1. What do mean by the term Chemical bond?

A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that
contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite
charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical
bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such
as dipoledipole interactions, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding.
Chemical bonds are what occur when two or more atoms bind together. Some of these bonds are between
atoms of the same type, resulting in a pure element. Other chemical bonds occur between atoms of
different types and result in molecules. Once formed, most of these bonds cannot be broken down, except
by chemical means. Each atom has what is called a "valence shell." This is the outermost track its electrons
can take around its nucleus, its outer orbit. The electrons in this orbit are called "valence electrons." These
electrons interact to form chemical bonds.
Since opposite charges attract via a simple electromagnetic force, the negatively charged electrons that are
orbiting the nucleus and the positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other. An electron
positioned between two nuclei will be attracted to both of them, and the nuclei will be attracted toward
electrons in this position. This attraction constitutes the chemical bond.
2. Define the terms Covalent bond, Ionic bond and Coordination bond with suitable examples.
Covalent bonds are bonds where two atoms share two a pair of valence electrons. Covalent bonds usually occur
between non-metals that are either of the same element, or of elements close to each other on the Periodic Table.
When two atoms are similarly electronegative share electrons, it is called a covalent bond. This usually occurs when
atoms share two valence electrons, such as in the case of H2. However, there are also double, triple, and even
quadruple Covalent Bonds. N2 is an example of a triple Covalent Bond because it shares three pairs of electrons
between the two valence shells. Covalent bonds tend to occur between similar atoms, such as between metals or
between nonmetals. Oxygen is another good example. It rarely exists except in pairs of atoms, as the molecule O2.
Because of this sharing of electrons, the atoms tend to be electro negativity balanced; and, therefore, Covalent Bonds
are very strong.
Examples: There is a covalent bond between the oxygen and each hydrogen in a water molecule (H2O). Each of the
covalent bonds contains two electrons - one from a hydrogen atom and one from the oxygen atom. Both atoms share
the electrons.

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
These ions represent atoms that have lost one or more electrons (known as cations) and atoms that have gained one
or more electrons (known as an anions).

When an atom with only seven in its outer shell comes near an atom with only one electron in its valence
shell, the most "electronegative" atom will pull the one electron to itself to complete its outer shell with
eight electrons. Salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl) will do this. The Na (sodium) atom then becomes a cation and
the Cl (chloride) atom then becomes an anion. They form a loose bond, which is called an ionic bond. The
atoms have now become a molecule. Ionic chemical bonding is common between metals and nonmetals.
Ionic chemical bonds can usually be broken down by the adding water.
Example: common table salt is sodium chloride. When sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are combined, the
sodium atoms each lose an electron, forming cations (Na+), and the chlorine atoms each gain an electron to
form anions (Cl). These ions are then attracted to each other in a 1:1 ratio to form sodium chloride (NaCl).

Na + Cl Na+ + Cl NaCl

coordinate bond. a type of covalent bond between two atoms in which the bonding electrons are supplied by
one of the two atoms. A covalent chemical bond between two atoms that is produced when one atom shares a pair of
electrons with another atom lacking such a pair. Also called semipolar bond.
Example: NH4+

Example : Carbon Monoxide

3. What do you mean by intermolecular hydrogen bonding and intermolecular hydrogen bonding?. Explain
with suitable examples.

Intermolecular hydrogen bond: The H-bond formed between two different molecules (of same or different
compounds) is referred to as intermolecular H-bond. In this case, hydrogen of one molecule makes H-bond with
electronegative atom of another molecule. These molecules may belong to same compound or different compounds.

Intra-molecular hydrogen bond: The H-bond formed between a hydrogen and the electronegative atom of same
molecule is called as intra-molecular H-bond.

4. O and S atoms are in the same group of periodic table and they form hydride e.g., H2O and H2S, explain
H2O is liquid and H2S is gas.
Water is able to form hydrogen bonding, which are the strongest intermolecular force. Because hydrogen
bonds are strong, the molecules will have a higher melting point so H2O is liquid at room temp. whereas H2S
has no hydrogen bonding resulting in a lower melting point and therefore a gas at room temp.

The ability of Oxygen atom to pull electrons is greater than of Sulfur i.e. O is more electronegetive than S.
When an hydrogen is connected to an highly electronegative element like Oxygen (this usually happens
with fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen), it has higher intermolecular forces like Hydrogen bonding. Its a very
strong bond that packs the water molecules closely together, forming a liquid while sulfur does not attract
H nearly as strongly so they dissociate into a gas.
5. Define the term metallic bond.

A metal is a lattice of positive metal 'ions' in a 'sea' of delocalized electrons.

Metallic bonding refers to the interaction between the delocalized electrons and the metal nuclei. The
delocalized electrons are free to move in the solid lattice. These mobile electrons can act as charge carriers in the
conduction of electricity or as energy conductors in the conduction of heat.

6. Explain the terms electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of solids.

Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity, and measures a material's ability to conduct an
electric current.
Symbol: Greek letter (sigma),
SI unit : Siemens per metre (S/m)
CGSE unit : reciprocal second (s1).
Thermal conductivity is the measure of the ability of a material to transfer heat.
Symbol: or k
Unit: watts per meter Kelvin (W/(mK))

7. Explain diamond is electrically insulator but thermally conductor.

The structure of diamond is a 3-dimensional lattice of carbon atoms strongly (covalently) bonded, each to four other
carbon atoms. The strong covalent bonding means that when you heat the material the thermal vibrations are rapidly
transmitted through diamond. On the other hand, the lack of free electrons in the structure means that, unlike
graphite, it is a very poor conductor of electricity.

8. If you go down in a group in a periodic table, for example, in group I, electropositivity or electronegativity
increase or decrease, explain.
Electro negativity decreases as you go down a group within the Periodic Table. This is because of the longer distance
between the nucleus and the Outer Valence electron shell within an atom. This therefore decreases the attraction.

9. Write down the electronic configurations of the followings:

(i)Cr0(24), (ii) Fe2+(26), (iii) Fe3+(26) and (iv) Cu0(29)
(i)Cr0(24):
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1
(ii) Fe2+(26): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6
(iii) Fe3+(26): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
(iv) Cu0(29): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1

10. Explain why group I atoms have strong tendency to lose an electron, on the other hand, atoms of group XVII
have strong tendency to accept an electron.
11. Define the terms Oxidation and Reduction with examples.
Oxidation:
Addition of either oxygen or some electronegative radical.
Example: C + O2 => CO2
Removal of either hydrogen or some electropositive radical.
Example: 2H2 + O2 => 2H2O
Oxidation is a process of loss of electrons (De-electro nation).
Example: Fe => Fe2+ + 2eReduction:
Addition of either hydrogen or some electropositive radical.
Example: Cl2 + H2 => 2HCl
Removal of either oxygen or some electronegative radical
Example: CuO + C => Cu + CO
Reduction is a process of gain of electrons (electro nation).
Example: O2 + 4e- => 2O2 12. Oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously, explain with a suitable example.
Because for oxidation to take place the electrons lost by the substance that is oxidized must be accepted by atoms or
ions of another substance. Also, for reduction to occur the electrons gained by the substance that is being reduced
must be transferred from the atoms of ions of another substance. Therefore, oxidation and reduction are
complementary processes: that is to say that oxidation cannot occur without reduction and visa versus.

Prepared by:
Md Kownan Mursalin Mazed
EEE
Atish Dipankar University of Science & Technology