Western Philippines University

College of Engineering and Technology

Civil Engineering Department

STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

By Dr. Cesario A. Bacosa , Jr.
( Geotechnical and Structural Engineer)
Module . OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BEAMS (Local Web and Flange Failures).
511.2 Webs and Flanges Under Concentrated Forces
511.2.1.1 Members with concentrated loads applied normal to one flange and symmetric to the web shall have a
flange and web proportioned to satisfy the local flange bending, web yielding strength, web crippling
and sidesway web buckling criteria to both flanges shall have a web proportioned to satisfy the web
yielding web crippling and column web buckling criteria of Sections 511.2.3, 511.2.4 and 511.2.6.
511.2.1.2 Where pairs of stiffeners are provided on opposite sides of the web, at concentrated loads, and extend
at least half the depth of the member, Section 511.2.2 and 511.2.3 need not be checked.
511.2.1.3 For column webs subject to high shears, see Section 511.2.7; for bearing stiffeners see Section 511.2.8.
Illustration:

P
tf

tf
d/2

tw

d
If stiffeners are provided

[511.2.1.1]

[511.2.1.2]

511.2.2 and 511.2.3

need not be checked

511.2.2 Local Web Yielding

511.2.2.1 Bearing stiffeners shall be provided if the compressive stress at the web toe of the fillets resulting from
concentrated loads exceeds 0.66Fy.
When the force to be resisted is a concentrated load producing tension or compression, applied at a
distance from the member end that is greater than the depth of the member,
R
0.66 Fy
(511-2)
t w ( N 5k )
When the force to be resisted is a concentrated load applied at or near the end of the member,
R
0.66 Fy
(511-3)
t w ( N 2.5k )
where:
R = concentrated load or reaction, N
tw = thickness of web, mm
N = length of bearing (not less than k for end reactions), mm
k = distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet, mm

Illustration:
tw
Beam
end
N+2.5k

Beam end
Check (511-3)

N+5k

if > 0.66Fy provide

Check (511-2)
if > 0.66Fy provide

k
>d

R
Nk

[511.2.3.1]

511.2.3 Web Crippling

511.2.3.1 Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of members under concentrated loads, when
compressive force exceeds the following limits:
When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less than d/2 from the end of the member:
1.5

N t
(511-4)
R 177.2tw2 1 3 w Fywt f / tw

d t f

When the concentrated load is applied less than a distance d/2 from the end of the member:

1.5

N t
R 89.3tw2 1 3 w Fywt f / tw

d t f

(511-5)

where:
Fyw = specified minimum yield stress of beam web, MPa
d = overall depth of the member, mm
tf = flange thickness, mm
511.2.4.2. If stiffeners are provided and extend at least one-half the web depth, Equations (511-4) and (511-5)
need not be checked.
Illustration:

tw
Beam end

1) When a > d/2 apply (511-4)

d
2) When a d/2 apply (511-5)

d/2

3) When R > limitations, provide

tf
a

N
[511.2.4.1]

511.2.4 Sidesway Web Buckling

511.2.4.1 Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of members with flanges not restrained against relative
movement by stiffeners or lateral bracing and subject to concentrated compressive loads when the
compressive force exceeds the following :

a.

If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and

b.

3
d /t
46880tw3
1 0.4 c w
lb / b f

If the loaded flange is not restrained against rotation and

d c / tw

2.3 :
lb / b f

d c / tw

1.7 :
lb / b f

(511-6)

3
46880tw3 d c / tw
0.4

lb / b f
h

(511-7)

where:
lb = largest laterally unbraced length along their flange at the point of load, mm
bf = flange width, mm
dc (d 2k ) web depth clear of fillets, mm
Equations (511-6) and (511-7) need not be checked provided

dc / tw / lb / b f

exceeds 2.3 or 1.7,

respectively, or for webs subject to uniformly distributed load.

Illustration:

bf
tw

Point of load
k

lb

dc
Top view of beam

tf k
R
[511.2.5.1]

Problem 602. A W760x196 consisting of A36 steel (Fy = 250 MPa) has been selected for the loading and span
shown in figure. 1) Determine the minimum bearing length required at the reactions. 2) The 240 kN
concentrated loads are applied to the beam over a width of 75 mm. Is this sufficient? Section properties: d = 770
mm, bf = 268 mm, tf = 25.4 mm, tw = 15.6 mm, k = 40 mm.

Solution:
1)

Minimum bearing length required at the reactions

1.1) Local web yielding [NSCP 511.2.3.1]
R
0.66 Fy
(511-3)
t w ( N 2.5k )

375,000
0.66(250)
15.6 N 2.5(40)

240 kN
3m

240 kN

3m
30 kN/m

3m

L=9m
375 kN

375 kN

N 46 mm
1.2) Web crippling (NSCP 511.2.4.1]
1.5

N t
(511-5)
R 89.3tw2 1 3 w Fywt f / tw

d t f

1.5

N 15.6
375000 89.3(15.6)2 1 3

(250)(25.4 /15.6)
770 25.4

N 77.2 mm (discard)
Therefore, the minimum bearing at the supports is 46 mm
2)

Sufficiency of bearing length at the concentrated load

2.1) Local web yielding [NSCP 511.2.3.1]
R
0.66 Fy
(511-2)
tw ( N k )

240,000
0.66(250)
15.675 5(40)
OK
55.94 165 MPa
2.2) Web crippling (NSCP 511.2.4.1]
1.5

N tw

(511-4)
R 177.2t 1 3
Fywt f / tw

d t f

1.5

75 15.6
3
R 177.2(15.6)2 1 3

(250)(25.4 /15.6)(10 )
770
25.4

2
w

R 992 kN > 240 kN

OK

Therefore the bearing length of 75 mm is adequate (stiffeners not required).