Agric. sci. dev., Vol(3), No (11), November, 2014. pp.

343-350

TI Journals

Agriculture Science Developments

www.tijournals.com

ISSN:
2306-7527
Copyright 2014. All rights reserved for TI Journals.

Assessment the Degree of Flood Inundation Hazard in Rural Settlement

(Case Study: Hamedan Ekbatan Dam Basin)
Farhad Zand *
Department of Social Science, Payame Noor University, I.R. Iran..

Parisa Jabbari
Master of Water Resource, Mahan Co. Water Resources Engineering.
*Corresponding author: zandpnu2012@gmail.com

Keywords

Abstract

Settlement
Routing
SMADA
Ekbatan
Dam
Hamedan

This research was conducted in drainage basin of Ekbatan dam. The study region is an orographic basin.
Its lands are in Alvand mountain slope. The purpose of this study was the role of flood inundation
routing in separation and recognition of submergible regions. After routing, basin under study divided
into 9 sub- basin. Physical properties whole basin and sub-basins were investigated by using Geographic
information system (GIS). Precipitation data Analysis were conducted by statistical software SMADA.
In this software, distribution parameters calculated by using Mometum method and Maximum
Likelihood Method. Flood inundation Hydrographs correspondent to design rainfall calculated for each
these basins in production of output flood inundation was obtained. Sub-basin that the most important
role in production of basin output flood inundation was recognized as the most submergible sub-basin.
The results indicated that sub-basins of S4, S-int, S5-int from the viewpoint of submergible ability had
critical conditions. The degree of sub-basins participation in flood inundation coming out of basin and
amount of sub-basins flood didnt depend on their area (measurement) finally, the effect of submergible
ability on rural areas belong to each sub-basins was investigated.

1.

Introduction

Man in evolutionary process of his life chooses own settlement based on scientific experiments and he took into consideration factors like
climate, topography, access to subsistence resources, environmental hazards. Having comprehensive knowledge of dispersion, position and
population of settlement is the first step for each planning such as sustainable development in rural settlement [1]. Rural society of study
region is encounter with many problems such as lack of infrastructure foundations (establishments) unsuitable system of habitats
settlement. Over-dispersion thus, studying and planning in order to change and transformation in rural complexes should base on careful
examination of construction, texture, and dispersion patterns of villages. Rural settlement ( habitats) as bed living and human activities is a
multi- dimensions topic with a view of importance in national and regional planning, rural habitat problems should in to consideration in its
all dimensions especially in basins adjacent to dams exposed to dangers arising from flood. One of the most important destructive effects of
flood is destroying the fertile lands in drainage basins. Increase in flood inundation in recent years indicates that most part of areas in Iran is
exposed to destructive periodical floods [2]. Therefore, many cities, villages and industrial agricultural infrastructures are exposed to flood
hazard. One of the main information in drainage basins is run off data. In different times, it has different values and various conditions. One
of these conditions is daily average discharge; it is a basic data in the study of projects. Seidaei and his colleagues [3] conducted an
Analysis on spatial settlement patterns of rural setteletmnet (habitat) in Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province. They showed that spatial
settlement pattern of rural habitats in this province is strongly influenced by climatic factors, rivers, roughnesss, human factors and
compound effects of several factors.
Goli et al [4] in an examination to explain spatial pattern of villages by use of GIS in north-west Iran conducted; they concluded that factors
like flat lands, hillsides plains and water resources are efficient factors to from settlement. According to above necessities, this research
dealt with the investigation of rural habitats against flood hazard in basin close to Ekbatan dam.
The investigation of this basin is very important to achieve sustainable development in rural regions. Keeping in view the importance of
having various environmental conditions such as agricultural lands, gardens, ponds of fish production, fields of medicinal herbs and tourists
attractions, the study of this basin in worth a lot.

2.

Methodology

The region under study is drainage basin of Ekbatan dam. This basin is orographic area. Its lands in Alvand mountain slope. The slope of
44% percent of this basin area is more than 35 degree. Watershed basin Ekbatan dam is 9905.89 hectare. This basin is situated in Hamedan
city in Hamedan province. This basin situated in 34, 36, 57 to 34 , 4501" north longitude and 48 , 32 , 28 to 48, 39, 29 east
latitude. Maximum height of the basin is 3450 and minimum elevation in basin exit equals to 1950 meter above sea level. Basin of Ekbatan
dam under study from the Hydrological point of view is one of the study parcels of this basin. Population centers of this basin area Yalfan,
Abro, Anjlas, Shamsabad, Simien, Aliabad, Varkaneh and Arzanfood villages.

Farhad Zand *, Parisa Jabbari

344

Agriculture Science Developments Vol(3), No (11), November, 2014.

Figure1: Situation of study region

2.1 Drainage basin Hydrology of Ekbatan dam

The investigation of precipitation during 21 years statistical period in basin showed that mean and annual precipitation of this basin 40107
mm. The analysis of seasonal precipitation data in region revealed precipitation increasing in winter season Yalfan river in the meeting
(junction) of dam reservoir has calm and relatively wide bed. It considered as the longest drainage basin of river. The length of this river is
about 15 km without considering the length of smaller branches and other entrance flood channels. Gazandar, Abshineh, Abasabad,
Maryanaj, Salehabad, Bahadorbeyg and Gharehaghaj rivers are the nearest ones and they have Hydrometric stations. Hydrometric stations
adjacent to basin are investigated to examine yield of Basin Rivers. The survey of monthly discharge oscillations of stations indicated that
rivers of this basin have most yields in spring season. Soil classification in study region obtained through profile analysis, soil morphology
survey and the results of laboratory tests. Among soil orders available in American classification only two orders are recognized in study
region. They are Entisols and Inceptisols.
2.2 Study Area
Drainage basin is divided in to 9 Hydrologic and non-Hydrologic units. S1-1, S2, S3, S4, s6 ones are independent and other units are
dependent. The basin physical parameters are calculated by use of ArcGIS software. These parameters included Hypsometric coordinates of
basin, land measurement and circumference of basin, slope and length of main canal, Minimum and maximum elevation of main canal and
weighted average slope of each sub-basin.

3.

Results
Table 1: Physical characteristics of catchment basin

Unit

Area km2

Basin elevation
Minimum (m)

Basin elevation
Maximum (m)

Weight Average
of elevation (m)

Weight Average
of slope (%)

length of main
canal(km)

S1-1
S1-2
S1-int
S1
S2-int
S3
S4
S5-int
S6
Sint
Basin
Total

5.2
45.4
38
47.8
46.7
3.3
18.9
75.9
5.1
172.9
220.6

1957
2001
1955
1953
2009
2041
2101
2107
2020
1952
1951

2390
2768
2768
2768
2753
2462
3450
2723
2470
2470
3450

2107
2269
2179
2181
2277
2203
2643
2310
2239
2131
2281

14.5
28.5
23.9
22.6
30.5
17.1
37.9
19.3
28.9
22.5
25.7

9.1
10.1
11.1
12.1
13.1
14.1
15.1
16.1
17.1
18.9
19.1

Time of
Concentration(h)
kerpich
chow
1.2
1.1
1.1
1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.45
1.4
2
1.9
1.4
1.3
1.9
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.3
1.7
1.6

After distinguishing the study region, basic map of basin (scale 1:100000) by using digital data of topographic maps (scale 1:100000) and
also by use of aerial photographs 1:50000 were prepared by ArcGIS. By use of aerial photographs, the position of canals in study region
keeping in view the purpose of studies and field survey in sub-basins under study recognized on above prepared basic map and they
recorded in system.

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Assessment the Degree of Flood Inundation Hazard in Rural Settlement (Case Study Hamedan Ekbatan Dam Basin)
Agriculture Science Developments Vol(3), No (11), November, 2014.

Figure2: Basic Map of Ekbatan Dam Basin

3.1 Digital elevation model map of basin

Dem, digital elevation model is set of digital data that use to prepare topographic ground level models. In this study DEM model used to
prepare slope map and slope aspect.

Figure 3: Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

Slope of this basin is an important property which it has influence on hydrologic reactions. There is a direct relationship between slope
increasing and increasing water speed, also between kinetic force of water and its destruction power after preparing of digital elevation
model. Slope map produced according to percentage with Grid format and cells size 5*5m and based on below classes calculated.

Farhad Zand *, Parisa Jabbari

346

Agriculture Science Developments Vol(3), No (11), November, 2014.

Figure 4: Basin Slope

Figure5: Map of Aspect

In a digital elevation model, elevation aspect considered. In raster three- dimensions model, changes maximum elevation is from one cell to
8 adjacent cells [5]. In raster system equal to:
tgA=

-II <A <II

In triangle networks after calculation, this equation Z= Ax+By+C, aspect obtained from below relation.
Aspect= 180- arctg(

) + 90 (

| |

This is a direct relationship between amount of runoff with annually and monthly rainfall and snowfall in a drainage basin. In this survey,
runoff calculated by use of Justin method and American soil conservation method (SCS). In SCS method by using Hydrograph parameters
unit and natural factors in region proper attention paid to reach ideal digits.
The path of runoff obtained from precipitation in SCS method keeping in view lands use parameters, rock exposes, Hydrological soil group,
Hydrological basin situation plant vegetation and C/N ratio. It is clear that whatever rangelands destruction and C/N ratio in basin is more,
flood results from Atmospheric descending is more.

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Assessment the Degree of Flood Inundation Hazard in Rural Settlement (Case Study Hamedan Ekbatan Dam Basin)
Agriculture Science Developments Vol(3), No (11), November, 2014.

(Pt 0/2S) 2

Qt
In above formula:
Pt 0/8S
Qt: runoff elevation with return period (tyear/mm), Pt:
elevation maximum precipitation with return period (year/mm), S: coefficient of basin storage in millimeter.
The value of S obtained from below relation.
25400
=
254
C/N values in different groups Hydrologic calculated with soil experiments and their measurement ratios.
Table 2: C/N values drainage basin of Ekbatan Dam

S(mm)
40
42.7
43.4
42.4
44.8
49.8
34.3

Area(Km2)
5.2
45.4
38
47.8
46.7
3.3
18.9

Value C/N
86.4
85.6
85.4
85.7
85
83.6
88.1

Basin
S1-1
S1-2
S1-int
S1
S2-int
S3
S4

43.1
53.1

75.9
5.1

85.5
82.7

S5-int
S6

38

172.9

87

S-int

38.3

220.6

86.9

Basin Total

Figure 6: C/N Basin values drainage in Ekbatan Dam

Table3: (QP) flood in Hydrological units of Ekbatan Dam

100
34.9
40.4
36.3
34.3
33.5
25.7
43.9
28.2
23.2
21.8

50
31.1
35.9
32.4
30.6
29.8
22.9
39.2
25.1
20.6
19.5

Return Period ( year)

25
10
27.3
22.1
31.5
25.6
28.4
23
26.8
21.7
26.2
21.2
20.1
16.3
34.3
27.8
22
17.8
18.1
14.7
17.1
13.8

5
17.9
20.8
18.7
17.7
17.2
13.3
22.6
14.5
11.9
11.2

2
11.8
13.6
12.2
11.6
11.3
8.7
14.8
9.5
7.8
7.4

S1-1
S1-2
S1-int
S1
S2-int
S3
S4
S5-int
S6
S-int

30

26.8

23.4

15.5

10.1

Basin Total

19

Basin

Farhad Zand *, Parisa Jabbari

348

Agriculture Science Developments Vol(3), No (11), November, 2014.

Table4: Specific flood discharge in Hydrological units of Ekbatan Dam in SCS method (m3/km2)

100
34.9
40.4
36.3
34.3
33.5
25.7
43.9

50
31.1
35.9
32.4
30.6
33.5
22.9
39.2

Return Period ( year)

25
10
27.3
22.1
31.5
25.6
28.4
23
26.8
21.7
26.2
21.2
20.1
16.3
34.3
27.8

5
17.9
20.8
18.7
17.7
17.2
13.3
22.6

2
11.8
13.6
12.2
11.6
11.3
8.7
14.8

Sub Basin
S1-1
S1-2
S1-int
S1
S2-int
S3
S4

28.2
23.2
21.8

25.1
20.6
19.5

22
18.1
17.1

17.8
14.7
13.8

14.5
11.9
11.2

9.5
7.8
7.4

S5-int
S6
S-int

30

26.8

23.4

19

15.5

10.1

Total of Basin

Figure 7: flood hydrograph base on return periods

3.2 The survey of Hydrological units flood

Proper method to compare submergibility of Hydrological units is examined by using below relation.

C F 2.14

X
A 0.3

Cf : Coefficient of flood,
X : mean of flood or flood with two years return period (

),

A: basin survey ( km )
Increasing in this coefficient indicated flood state and production more power drainage basin runoff flood inundation each of Hydrologic
units in study region calculated with considering the above relation. Obtained values represented in Table 5. As showed in this table, the
whole basin of Ekbatan Dam and sub-basins S4, S-int, S5-int has critical conditions in flood inundation point of view. This quality
established due to high slope and excessive precipitation in short- term.
Table 5: Coefficient of flood values in sub basins study region

Coefficient of flood (Cf)

2.6
2.2
3.8
4.7
3.4
1.2
5.8
5.2
1.4
6.1
7.3

Area (km2)
5.2248
4.5381
38.0264
47.7893
46.733
3.3227
18.8634
75.8938
5.0923
172.8634
220.6527

Discharged with returned period (2 years)

2.0
1.6
5.3
7.0
5.1
0.8
6.6
8.9
1.1
13.4
17.3

Hydrological Unit
S1-1
S1-2
S1-int
S1
S2-int
S3
S4
S5-int
S6
Sint
Total of basin

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Assessment the Degree of Flood Inundation Hazard in Rural Settlement (Case Study Hamedan Ekbatan Dam Basin)
Agriculture Science Developments Vol(3), No (11), November, 2014.

Figure 9: Map of basin flooding (return year period: 5 years).

Figure 11: Map of basin flooding (return year period: 50 years).

4.

Figure 10: Map of basin flooding (return year period: 25 years).

Figure 12. Map of basin flooding (return year period: 100 years).

Conclusion

The survey of precipitation in a 21-years statistical period in basin showed mean annual precipitation of basin 401.7 mm. An analysis of
seasonal precipitation data in region indicated precipitation increasing in winter season. River statistic can help in data completion and yield
flow evaluation in study basin. Thus, adjacent Hydrometric stations were examined in order to survey rivers Discharge of this basin. Basin
Discharge can evaluate by establishing ideal relation. The survey of monthly Discharge oscillations of stations showed that rivers in this
basin have the most Discharge (yield) in spring season. Among soil orders available in American classification, only two orders are
recognized in study region. They are Entisoils and Inceptisoils. Drainage basin is divided to 9 Hydrologic and non- Hydrologic units.
Among these units, S1-1, S2, S3, S4, S6 ones are independent and other units are dependent. In study region, the whole Ekbatan Dam basin
and sub- basins S4, S-int, S5-int have critical conditions from flood view. This property formed due to high slope and excessive precipitation
in short- term.
Increase in population, considerable variations of lands use excessive resources exploitation are part of factors in increasing area of flood
regions, and flood potential in surface unit. This subject influenced the man to recognize critical areas and he managed nature properly.
These results are in accordance with the results of [7] , [6]. [8], [9], [10]. Keeping in view high rate of C/N in region, basin vulnerability in
the face of (against) flood is very high and whole basin has high coefficient of flood. The influence of sub-basis on peak flood Discharge
and out coming flood mass whole basin increased from exit part of basin toward north of basin and middle parts of basin sub-basins
participation in out coming flood of basin and Discharge largeness and smallness and sub-basins flood mass do not depend on their area.
Relationship between flood and sub-basins flood participation with their area is non-linear. Whole basin of Ekbatan Dam and sub-basins
S4, Sint, S5-int have critical conditions from submergible ability view. Thus, concentration on water management operations and flood
control based on preferences can decrease considerably operational expenses. S4, S-int, S5-int have critical conditions. This quality
produced as the result of high slope and excessive precipitation in short-term, the effect of precipitation ones during 24-hours is apparent in
this part.

Farhad Zand *, Parisa Jabbari

350

Agriculture Science Developments Vol(3), No (11), November, 2014.

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