building Code
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Loading
These codes have been consolidated in
the 2000 International Building Code.
Loadings in these codes are mainly based
on ASCE Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings
g and Other Structures (ASCE
(
798) has been updated to ASCE 7-02.
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RC09-1354
Dead Loading
Weight of all permanent construction
Constant magnitude and fixed location
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Dead Loads
Examples:
Weight of the Structure

(Walls, Floors, Roofs, Ceilings, Stairways)
Fixed Service Equipment
(HVAC, Piping Weights, Cable Tray, Etc.)
Can Be Uncertain.
Uncertain
pavement thickness
earth fill over underground structure
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RC09-1354
Live Loads
Loads produced by use and occupancy of
th structure.
t t
the
Maximum loads likely to be produced by
the intended use.
Not less than the minimum uniformly
distributed load given by Code.
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
37
Live Loads
S T
See
Table
bl 2-1
2 1 from
f
ASCE 7-98
7 98 (please
( l
update
d t
with SNI 1727-2012)
Stairs and exitways:

Storage warehouses:
100 psf
125 psf (light)
250 psf (heavy)
Minimum concentrated loads are also given in

the codes.
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
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RC09-1354
Live Loads (please update

with SNI 17271727-2012)
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Live Loads
ASCE 7-95 (please update with SNI 1727-2012)
allows reduced live loads for members with
influence area (AI) of 400 sq. ft. or more:
L L o 0 . 25
where Lo
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AI
0.50 Lo for members

supporting one floor
0.40 Lo otherwise
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RC09-1354
Live Loads
AI determined by raising member to be designed
by a unit amount. Portion of loaded area that is
raised = AI
Beam:
Column:
Two-Way Slab:
AI = 2 * tributary area
AI = 4 * tributary area
AI = panel area
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Load Reduction
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RC09-1354
Environmental Loads
Snow Loads (irrelevant)
Earthquake
Wind
Soil Pressure
Ponding of Rainwater
Temperature Differentials
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Classification of Buildings for Wind,

Snow and Earthquake Loads
Based on Use Categories (I through IV)
I Buildings and other structures that represent
a low hazard to human life in the event of a
failure (such as agricultural facilities)
II Buildings/structures not in categories I, III,
and IV
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RC09-1354
Classification of Buildings for

Wind, Snow and Earthquake Loads
III Buildings/structures that represent a
substantial hazard to human life in the event
of a failure (assembly halls, schools,
colleges, jails, buildings containing
toxic/explosive
/ p
substances))
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
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Classification of Buildings for

Wind, Snow and Earthquake Loads
IV Buildings/structures designated essential
facilities (hospitals, fire and police stations,
communication centers, power-generating
stations)
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RC09-1354
Snow Loads (disregard,

irrelevant)
The coefficients
of snow loads are
defined in weight.
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47
Snow Loads
Ground Snow Loads (Map in Fig. 6, ASCE 7):
Based on historical data (not always the
maximum values)
Basic equation in codes is for flat roof snow
loads
Additional equations for drifting effects, sloped
roofs,, etc.
Use ACI live load factor
No LL reduction factor allowed
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RC09-1354
Wind Loads (please update

with SNI 17271727-2012)
Wind pressure is proportional to velocity
squared (v2 )
Wind velocity pressure = qz
qz 0.00256 Kz kzt V 2 I
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Wind Loads
qz 0.00256 Kz kzt V 2 I
where
0.00256 reflects mass density of air and unit conversions.
V = Basic 3-second gust wind speed (mph) at a height of
33 ft. above the ground in open terrain. (1:50
chance of exceedance in 1 year)
Kz = Exposure coefficient (bldg. ht., roughness of terrain)
kzt = Coefficient accounting for wind speed up over hills
I = Importance factor
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
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RC09-1354
Wind Loads
Design wind pressure,
p = qz * G * Cp
G=
Cp =
Gust Response Factor

External pressure coefficients (accounts for
pressure directions on building)
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
51
Earthquake Loads
Inertia forces caused by earthquake motion
F=m*a
Distribution of forces can be found using
equivalent
q
static force procedure
p
(code,
(
, not
allowed for every building) or using dynamic
analysis procedures
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RC09-1354
Earthquake Loads
Inertia forces caused by earthquake motion.
Equivalent Static Force Procedure for example
example,
in ASCE 7-95 (please update with SNI 17262012):
V = Cs * W
where
h
V = Total lateral base shear
Cs = Seismic response coefficient
W = Total dead load
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
53
Earthquake Loads
Total Dead Load, W:
1.0 * Dead Load
+ 0.25 * Storage Loads
+ larger of partition loads or 10 psf
+ Weight of permanent equipment
+ contents of vessels
+ 20% or more of snow load
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RC09-1354
Earthquake Loads
1 .2 C v
2 .5 C a
and
C s smaller
ll off
d
2/3
R
T
R
where
Cv = Seismic coefficient based on soil profiled and Av
Ca = Seismic coefficient based on soil profiled and Aa
R = Response modification factor (ability to deform in
inelastic range)
T = Fundamental period of the structure
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
55
Earthquake Loads
1 .2 C v
2 .5 C a
C s smaller of
and
2/3
R
R T
where
T = Fundamental period of the structure
T = CT hn 3/4
where CT = 0.030 for MRF of concrete
0.020 for other concrete buildings.
hn = Building height
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RC09-1354
Earthquake Map (please

update with SNI 17261726-2012)
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D
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Roof Loads
Ponding of rainwater
Roof must be able to support all rainwater that could
accumulate in an area if primary drains were
blocked.
Ponding Failure:
Rain water ponds in area of maximum deflection
increases deflection
allows more accumulation of water cycle
continues potential failure
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RC09-1354
Roof Loads
Roof loads are in addition to snow loads
Minimum loads for workers and construction
materials during erection and repair
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Construction Loads
Construction materials
Weight of formwork supporting weight
of fresh concrete
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RC09-1354
Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Concrete: Composite material composed of
portland cement,, fine aggregate
(sand),
p
gg g
(
),
coarse aggregate (gravel/stone), and water;
with or without other additives.
Hydration: Chemical process in which the
cement powder reacts with water and sets
and hardens into a solid mass,
mass bonding the
aggregates together
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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Heat of Hydration:
Heat is released during
y
g the
hydration process.
In large concrete masses heat is dissipated
slowly
temperature rises and
volume expansion
later cooling
causes contraction.
Use special
measures to control cracking.
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RC09-1354
Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
1. Proportioning: Goal is to achieve mix with
Adequate strength
Proper workability for placement
Low cost
Low Cost:
Minimize amount of cement
Good gradation of aggregates (decreases
voids and cement paste required)
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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Water-Cement Ratio (W/C)

(
)
Increased W/C: Improves plasticity and
fluidity of the mix.
Increased W/C: Results in decreased
strength due to larger volume of voids in
cement p
paste due to free water.
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RC09-1354
Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Water-Cement Ratio (W/C) (cont..)

Complete hydration of cement requires
W/C ~ 0.25.
Need water to wet aggregate surfaces,
provide mobility of water during
hydration and to provide workability.
Typical W/C = 0.40-0.60
0 40 0 60
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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Water/Concrete table
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RC09-1354
Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Proportions
p
have been given
g
byy volume or
weight of cement to sand to gravel (ie.
1:2:4) with W/C specified separately
Now customary to specify per 94 lb. Bag of
cement: wt. Of water, sand & gravel
Batch q
quantity:
y wt. per
p cubic yard
y
of each
component
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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
2. Aggregates
70-75% off volume off hardened concrete

Remainder = hardened cement paste,
uncombined water, air voids
More densely packed aggregate give better
strength
weather
th resistance
i t
(d
(durability)
bilit )
Economical
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RC09-1354
Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
2. Aggregates
Fine aggregate: sand (passes through a

No. 4 sieve; 4 openings per inch)
Coarse aggregate: gravel
Good gradation:
2-3 size groups of sand
Several
S
l size
i groups off gravell
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69
Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Maximum size of coarse aggregate in RC

structures: Must fit into forms and between
reinforcing bars:(318-99, 3.3.2)
1/5 narrowest form dimension
1/3 depth of slab
3/4 minimum distance between
reinforcement bars
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RC09-1354
Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Aggregate Strength
Strong aggregates: quartzite, felsite
Weak aggregates: sandstone, marble
Intermediate strength: limestone, granite
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RC09-1354

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Develop possible layouts

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Selection most desirable structural system

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Structural analysis (based on preliminary

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Limit States and Design

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Ultimate Limit State

structural collapse of all or part of the

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Ultimate Limit States

Rupture of critical components causing

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Ultimate Limit States

Minor local failure overloads causing

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Ultimate Limit States

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Serviceability Limit States

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Serviceability Limit States

Excessive deflections for normal service

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Serviceability Limit States

Excessive deflections for normal service

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Serviceability Limit States

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Special Limit States

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Special Limit States

Effects of fire,explosions, or vehicular

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Limit States Design

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Limit States Design

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

ACI Building Codes

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Strength Design Method

carry factored loads

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Strength Design Method

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D