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SUMMARY
In this paper, the seismic behavior of dual structural systems in forms of steel moment-resisting frames accompanied with reinforced concrete shear walls and steel moment-resisting frames accompanied with concentrically
braced frames, have been studied. The nonlinear behavior of the mentioned structural systems has been evaluated
as, in earthquakes, structures usually enter into an inelastic behavior stage and, hence, the applied energy to the
structures will be dissipated. As a result, some parameters such as ductility factor of structure (m), over-strength
factor (Rs) and response modication factor (R) for the mentioned structures have been under assessment. To
achieve these objectives, 30-story buildings containing such structural systems were used to perform the
pushover analyses having different load patterns. Analytical results show that the steel moment-resisting frames
accompanied with reinforced concrete shear walls system has higher ductility and response modication factor
than the other one, and so, it is observed to achieve suitable seismic performance; using the rst system can have
more advantages than the second one. Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Received 2 August 2011; Accepted 3 November 2011
KEYWORDS:
dual system; steel moment-resisting frame; shear wall; steel bracing; reinforced concrete; seismic behavior
1. INTRODUCTION
As extensive areas in Iran, especially the populated cities, are located on the critical seismic zones and
they have high vulnerability to destruction, the study of seismic behavior of structural systems is of great
importance. Today, reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls or steel bracings are used widespread as a main
load-carrying system in tall buildings, for different reasons such as increase of energy dissipation and its
ability to resist lateral displacements of tall buildings that have moment-resisting frames. Therefore, the
recognition of the seismic behavior of the dual structural systems and guring out their advantages can
be helpful to structural engineers in selecting a proper system for structures that are being designed.
Studying the behavior of building structures as subjected to severe earthquake ground motions
reveals that this type of structures can exhibit enough strength, due to the nonlinear behavior of materials
and possibility of sufcient deformations of the structures. These structures absorb the applied energy and
will dissipate it via tolerating great displacements in nonlinear seismic behavior.
Nonlinear time history analysis of a detailed analytical model is perhaps the best option for the
estimation of deformation demands. However, because of many uncertainties associated with the
site-specic excitation as well as uncertainties in the parameters of analytical models, in many cases,
the effort associated with detailed modeling and analysis may not be justied and feasible (Hajirasouliha
and Doostan, 2010).
In current years, nonlinear static analyses have earned a great deal of research attention within the
earthquake engineering community. Their main purpose is to demonstrate the nonlinear capacity of
a structure when subjected to horizontal loading with a reduced computational attempt with respect
*Correspondence to: Hamed Esmaeili, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
E-mail: H_Esmaeili@sun.semnan.ac.ir
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H. ESMAEILI ET AL.
to nonlinear dynamic analyses. Pushover methods are particularly shown for assessing existing structures
(frequently not originally designed with seismic criteria in mind), when the employment of linear elastic
methods, typical in new design situations, tends to be unsuitable. For these goals, many codes and guidelines
(e.g. Eurocode 8, 2005; ATC-40, 1996; FEMA-356, 2000) propose the use of nonlinear static methodologies to evaluate structural behavior under seismic movement (Ferracuti et al., 2009). To assess the seismic
performance of the structures, three various nonlinear static analyses are used, each of which contains a
constant load pattern. These approaches are pushover analyses with load patterns proportionate to uniform
and reverse triangular displacements of structures, and modal pushover analysis (MPA).
(SDOF) systems is a proportion of maximum lateral displacement to the yielding lateral displacement
of structures.
max
m
(1)
y
In fact, the ductility factor explains to what extent the structure enters when in nonlinear state. There is
no accurate denition for the ductility factor of multiple degrees-of-freedom structures. In some provisions, yielding is assumed to have been simultaneous, although not precise (Wakabayashi, 1986). Meanwhile, the relation between the base shear and displacement is not an elasticperfectly plastic equation.
With consideration to Figure 1, an idealization in denition of the ductility factor is accepted.
3.2. Response modication factor
Seismic codes consider a reduction in design loads, taking advantage of the fact that the structures
possess signicant reserve strength (over-strength) and capacity to dissipate energy (ductility). The
over-strength and the ductility are incorporated in structural design through a force reduction or a
response modication factor. This factor represents ratio of maximum seismic force on a structure
during specied ground motion if it was to remain elastic to the design seismic force. Thus, actual
seismic forces are reduced by the factor R to obtain design forces. The basic aw in code procedures
is that they use linear methods but rely on nonlinear behavior (Kim and Choi, 2005).
As it is shown in Figure 1, usually, real nonlinear behavior is idealized by a bilinear elastoperfectly
plastic relation. The yield force of structure is shown by Vy and the yield displacement is y. In this
gure Ve or Vmax correspond to the elastic response strength of the structure. The maximum base shear
in an elasto perfectly behavior is Vy (Uang, 1991). The ratio of maximum base shear considering elastic
behavior Ve to maximum base shear in elasto perfectly behavior Vy is called force reduction factor,
Rm
Ve
Vy
(2)
The over-strength factor is dened as the ratio of maximum base shear in actual behavior Vy to the rst
signicant yield strength in structure Vs,
Vy
RS
(3)
Vs
To design for allowable stress method, the design codes decrease design loads from Vs to Vw. This
decrease is done by allowable stress factor, which is dened as (Asgarian and Shokrgozar, 2009):
H. ESMAEILI ET AL.
VS
VW
(4)
The response modication factor, therefore, accounts for the ductility and over-strength of the structure
and for the difference in the level of stresses considered in its design. It is generally expressed in the
following form, taking into accounts the aforementioned conceptions (Asgarian and Shokrgozar, 2009),
R
Ve
Ve Vy VS
Rm RS Y
VW Vy VS VW
(5)
3.3. The relation between the force reduction factor, the ductility factor and the period of structure
The force reduction factor (Rm) is related to many parameters of which many are correlated to characteristics of the structural system and some of them are independent from the structure and are related to the
other parameters such as respected loading (the time history of earthquake). Rm will be correlated to a set
of factors, especially the ductility factor of structure and its performance characteristics in the nonlinear
state, if we consider a specic earthquake for a particular place. Therefore, the rst step in determining
force reduction factor is specifying the relation between it and the capacity of the ductility of structure.
Multiple factors are known that afuence on the relation between Rm and m, such as materials, period of
system, damping, P effects, the loaddeformation model in the hysteresis loops and type of the soil
that exists in the site. If we consider this assumption that the ductility in the structures with short period is
the same as those that have longer periods, then smaller Rm is obtained. Also, New Mark and Hall (1982)
suggested the following equations for calculation of the force reduction factor of structures:
Rm 1
Rm
p
2m 1
Rm m
T < 0:125 s
0:5 s < T
(6)
(7)
(8)
max max y
m Rs
S
y
s
(9)
(1) Model A: A 30-story building in the form of special steel moment-resisting frame accompanied
with special RC shear wall.
(2) Model B: A 30-story building in the form of special steel moment-resisting frame accompanied
with concentrically steel braced frames (X-braces).
The height of the all stories is 3.5 m. Both of them have a residential application. Therefore, a oor
dead load, an equivalent partition load and a live load for each story of values 200 kg/m2, 650 kg/m2
and 150 kg/m2 (1961 N/m2, 6374 N/m2 and 1471 N/m2), respectively, are applied. Also, the structural
system of the oor is composite of RC slabs and steel secondary beams. The steel material used in the
sections of the structural members is of ST37 type with yielding strength of 2400 kg/cm2
(235 359 600 N/m2) and ultimate strength of 3700 kg/cm2 (362 846 050 N/m2). The compressive
strength of concrete material, f c , used in the shear walls is 300 kg/cm2 (29 419 950 N/m2). American
Institute of Steel Construction Specication (AISC, 2005) and American Concrete Institute Requirements
(ACI Committee 318, 2008) were used to design steel members and shear wall, respectively. Also, in
order to calculate earthquake load, the spectrum dynamic method was used. The equation suggested by
Kheyroddin (2006) was used to determine the thickness and the number of required shear walls.
2
r min
hw
lw
(10)
In which, rmin is the minimum wall-area-to-story-area ratio, hW is the total wall height and lW is the wall
length (average shear wall lengths present in building plan).
The plans of the structures, the direction of the girders and secondary beams, and the location of
shear walls and bracings are shown in Figures 2 and 3. In the design process of these structures, it
has been tried that moment frame members tolerate 25% of earthquake forces in addition to bearing
gravity load. The thicknesses of the shear walls for each story are shown in Table 1, and the sizes
of the steel braces for each story are shown in Table 2. With regard to the design of the structures,
box-shaped and I-shaped sections are obtained for section area of columns and beams, respectively.
5. NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
5.1. Existing pushover analysis methods
During a pushover analysis, a frame structure is subjected to gravitational loads and horizontal loads
applied at each story, with the latter being incremented up to failure. Ideally, the distribution of horizontal loads should approximate the inertia forces that are generated in the structure during an earthquake.
Conventional pushover procedures adopt an invariant load pattern during the analysis, and according to
a number of codes and guidelines, at least two different force distributions must be considered, uniform
and proportional to the rst modal shape. The invariant load pattern is one of the most signicant
limitations of traditional methods because the actual inertia force distribution changes continuously
during seismic events as a result of higher mode contribution and structural degradation, which modies
the stiffness of individual structural elements and, consequently, of the structure as a whole.
A procedure that proposed by Chopra and Goel (2003) is MPA, whereby a series of independent
pushover analyses are carried out, considering different horizontal load patterns for each modal shape.
According to the authors, it is sufcient to consider the rst two or three modal shapes. Results in terms
of capacity curves for various modal shapes are transformed in capacity curves for equivalent SDOFs,
one for each mode. Seismic demands are separately evaluated for each SDOF and nally combined by
the square-root-of-the-sum-of-the-squares method. A common drawback of this method is the mode
superposition of results obtained from nonlinear pushover analyses carried out separately, for various
modes. The method neglects the interaction amongst the modes, with modal superposition being
performed just as in elastic modal analysis. Accordingly, capacity curves typically overestimate base
shear values (Hernandez-Montes et al., 2004).
On the basis of an analytical work that is conducted by Mortezaei et al. (2009), it is shown that nonlinear static procedures based on invariant load vectors using elastic modal properties cannot capture
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H. ESMAEILI ET AL.
12
36
79
1012
1315
1618
1921
2224
2527
2830
Thickness (mm)
650
600
500
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
2527
2830
12
36
79
1012
1315
1621
2224
Sizes of braces 2UNP300 2UNP280 2UNP260 2UNP240 2UNP220 2UNP200 2UNP180 2UNP160 2UNP140
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
the changes to the dynamic modes resulting from inelastic action. The variation of inertial forces must
be considered in static procedures that attempt to reproduce inelastic dynamic response.
5.2. Nonlinear modeling of the structures
In order to assess the seismic behavior of selected buildings, we have conducted a series of nonlinear
static analysis. The designed structures have been used by importing into PERFORM-3D (Computers and
Structures Inc., 2006a) software to create a nonlinear model. After a preliminary design of the structures, the nonlinear model of the following elements, forcedeformation relationship and deformation
capacities in PERFORM-3D has been developed. There are a number of different ways to model inelastic
beams and columns in PERFORM. At one extreme are nite element models using ber sections. At the
other extreme are chord rotation models that consider the member as a whole and essentially requires
one to specify only the relationship between end moment and end rotation. In between these extremes
are a number of other models. In this study, the chord rotation model for beams and columns has been
selected. The basic model is shown in Figure 4. This is a symmetrical beam with equal and opposite
end moments and no loads along the beam length. To use this model, one has to specify the nonlinear
relationship between the end moment and end rotation. An advantage of this model is that FEMA-356
gives specic properties, including end rotation capacities (Mohammadjafari and Jalali, 2009).
Figure 5 shows a PERFORM frame compound component for the chord rotation model. The key parts of
this model are the FEMA beam components. These are nite length components with nonlinear properties. The model has two of these components for cases where the strengths are different at the two ends of
element. PERFORM allows user to specify different strength for two components and also different lengths
to consider cases where the inection point is not at mid-span (Mohammadjafari and Jalali, 2009).
For modeling the braces, the Simplr Bar element is used, and parameters in Tab. 56 of FEMA-356 are
implemented to model this element in the software. An example of the FD relationship of Simplr Bar
element is shown in Figure 6.
To make the RC shear wall sections, dening the linear and nonlinear characteristics of its materials
(concrete and steel bar) are necessary.
As it is shown in Figure 7, the stressstrain curve of concrete is selected in the form of trilinear with
strain hardening; and its tension strength is ignored. The modulus of elasticity, EC is assumed to be
Figure 5. Basic components for chord rotation. FEMA, Federal Emergency Management Agency.
PERFORM.
H. ESMAEILI ET AL.
T1 (s)
V (kN)
x (mm)
y (mm)
Max drift X
Max drift Y
Model A
Model B
2.84
3.066
11
9
11 576
10 791
200
229.6
193.1
212.6
0.0027
0.003
0.0026
0.0028
different story shear distributions, to consider a number of different pushover load distributions is
necessary. One option in FEMA-356 is to use uniform and triangular distributions over the building
height. Note that a uniform distribution usually corresponds to a uniform acceleration over the building
height so that the load at any oor level is proportional to the mass at the oor.
In fact, to access this load pattern in the software, a procedure is performed for loading on the basis
of uniform displacement pattern over the building height. Then, in loading step, the software calculates
the necessary force proportioned to the created displacement.
5.3.2. Triangular nonlinear static procedure
The difference between this procedure and the previous one is in their load pattern: in this procedure,
the inverted triangular prole is used for displacement-based load pattern of story masses, based on
FEMA-356. Therefore, the imposed displacement and, hence, the acceleration will not be uniform over
the building height.
5.3.3. Modal pushover analysis
Load distributions can be based on the structure mode shapes. For a low-rise structure that is
dominated by its rst mode response, a load distribution based on the rst mode may be reasonable.
Also, considering the higher modes is important for a structure with signicant higher mode responses
(medium-rise and high-rise buildings).
In this study, the three rst mode shapes in the X-direction of structural plan (see Figures 2 and 3)
are selected to perform of modal pushover analyses.
The capacity curves of models A and B, which are acquired from the aforementioned pushover
procedures, are converted to the ideal bilinear diagrams, which are shown in Figures 8 and 9, respectively.
Also, the values of VS, VY, VU, Y and U, which are obtained from the analyses, and the value of VW,
Figure 8. The ideal bilinear diagrams of the pushover analyses for model A. UNSP, uniform nonlinear
static procedure; TNSP, triangular nonlinear static procedure; MPA, modal pushover analysis.
Figure 9. The ideal bilinear diagrams of the pushover analyses for model B. UNSP, uniform nonlinear
static procedure; TNSP, triangular nonlinear static procedure; MPA, modal pushover analysis.
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H. ESMAEILI ET AL.
which is specied in preliminary design stage, are represented in Table 4. Therefore, seismic parameters
have been calculated by using the equations, which are dened in Section 3, as indicated in Table 5. Also,
the averages of the aforementioned values are determined that are shown in following tables. At the end,
the mean of capacity curves of models A and B are shown in Figure 10.
As it observed from analytical results, the parameters obtained from MPA such as ductility factor
(m), force reduction factor (Rm) and response modication factor (R) for the mentioned structures will
be larger than the same parameters gained from other pushover approaches. This behavior can reveal
the importance and, hence, the effect of higher mode shapes of the structure in tall buildings.
Considering the capacity curves in Figure 10, it is clear that the energy dissipation of the structural
system in model A is greater than that of model B. Also, the mean value of response modication
factor (R) for model A is bigger than the same parameter of model B. Therefore, structures with shear
walls have better seismic behavior rather than structures with steel X-bracings.
To evaluate combined behavior and interaction of RC shear wall with steel moment-resisting frame
and comparison of that with concentrically braced frame system, the percent of shear absorption of
Table 4. The structural properties of models A and B in nonlinear analysis stage.
Type of analysis
VW (kN)
VS (kN)
VY (kN)
VU (kN)
Model A
UNSP
TNSP
MPA
Mean
11 576
27 125
18 080
30 784
25 329
44 047
31 294
49 737
41 692
47 628
35 551
52 660
45 283
0.00463
0.00468
0.00430
0.00454
0.01768
0.01678
0.01757
0.01734
Model B
UNSP
TNSP
MPA
Mean
10 791
26 301
19 443
27 939
24 564
37 719
26 291
40 417
35 385
38 416
29 734
42 585
36 915
0.00486
0.00513
0.00426
0.00475
0.01759
0.01800
0.01540
0.01700
Type of model
UNSP, uniform nonlinear static procedure; TNSP, triangular nonlinear static procedure; MPA, modal pushover analysis.
m, Rm
RS
Cd
Model A
UNSP
TNSP
MPA
Mean
3.82
3.58
4.08
3.82
1.62
1.73
1.62
1.65
2.34
1.56
2.66
2.19
14.53
9.68
17.58
13.78
6.20
6.20
6.60
6.29
Model B
UNSP
TNSP
MPA
Mean
3.62
3.50
3.61
3.58
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.44
2.44
1.80
2.59
2.28
12.65
9.10
13.52
11.74
5.19
5.05
5.22
5.15
Type of model
UNSP, uniform nonlinear static procedure; TNSP, triangular nonlinear static procedure; MPA, modal pushover analysis.
Figure 10. The mean of capacity curves of the Model A and Model B.
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
these models has been studied in this paper. The meaning of the percent of shear absorption is the ratio
of shear quantity that is endured by the columns of frame or brace in each story to the total shear
absorbed in that story. Figures 11 and 12 indicate the quantity of shear absorbed by moment-resisting
frames and RC shear walls in model A and quantity of shear absorbed by moment-resisting frames
with steel bracing in model B in terms of the average of various analytical methods applied in this
study in levels of yield and ultimate strength of structure.
As it is observed in these gures, in system with shear wall, major part of transferring lateral force in
the middle and lower stories is tolerated by RC shear wall, and contribution of shear absorbed by
Figure 11. The interaction curves of the Model A and Model B for mean state of different analysis
methods in level of yield strength of structure.
Figure 12. The interaction curves of the Model A and Model B for mean state of different analysis
methods in level of ultimate strength of structure.
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H. ESMAEILI ET AL.
moment-resisting frames gradually has increased in higher stories. In addition, in both levels of yield
and ultimate strength, negative shear has been created in the last story, indicating that shear wall relies
to the steel moment-resisting frame, but in braced systems, a main part of this process in lower stories
is carried by steel bracings, and in the middle and higher stories, contribution of shear absorbed by
moment-resisting frames has increased considerably as levels of yield and ultimate strength of the
structure has generated negative shear in the top two and ve stories. This issue has demonstrated high
lateral stiffness for structures with shear wall system than that with braced system.
6. CONCLUSIONS
Some of the key results obtained from the present analytical work are as follows:
In the studied structures, the capacity curves have larger values of lateral strength in the uniform
nonlinear static procedure than that in the triangular nonlinear static procedure. However, the peak
value is in the MPA. The difference can show the effect of load pattern and importance of considering
the higher mode shapes in pushover analysis.
The mean value of m and Rm factors for special steel moment-resisting frame accompanied with
special RC shear wall system (model A) is 3.82, whereas the value of mentioned factors is 3.58 for
special steel moment-resisting frame accompanied with concentrically steel braced frames (X-braces)
system (model B).
The mean value of the over-strength factor, RS, for model A and model B are 1.65 and 1.44,
respectively.
The mean value of the response modication factor, R, for model A and model B in allowable stress
design method are evaluated as 13.78 and 11.74, respectively.
The mean value of the increasing coefcient of linear to nonlinear displacement, Cd, for model A
and model B are evaluated as 6.29 and 5.15, respectively.
The ductility and response modication factors are larger for model A than model B. Therefore, it
seems that the use of special steel moment-resisting frame accompanied with special RC shear wall
system is more effective than the use of special steel moment-resisting frame accompanied with
concentrically steel braced frames (X-brace) system.
In regard to the results, it seems that the Cd factor for the mentioned structural systems is less than
the values that are in Standard No. 2800 (2007). The Cd factor is suggested as 0.7 times of the
response modication factor, R, in this code.
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