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Agriculture Science Developments, 2(1) January 2013, Pages: 1-3

TI Journals
ISSN
2306-7527

Agriculture Science Developments


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A Survey on the Genus Salvia as the Largest Genus of Plants


Hamed Nosrati 1, Ali Nosrati *2
1, 2

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran..

AR TIC LE INF O

AB STR AC T

Keywords:

In this paper we have investigated the genus Salvia. Salvia is the largest genus of plants in the mint
family, Lamiaceae, with approximately 700-900 species of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and
annuals. [1][2]

Classification of Salvia species


Species of the genus Salvia
Characteristics of the genus Salvia

Salvia apiana, Salvia divinorum, Salvia sclarea, Salvia nemorosa, Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvia
microphylla are some species of this genus.
2013 Agric. sci. dev. All rights reserved for TI Journals.

1.

Introduction

In this paper we will investigate the genus Salvia as the largest genus of plants.
In section 2 we will discuss about etymology of Salvia.
Section 3 is titled "about Salvia" and we will discuss about some characteristics of this genus in this section.
Section 4 is about classification of species.
Section 4 is dedicated to some of Salvia species. In this section we will introduce Salvia apiana, Salvia divinorum, Salvia sclarea, Salvia
nemorosa, Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvia microphylla.
At the end of the paper conclusion is placed.

2.

Etymology of Salvia

Salvia derives from the Latin salvere ("to feel well and healthy, health, heal"), the verb related to salus (health, well-being, prosperity or
salvation); referring to the herb's healing properties. Pliny the Elder was the first author known to describe a plant called "Salvia" by the
Romans, likely describing the type species for the genus Salvia, Salvia officinalis. The common modern English name sage derives from
Middle English sawge, which was loaned from Old French sauge, and like the botanical name, stems from Latin salvere. [3][4]

3.

about Salvia

Many salvias have trichomes (hairs) growing on the leaves, stems, and flowers, which help to reduce water loss in some species.
Sometimes the hairs are glandular and secrete volatile oils that typically give a distinct aroma to the plant. When the hairs are rubbed or
brushed, some of the oil-bearing cells are ruptured, releasing the oil. This often results in the plant being unattractive to grazing animals and
some insects. [1]
The flowers are produced in racemes, or panicles, and generally produce a showy display with flower colors ranging from blue to red, with
white and yellow less common. The calyx is normally tubular or bell shaped, without bearded throats, and divided into two parts or lips, the
upper lip entire or three-toothed, the lower two-cleft. The corollas are often claw shaped and are two-lipped. The upper lip is usually entire
or three-toothed. The lower lip typically has two lobes. The stamens are reduced to two short structures with anthers two-celled, the upper
cell fertile, and the lower imperfect. The flower styles are two-cleft. The fruits are smooth ovoid or oblong nutlets and in many species they
have a mucilaginous coating. [5]

4.

Classification of species

George Bentham was first to give a full monographic account of the genus in 1832-1836, and based his classifications on staminal
morphology. [6] The defining characteristic of the genus Salvia is the unusual pollination mechanism, which consists of two stamens
(instead of the typical four found in other members of the tribe Mentheae) and the way the two stamens are connected to form a lever.

* Corresponding author.
Email address: hami_n_71@yahoo.com

Hamed Nosrati and Ali Nosrati

Agricult ure Sci ence Developments , 2(1) January 2013

When a pollinator probes a male stage flower for nectar, the lever causes the stamens to move and the pollen to be deposited on the
pollinator. When the pollinator withdraws from the flower, the lever returns the stamens to their original position. In older, female stage
flowers, the stigma is bent down in a general location that corresponds to where the pollen was deposited on the pollinator's body. The lever
of most Salvia species is not specialized for a single pollinator, but is generic and selected to be easily released by many bird and bee
pollinators of varying shapes and sizes. [7] It is believed that this is a key factor in the speciation of this large group of diverse plants. [8]
Bentham's work on classifying the family Labiatae (Labiatarum Genera et Species (1836)) is still the only comprehensive and global
organization of the family. While he was clear about the integrity of the overall family, he was less confident about his organization of
Salvia, the largest genus in Labiatae (also called Lamiaceae). Based on his own philosophy of classification, he wrote that he "ought to
have formed five or six genera" out of Salvia. In the end, he felt that the advantage in placing a relatively uniform grouping in one genus
was "more than counterbalanced by the necessity of changing more than two hundred names." At that time there were only 291 known
Salvia species. [1]
Bentham organized Salvia into twelve parts.
His system is still the most widely studied classification of Salvia, even though more than 500 new species have been discovered since his
work. Other botanists have since offered modified versions of Bentham's classification system, while botanists in the last hundred years
generally do not endorse Bentham's system. [1]
It was long assumed that Salvia's unusual pollination and stamen structure had evolved only once, and that therefore Salvia was
monophyletic, meaning that all members of the genus evolved from one ancestor. However, through DNA sequencing it now appears that
somewhat different versions of this lever mechanism have evolved in the tribe Mentheae, and at least three different times within Salvia,
making the genus clearly non-monophyletic. The genus may therefore consist of as many as three different clades, or branches. [9][10]
The description of individual species within Salvia has undergone constant revision. Many species are similar to each other, and many
species have varieties that have been given different specific names. There have been as many as 2,000 named species and subspecies. Over
time, the number has been reduced to less than a thousand. A modern and comprehensive study of Salvia species was done by Gabriel
Alziar, in his Catalogue Synonymique des Salvia du Monde (1989) (World Catalog of Salvia Synonyms). He found that the number of
distinct species and subspecies could be reduced to less than 700. [1][11]

5.

Some of Salvia species

Some species are:

6.

Salvia apiana: Salvia apiana is the white sage used in smudge sticks in many U.S. Native American traditions. [12]
Salvia divinorum: Salvia divinorum, or diviner's sage, is sometimes cultivated for psychedelic drug effects; the legality of its use
is under review in some US states. [13]
Salvia sclarea: Salvia sclarea, clary, or clary sage, is a biennial or short-lived herbaceous perennial in the genus Salvia. It is
native to the northern Mediterranean, along with some areas in north Africa and Central Asia. The plant has a lengthy history as a
medicinal herb, and is currently grown for its essential oil. [14]
Salvia nemorosa: It is an attractive plant that is easy to grow and propagate, with the result that it has been passed around by
gardeners for many years. Its wide distribution, long history, and the ease with which it hybridizes have resulted in many
cultivars and hybridsalong with problems in clearly identifying the hybrids and their relationship with S. nemorosa. It was
named and described by Carl Linnaeus in 1762, with "nemorosa" ("of woods") referring to its typical habitat in groves and
woods. [15]
Salvia miltiorrhiza: S. miltiorrhiza is a deciduous perennial with branching stems that are 30 to 60 cm (0.98 to 2.0 ft) tall, with
widely spaced leaves that are both simple and divided. The .3 m (0.98 ft) inflorescences are covered with hairs and sticky glands.
Flowers grow in whorls, with light purple to lavender blue corollas that are approximately 2.5 cm (0.082 ft) long, with a dark
purple calyx. Salvia miltiorrhiza prefers well draining soil, with about half a day of sunlight. It is hardy to approximately 10 C
(14 F). [16] Most Salvia seeds have a higher germination rate when exposed to light, though it is not required. [17]
Salvia microphylla: Salvia microphylla (Baby sage, Graham's sage, Blackcurrant sage) is a perennial shrub found in the wild in
southeastern Arizona and the mountains of eastern, western, and southern Mexico. It is a very complex species which easily
hybridizes, resulting in numerous hybrids and cultivars brought into horticulture since the 1990s. The specific epithet,
"microphylla," from the Greek, means "small leaved." In Mexico, it is called "mirto de montes," or "myrtle of the mountains."
[18]

Conclusion

In this paper we investigated the genus Salvia as the largest genus of plants. We discussed about etymology of Salvia and some
characteristics of this genus. Then we got into classification of species and Bentham's work on classifying the family Labiatae. Finally we
introduced some species of this genus.

A Survey on the Genus Salvia as the Largest Genus of Plants

Agri culture Scienc e Developments , 2(1) January 2013

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