?rice Rs 8.

50

June I.977

i3 8.

POWER TR~N~F~R~~~~
PART

11 TEMPERATURE-RISE

( First Revision )
Transformers

Sectional Committee,

ETDC

I6

Chnirrnan

U. K. I'ATWARDI~AN
Prayog Electricals Pvt Ltd, Bombay
Smr

Refiresenting
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (R&D Unit)
SIIRI S. AMMEERJAN
lamil Nadu Wxtricity Board, Madras
SXIRI N. s. s. (IROKIASWAMY
SIJRI M. K. SWDARARAJAN (&tcrtx&)
Kirloskar Electric Co Ltd, Bangalore
SIUU B. G. BIIAKEY
DR B. X. JAYARAM (,Werwte)
Gujarat Electricity Board, Vadodara
SI~RIA. V. BIIEEMARAU
SHRIJ. S. I-PER (/16fcmn2c)
Bombay Electric Supply and Transport UnderSrm~ S. 1). CHOTRANEY
taking, Bombay
SHRI Y. K. PALVAKKAR (Ahtmle)
Centrnl Electricity Authority, New Delhi
DIRECTOR (TRANSMISSION)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR(TRn~swsSON) (Alternate)
Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI T. K. Gr.iose
SIXRI I?. K. BIIATTACIIARJEE (kter~m&)
Research, Designs and Standards Organization,
JOINT DIRECTOR (SW-STATION)
Lucknow
DEPUTY DIRECTOR STANDARDS
Metnbers

(k:LECTRICAL) (&?U2ate)
SHRI J. K. KIIANE~A

Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals

(Inspection Wing), New Delhi

SI~RI K. L. GARG (~&w&e)

SHRI B. S. KOCIWR
SIIKI R. I). .JAIN (ii/lernnte)
SIIRI .J. R. 54AHAJAN
SIRI 1. K. 11nr.w (/l/~emate)
S11urI>. 1~.ME117.A
SHRl I<. CIlhNDRAMOCLI

Rural Electrification

Corporation Ltd, New D&i

Indian Electrical
Bombay

Mnnufacturcrs

Tata

I-Iydro-l:Icctric
Bornhay

(,'&Ynatc)
0 Capyri&

Iowcr

Association,
Supply

Co

Ltd,

(Cor~filmedon j/qqe 2)
1977

INDIAN STANDARDS I>XIITUITOS

This publication is protected under the In&n Co/~vr$t Act (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with M,rittcn permission of :he
publisher shall be deemed to be an inf?ingemellt of copyright under the said Act.

I$ : 2026 (Part

II) - 1977

SIIRI S. 1;;. ?hl<!lAS (/hXQtC)

SHRI CHANDRR K. KOI,IATGI
Pradip Lamp Works, Patna
Siemens India Ltd, Bombay
SirRID. P. SAMGAL
SHRI A. I<. SALVI (kt8Ynak)
Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking, New Delhi
SHRI I. C. SANGAK
SIIRI R. C. KIIANNA (Alternate)
SFIRI K. G. SHANMUKHAPPA
NGEF Ltd, Bangalore
SHRI P. S. RAMRN (Alternate)
Karnataka Electricity Board, Bangalore
SHRI M. A. SHAKIFP
SHRI B. c., ALVA (.&mte).
Andhra Pradesh State Electricity
Departmknt
SUPRRINTENDINC ENGINEER
(Electricity
Projects
and
Board),
Hyderabad
(OPERATION)
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER
TECHNICAL (PROJECTS) (Afternate)
Crompton Greaves Ltd, Bombay
SHRI C. R. VARIER
SXRI S. V. MANERIKAR (Alternate)
Director General, IS1 (Ex-o&50 Member)
SHRI S.P. SACHDEV,

Director (Elec tech)

Secretary
SHRl VIJAI

Deputy Director(Elec

Panel, for Revision

tech), IS1

of IS : 2026 Specification
ETDC 3 6 : P6

for Power Transfotimers,

SPECIFICATION FOR
POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART

11.~ TEMPERATUREIRISE

(First

Revision)

0. FOREWORII
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part II) was adopted by the Indian Standards
Institution on 24 February 1977, after the draft finalized by the Transformers Sectional Committee had been approved by the Elcctrotechnical
Division Council.
0.2 The first revision of IS : 2026-l 962* has been undcrtakcn with a view to
bring it in line xvith the revision of IEC Pub 76 (1967) Power transformers.
0.3 In this revision the requirements for power transformers
in four parts as follows :
Part I General
Part II Temperature-rise
Part III Insulation levels and dielectric tests
Part IV Terminal markings, tappings and connections

are covered

0.4 This standard (Part II) has been based on 1% Pub 76-2 (1976) Power
issued by the Inlernational
Electrotransformers, Part 2 Temperature-rise,
technical Commission.
0.5 This part shall bc read in conjunction \j-ith IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977?,
IS : 2026 (Part III)-1977:
and IS : 2026 (Part W)-1977$.
0.6 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular rcquircment
of this
standard is complied lvith, the final value, observed or ca~lcrl!alcd, esprcssing
rhe result of a test, shall bc rounded offin accordance >virli IS : 2-196011.
The number of si.gnificant places retained in 111~rounded ofl value should
1)~ the same as that of the spcciflcd value in tilis standard.

IS : 2026 (Part

II) - 1977

1. SCOPE
1.1 This

sranclarcl

(Part II) covers temperat1lre-rise

recluircments

of power

rransiormcrs.
.J,. ~~~NTI~~CATI~N

ACCORDIN:

TO

COOLING

METHOD

Symbols
- Translbrmers shall be identified according
Letter svmbols for use in connection
to the cooling method employed.
vsith each cooling method shall be as given in Table 1.

2.1 Identification

Zwre - In transformers with forced directed oil circulation a certain proportion of

the forced oil flow is channelled so as to pass through the windings. Certain windings,
however, may have a non-directed oil flow, for instance, separate tapping windings,
auxiliary windings and stabilizing windings.
TABLE

1 LETTER SYMBOLS
(CZam 2.1)

i) Kind of Cooling Medium

a) h/Iiner+l oil or equivalent flammable synthetic
insulating liquid
b) Non-flammable synthetic insulating liquid
c) Gas
d) Water
c) Air
ii) Kind of Circulation
a) Natural
b) Forced (oil not directed)
c) Forced (directed oil)

Symbol
0
k
W
A

N,
F
D

1s : 2026 (Pzirt

2.2.5 The cooling method of a.dry-oJpe.transformer,~~i~but~a

protective
enclosure or with a ventilated enclosure. and with.natural
air; cooling is
designated by :
AhT
2.2.6 For a dry-type transformer in a non-ventilated protectivexx&sure
with natural air cooling inside and outside the enclosure t,he.&signationis

AXAlS
TABLE

2 ORDER

OF SYMBOLS

(Clause2.2.2)
2ndLAer

1st Letter

3rd r,e11cr

4tir Lefter

Kind of cooling mcdi- Kind of circulation Kind of cooling Kind of circulation

medium indicating
urn indicatingthe coolthe coolk~g medium
ing medium that is in
that is in contact
contact with the lvirldwith the cxtcrnal
ings
coolingsystems

3. LIMITS

OF TEMPERAeTURE-RISE

3.X Norma1 Temperature-Rise

Limits
--- Il~c tcmpcraturc-rises of t11c
windings, cores and oil, of transformers designed for operation at altitudes

not exceeding those given in 3 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977 and with cooling
medium temperatures as descrihcd in 3 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977 shall not
exceed the limits specified in Tables 3 and 4 when tested in accordance with 4.
For multi-winding
transformers, the temperature-riseof
the top oil refers
to the specified loading combination for which the total losses arc highest.
Individual winding temperature-rises shall be considered relative to that
specified loading combination which is the most severe for the particular
winding under consideration.
3.1.1 The method of verification of the forced directed oil flow shall lx
subject to ag.reement between rhc manufacturer and the purchaser, normal 11
at the time of tender.
3.1.2 The temperature-rise< of transformers immersed in non-fiammahi~~
synthetic insulating liquids and using insulating materials whose tempera turnclasses are different from A ma) bc raised by an amount to bc agrcctl i,)
manufacturer and purchaser.
3.1.3 In certain types of uxnsformcrs Gth concenWic windings anii
vertical axes of core and xvinding=5 t\vo or more windings can Ix: arrangcci
*Specificationfor pow-r

trnnsformcl-s:Part I General.
5

IS : 2026 (Part

II) - 1977

one above the other. If these windings are identical, the arithmetic mean
value of their temperature-rises shal I not exceed the permissible temperaturerises given in Tables 3 and 4. If \lle windings are not identical, their temperature-rises shall be subject to agixement between the manufacturer and
the purchaser.
In this case, the asial dimensions of each winding are to
be considered.
TABLE

3 TEMPERATURE-RISE
LIMITS
TRANSFORMERS
(Clauses 3.1, 3.1.3,

PART
EJ.

FOR DRY-TYPE

3.3, 4.3 nttd 4.5.1)

TEMPERATURE
CLASS OF

cooLIsc
METHOD

TEMPERATURE-RISE

hSULATIOX*

i) Windings (Temperaturerise measured by resistancemethod)

ii)

(3)

(2)

(1)

Cores and other parts

a) Adjacent to wind-

Air;e~atural

or

(4)

(5)
w

A
E
B

50
65

k
C

ii:
115
1w

All

ings

b) sot adjacent to
windings

All

a) Same vaIue.9 as for

windings
b) The temperature shall
in no case reach a
value thatwill damage
the core itself, other
,parts
or , adjacent
~mat+ials

TABLE

4 TEii%PE&STURERISELIMITS
F@R OIIXHMERSED
TYPE TRANSFORMERS

EST&R~AL
--Air
(1)

(2)

(3)
C

COOLING
A

:Mkky

Water
(4)
Oi=

i) Windings (temperature-rise
measured by resktancc
method)

55, when the oil circulation

is naturai or forced nondirected

60, when the qil eircukticm

is natural or forced nondirected

class of insula-

60, when the oil circulation

is forced directed

65, when the oil circuIation

is forced directed

50, when the transformer is

equipped with a conscrvator or sealed

55, when the transformer

is equipped with a conservatofor sealed

ii) Teyraturc

iii) Top oil (temperature-rise

measured by thcrmomcter)

45, when the transformer is 50, when the transformer is

neither equipped with a
neither equipped with a
conservator nor scaled
conservator nor sealed
iv! Cores, metallic parts, and
adjacent materials

lhc tcmpcrature shall in no

case reach a value that will
damage the core itself, other
parts or adjacent materials

The temperature shall in no

case reach a value that will
damage the core itself, other
parts or adjacent materials

NOTE
-The temperature-rise limits of the windings (measured by resistance method)
are chosen to give the same hot-spot temperature-rise with different types of oil circulation. The hot-spot tempcraturc-rise cannot normally be measured directly. Transformers with forced directed oil flow have a difference between the hot-spot and the
average temperature-rise in the windings which is smaller than that in transformers with
natural or forced but not directed oil flow. For this reason the windings of transformers
with forced directed oil flow can have temperature-&z limits (measured by resistance
method) which arc 5C higher than in other transformers.

IS : 2026 (Part

II) - 1977

=\ny site conditions

\\;hich may. cithcr ilnpose restrictions on
the air
cooling or product high ambient air temperarures shall be specified by the
purchaser.
3.3 Reduced
Temperature-Rises
for Transformers
Designed
for
High Altitudes
- Unless otherwise agreed bct\veen the manufacturer and
the purchaser for air-cooled transformers designed for operation at an altitude
greater than 1 000 m but tested at normal altitudes, the limits of temperature-rise given in Tables 3 and 4 shall be reduced by the following amounts
for each 500 m by which the intended working altitude exceeds 1 000 m :
a) Oil-immersed, natural air-cooled transformers
2.0 percent
b) Dry-type, natural air-cooled transformers
2.5 percent
c) Oil-immersed, forced air-cooled transformers
3-O percent
d) Dry-type, forced air-cooled transformers
5.0 percent
NOTE
1 - If air-cooled transformers, which are designed for operation below 1 OgOm,
are tested at altitudes above 1 000 m, the measured temperature-rises are to be reduced
by the above mentioned amounts for each 500 m by which the test altitude exceeds
1000m.
_,
NOTE
2 -These reductions in temperature-rise limits or in nieasured temperaturerises are not applicable to water-cooled transformers.

WEST

OF TEMPERATURE-RISE

4.1 Measurement

of Temperature

(TYPE
of Cooling

TEST)
Air

The cooling-air temperature shall be measured by means

of severcil thermometers arranged according to 4.12 and 4.1.3. They shall
be protected from draught and abnormal heat radiation.
To avoid errors due to the time lag between variations in the tqnperature
4.1 S General -

HSy$2
:2@26 (hit
around ;tf1e ~.compfetc
,transfo.$,mer , o,utside ,the~z&culation
ferabl~&?~~thc
side without ,cooler,~ if any.

42

$&$$kment

of Temperature

of C6&&Water

IQ-:x977
streams,

prc-

The cooling

-+atet@%perature
shall be measured,(at
the-:intake.gf
the cooI,er and the
temperature
shall be taken as the average of at least.three
readings taken at
approximately
equal intervals not greater than On& hour. The readings shall
be tafc$in
the last quarter of the test period.
4.3 Determination
of Winding Temperature
- . The winding
tcmperaturcs shall in principle
be ascertained
using the resistance method.
If1e temperature
of a winding
( ~9~) at tf1e end of a test period shall be
calculated
from its measured resistance
(X,) at that temperature
and its
measured resistance (A?,) at some other temperature
( tfl ) using the formula :

8,= -R2 (235.{-Q-235

for copper

e2=
whcrc

(2251-8,) -225 for al77minium

L
19~and tY2arc nicasurcd in "C.
2

Tlic resistance (N,) is generally the cold rcsistancc mcasurcd in accordance

lhc rcsist:anw
(Z?,) is mcasurcd
\vith 16.2 ol IS : 2026 (Past I)-1977*,
either after s\vitching
off the suppl,y, having regard to 71~ corrections
intlicated in 4.9, or wi.thout intcrruptlon
of the supply, by means of th(: supcrposition rrlcthod
(see hpfxndis
I\) wflich consists of ~nIec:tiiig into the \vinc!ing a clc measuring
C7uxnt of low value superposed on the load Currcnt~.
In case of transfbrmcrs
with concentric
windings
and vertical
ascs of
core and windings
where two or more identical
windings
are arrangccl one
above the other? all these windings
can be connected
in series for the tcsr
of tcmperaturc-rise.
The measured
temperature-rise
of these serics-conncctcd windings
shall not cxcecd the approl1riaw
val77c given in IaljlcS
3 and 4.
If the windings
have a resistance Of 0.001, oflm or grcatcr
the \\.incling
tcmpcratures
shall be asccrtaincd
bv mea175 of the rcsistanc:c inethoci.
Practical
difficulties
due to the short time awlilaf,lC
for the mcaswcmcn7
of
hot rcsistanccs
may affect the accusacy of suc~h ~ncas7i.rcmcnt by alw77t once
pCsCClLt~.

IS : 2026 (Part

XI) - 1977

--The
temperature of the
top oi! shall IX measured by a thermometer placed in an oil-filled thermoI::c!c~ pocket on the cover or in the outlet pipe to the cooler, but in the case
oiqarate
coolers it shall bc loratccl. in rhc outlet pipe adjacent to the transf\ ;:ti~r. Sl~ouIcl the tank not be completely filled with oil, the pocket shall
br !o:ig enolxgh, or placed in an appropriate position on the tank, to ensure
true measurement of the top oil temperature; alternatively, an opening shah
bc provided through which the thermometer can be inserted.
The tempc;:lr,ure-risc so determined shall not exceed the limiting value for oil given
i!l Iablc 4.

4.4 Measurement

of Top Oil Temperature

of Test of Temperature-Rise
--- The test shall be continued until the requirements of one of the foIlowing methods have been met.
The method shall be chosen by the manufacturer.
4.5.1 Merl~od n-Evidence
shall be obtained that the highest temperapurerise will not exceed the value given in Table 3 or 4, as appropriate, even if
the test were continued until thermal equilibrium is reached.
Temperatures
shall be taken where possible during operation, as well as when the supply
to the transformer is switched-off.
The test shall not be regarded as completeci until the temperature-rise increment is less than 3C in 1 hour.
The method shown in Fig. 1 shall be employed for the determination of
the final temperature-rise.
4.3 Duration

4.5.2 Method b - It shail be demonstrated that the top oil temperaturerise does not vary more than 1C per hour during 4 consecutive hourly
readings.
If the test is performed initially with reduced cooling or without
any cooling, it shall be continued fo? sufficient time with full cooling to
pr.event ,errors in the measurement of the final oil temperature-rise.

TEMPERATURE-RISE

T-

t-

TEMPERATURE
INCREMENT
m

-T-Y?*

TIME
.-At

eat

At

At

At-

(All three scales are linear)

T-r<:. 1

METHOD FOR DETERMINI.~;G THE FINAL TEMPERATURE-RISE OF @IF

IS : 2026 (Part
4.7 Test

Method

II) - 1977
for

Oil-Immersed

Type

Transformers*

lern-

pcrature-rise tests of oil-immersed type transformers include the determination of top oil temperature-rise and of ~~~inclingtemperature-rises.
XOTE I - Durillg rhc test the power required for the pumps and fans may be
rixxsured.
XOTE

2 - For loading method see4.8.

4.7.1 Tqb Oil Temperature-Rise - The top oil temperature-rise

shall be
obtained by subtracting the cooling medium test temperature from the
measured top oil temperature, the transformer being supplied with the total
losses. The input power shall be maintained at a steady value.
If the total losses (taken as the sum of the measured load losses, corrected
to the reference temperature and the measured no-load losses) [see 16.1
and 16.4 of IS : 2026 (Part I)-197711 cannot be obtained, different losses, as
near as possible to the above losses, but in any case not less than 80 percent,
shall be supplied and the following correction factor applied to the top oil
temperature-rise so determined :
Total losses x
C Test losses
The value of x shall be as follows :
For natural air circulation :
0.8
1-O
For forced air circulation and water cooling :

NOTE - In cases where testing facilities are not available for carrying out the test at
80 percent of the total losses,the losses at which the test is to be conducted and the details
of the test shall be subject of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

4.7.2 Winding

Winding temperature-rises
shall be
medium
test
by subtracting the external cooling

Temperature-Riser-

obtained on all windings

i?Zoe7: fn cased(tyheretesting facilities ,are~~~ot.?valfabIe~.f~r.carryxng

out:the icsta,t
90 per&t of rated cukent tbc current at whks the test is to,b&:~titidC&d and the details
of the test shall be subjectof agreementbettiienthd,manufacti~r

afndth$,.purchaser.

The average oi1 temperature may be determin~dc~y.tinyl,of~~e

f6llotVi:ng
ways :
a) For all cooling methods the average oil tetiIxratu&ki
the surround
ings of the diffcrcnt windings shali be calc~Xat&&d&~ding
to
Fig. 2 from the resistance R where the straight,Jine L cuts the ordinate. The winding resistances shall be determined atter switching-off
the suppIy according to 4.9.

TEST READINGS
(corrected
for difference
in average oil tempera-

dR
RESISTANCE

.INCREMEN?
(.411 three

TIME

scales arc linear)

I)) In transformers with ON, OF and 01) cooling the avcragc oil
temperature shall he determined as the clilkrcnce between the top
oil temperature and halfthc temperac~u.c:-tl~ol) in the cooling cquipIllCllt.
.

1:or tank with tubes or ratliatoxs moun~c~tl on 111~111,

the telnpcraiurcdrop shall be taken as the difixnce
lx~~r~ccn the surcace tcmlxraIUICSat the top and the hottom ofs coo1in.q rube
or radiator clcn~cnt,
13

IS : 2026 (Part

IX) - 1977

the tube or radiator element chosen being as near as practicable to

the micltllc ola siclc of the tank.
In the case or a separate cooler, the temperature-drop
shall be taken
as the cliiii:rcnce in readings of thermometers in thermometer pockets
adjacent to the main tank in the inlet and outict pipes to and from
the cooler.
c) For transformers haviyg rated powers up to 2 500 kV.4 svith natural
oil circulation and plam or corrugated tanks or with tubes or radiators mounted on the tanks, the average oil temperature-rise is taken
approximately
as 0.8 times top oil temperature-rise.
Allowances shall he made for variation in average oil temperature during
tests; if needed, as explained in detail in 4.8.3.
It shall be accepted that the average oil temperature-rise may vary with
the losses according to the law given in 4.7.1 for the top oil temperatu/re-rise.
-At
the choice of the manufacturer,
f6r twowinding transformers any one of the loading methods according to 4.8.1
to 4.8.3 may be applied for oil-immersed type transformers and either of: the
loading methods according to 4.8.1 and 4.82 .for dry-type transformers.
4.8.1 Direct Loading Method - One winding of the transform&r shall be
excited at rated voltage with the oth&r connected to a suitable load such
that rated currents flow in both windings.~ No correction for average oil
temperature need be applied to the winding temperature-rise ofoil-immersed
type transformer.
*
4.822 Back-to-Back Method - Two transformers, one of which is the transformer under test, shall be connected in parallel and excited at the rated
voltage, of the. transformer ,under test. By means of different voltage ratios

4.8

Loading

Methods*

PS : 2026 ,(Par$
,The temneratuse&se:-of, the ;tiindings&bove tliwamrage :oil:tempet%ture;
determined in .the second part of&&e~t;.added
to$he~~~erage,:oil temp,erature-rise, .determined in the first ~,~j~t$$$he test, shall:,glye the: temperature:
rise of the windings above the coohng medium tempertiture for totallosses at
rated current-lrated
frequency and +ated .voltage.
Alternatively,
the temperature-riseof
the \Kndings:abinc;;the
~*cooling
medium temperature for total losses.at rated hurrent and rated voltage,may
be derived from the temperature-rise of the windings,at the endafthe
run,
with total losses, mentioned in the first sentence of 4.8!3_,,by correctrng the
difference between the temperature of the windings and the average oil
temperature to the conditions corresponding to rated current and rated:
frequency.
4.8.4 Loading of Multi-Winding
Transformers - In the case of multiwinding transformers where more than two windings can be loaded simultaneously in service the temperature-rise
tests shall normally be performed
by separate two-winding tests.
In certain cases the rated powers of the individual windings~may preclude
the testing of the transformer at the full total losses.
For such cases the correction of the top oil temperature-&;-of
oil-immexr,sed type transformers shall be made as described in 4.71.
Calculated corrections according to 4.7.2 shall be made, where necessary,
to determine the individual xvinding tcmpcraturc-rises at the specified loading combination which is the most severe for the particular winding..
In
these calculations the manufacturer
may take account of the stray and
eddy current losses at this loading combination.
4.9 Temperature
Correction
Switching-Off
the Supply

for

CooIing

4.9.1 General-Winding

of Transformers

After

temperature measurement may be made while

the transformer is in operation by the superposition method mentioned
in 4.3 or by taking resistance readings after the supply to transformer is
switched-off.
In the latter case, to provide for the interval between the instant of
switching-off the supply and the measurement of the temperature, a corrcction shall be applied so as to obtain as nearly as practicable the temperature
at the instant of switching-off the supply.
Readings shall be taken as soon as possible after switching-off the supples
but allowing sufficient time for the inductive efIect to disappear, as indicatctl
from the cold resistance measurements. [see 16.2.1 of IS : 2026 (Part Ij1977y.
When the supply to transformer is s\vitched.-off, the fans and water pumps
shall be stopped but the oil pumps shall remain running.
Correction of the tcmperaiute-rise as determined by the resistance mct!~o(l
to the instant ofs!vitching-of?thc
supply shall be made by extrapolation 1)::c.l;
*Specificationfor poxvertransfornxrs: Part I General.

I : 2026 (Part

II) - 1977

to the instant of switching-off

the supply Corn time/temperature

curves or

time/resistance curves.
4.9.2 Method of Extraljolation Using Gear Scales- The correction shall
be determined approximately by makin, v a series of resistance measurements
and from this plotting a time/resistance curve, which is extrapolated back
40 the instant ofswitching-off
the supply.
The highest winding temperature
shall then be calculated from the resistance at, the instant of switching-M
the supply.
This extrapolation shall be done according to 33,.
o. 2, Ghere the resistances
R are determined at equal intervals of time At.
In taking actual resistance measurements by some bridge methods it is
more accurate to determine times for fixed changes in resistance Ali, that
is, time as noted at the moment the indicator of the pre-set bridge passes
through zero.
The decreases in resistance, a R, corresponding to equal time interval
are put down horizontally at the appropriate points of the ordinate and give
the straight line L. R, is the resistance of the winding at the. instant of
switching-off the supply.
4.9.3 Method of Extrapolation Using Log-Linear Scales- The di&rence a R
between the measured resistance and the resistance R, corresponding to the
temperature to which the winding is cooling after switching-off the supply
shall be drawn on log-linear graph paper 6th time as linear and~R
as
the logarithmic axis. The resistance R shall be chosen in such a,;way that
the test points plotted appear almost on a straight line, The resistance at
the instant of switching-off the supply shall then be equal to R + AR,,
where AR, is ,found by drawing a straight ,line. through the point .on the
graph and extrapolating it back to zero time.
4,9.4 .,Ter@r+re,cf Hot-$pt .in Winding -For the purpose of calibrating
~?n,di,ng+empe@a.tre indicato,rs, the tempe+i@
of the hot-spot+a, winding,;shaJl be:~,tak.$n:asthe sumof the temperattire~at the top oil (.&fc,ool$g
air %m.$erature) and $1 times ,the temper&&$rise~
of tne winding above
~&+&.$ j&j~l;iemperat&$f;,

IS ~:,2026 (E-far+ ; g)-

1?yl

the terminals @the winding due, to this direct cucrenx, These measur&nents
are n&de at leastBt,tke beginning and end of ~_heltemperature;ris~t~t
and
are used to determine the mean temperature~of f&x&d$gs~by
the variation
of resistance, the accuracy being in the order of 1 YI:.
The method is equally appiicable,to tempcra~ure-r%se~ tests carried out try
means of thedirect
loading, back-to-back or @rt-ci%g$
me;thods.
u
to
th$:Y>vindmg
,connections;
the,
The test arrangements vary accordin,
two most frequent connections are describcd.iri A-2 and A-3.

A-2. STAR

WINDINGS

WITH

NEUTRAL

BROUGHT

OUT

A-2.1 The injection of dc through the winding newal

does not present any

dif5culty.
Nevertheless it is necessary to arrangefor a return neutral point
which will generally bc that of the supply transformer or a neutr;al point
of the external circuit, or, in the case of a short-circuited winding, the shortOne point of the injection
circuit connection at the phase terminals.
.:ircuit should preferably be earthed.
l:ig. 3 shows the circuit for a star/star transformer with the neutrals brought
out from both windings, the tcmpcraturc test being carried out by the shortcircuit method.
For each of the two windings, the sum I of the dc currents injected into
the three phases is measured by means ofa millivoltmctcr
connected across a
shunt placed in the injection circuit.
For the energized winding, a microammeter
is connected between the
neutral point of the winding and the neutral point of three react:ors connccThese reactors arc for the purpose of
ted in star to the phase terminals.
limiting the circulation of alternating current, and to this effect, voltage
transformers may be used. Provided that the resistance of the voltage
transformer winding in each phase is equal, then the microammeter
measures
a current i proportional
to the sum ofthe dc voltages at the terminals of the
three phases of the transformer.
If R is the mean resistance of the three-phase bvindillgr of the transformcl
.nder test, r]. the resistance per phase of thereactors or voltage transformer
and T the circuit resistance, then

R z +

(3y-)-y,)

In the case of the windings on short-circuit,

of the voltage measuring circuit the relation

A-3. DELTA WINDING

BLE NEUTRAL

OR STAR WINDING

A-3.1 Such winding

dc v&n

7 again IxG1g the rcsistanc<

bccolilc5 simply :

WITHOUT

ACCESSI-

connections do not Icnd tllcmscl\:~~\ to the injection oi

they a.rc short-circuited.
The phase tcrrnina!s shall nrccssaril>. bc
17

)4J
F

mV

--+I1
7
w

Fi$;~?j ST;~R/STAR
TILQJSPORMER
WITH NEUTRALSBROUGHTOUT

mV

TRANSFORMER
SilPPLY

TRANSFORMER

A-

-I

I-

I-

UNDER .TESf

IS : 2026 (Part

II) - 1977

connected to an external circuit such as a supply transformer or a loading

circuit.
The dc injection may he made through one of the phase terminals but the
three phases of the winding do not play symmetrical roles and intervene in
the measurement with different weights.
Return of the dc may often be effected by an accessible neutral point of
the external circuit, which is then earthed. The injection circuit must
include in series a reactor capable of withstanding the ac phase voltage.
In the absence of such an available neutral point in the internal circuit,
return of the dc may be effected in another way, for example, by a second
phase terminal.
One point in the injection circuit is then fixed at earth
potential and reactors interposed between this point and the two-phase
terminals used.
Fig. 4 shows the circuit for a delta-connected winding and where the
neutral point is available on the supply transformer.
The dc is injected via terminal .?J,,and the measuring shunt shall be placed
between the terminal and the point ofinjection.
The shunt is thus at phase
voltage and, the millivoltmeter
shall be read at a distance.
The direct current I which flows via terminal U, divides equally between
the ~two-phase windings each of resistance R connected to this terminal and
flows out via terminals VI and W,.
To measure the dc voltage between terminal U, and the combination of
terminals V, and Wi, three reactors are arranged as shown in the figure.
These may consist of voltage transformers supplemented, if necessary, by
additional resistors, the primary purpose, of which is to ensure that overall
resistances r, and r3 are equal. Adequate capacitances are connected
between the ends of the reactances and earth to suppress residual alternating voltages.
If i is:&e.,cur~nt
in the microammeter,
the mean ,resistance of the two
phases includedy.h the rhea@-+ent
is :

AHEtOlENT MI. 1

APRIL ?981

?O

IS:2026(Part

XI)-1977

SPECIFICATION FOR

POkdERl?MNSFORMERS
P/W e:i

TE)IPERATURE-RI.SE

Nteration
-----

AMENDMENT
NO. 2 OCTOBER
7984
TO
IS:2026(Part 2)-1977 SPECIFICATION
FWPDWR'
TRAfJSFORMERS
PART 2 TEMPERMURE-RKE
(Fi2'8

(Page 5, clause

3.2)

t Revighm)

- Delete para 2 of this

clause.
[Page 7, Table 4, co2 (1) and (21.1 ~-,Substi$ute
the followiIrg
for the existing
matter a,gainst $3 No. i.)
snd ii) and renumber subsequent
Serial
'IJos. accordingly.
(1)

i)

(2)

Windings
resistance
insulation

(temperature-rise
measured by
method) temperature
class of
A

(Pa_oe 8, clause 3.3)

clause after
this clause:

- Add the following

new

"3.b Choice
of T~~~g_f~r_T~rn~er~~se
Test
-----Temperature-rise
test shall be performed
at the tapping
If nothing
has been stated
as desired
bjr the purchaser.
by the purchaser,
the test shall be carried
out as
indicated
below:
a) For tapping
ranges less than or equal to
10 percent
tapping
on negative
side, the test
shall
be performed
on the lowest tap at appropriate
current
relating
to this tap!,kng;
and

b) For tapping rangesrexceed!mg LO percent 011

negative side, the test shall. be perfomed
at 710 percent tapping with 'appropriate
CIIRVIX~
relating
to this tapping.
ROTE1 - Xhile above mentioned tapping
ffnits
may be applicable'iqre'spect
of temperature-rise
test only, there shall be no injury
to the transfomer
when delivering
the,appropriate
rated current
on any tap includinp
the
extreme neptive
tap.
NXT 2 - A transformer
my be expected to
operate without
permanent inJury
s&long~ as~ft
is oneratinc
wi+,!:in the absolute
temperature
lixi+,s
an? other conditions
speciiied
in
iS:6603-1072
'Guide for loadinsr: OP oil immersed
trSnsfor=ers'."

Reprography

Unit,

ISX,

Hew Delhi,

India