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Introduction
Vassilis Anastassopoulos
Electronics Laboratory, Physics Department,
University of Patras
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Digital
Discrete function Vk of
discrete sampling
variable tk, with k =
integer: Vk = V(tk).
Sampled
Signal
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
Voltage [V]
Voltage [V]
Continuous function V
of continuous variable t
(time, space etc) : V(t).
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
0.1
0
ts ts
-0.1
-0.2
4
6
time [ms]
10
2
4
6
8
sampling time, tk [ms]
10
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Limitations
More flexible.
Hardware
Software
Fast
Faster
real-time
DSPing
Related areas
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Applications
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[(n-3)s]
u(nTs)
(n)=u(n)-u(n-1)
r(nTs)
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ms
V
ms
A
(ex: economics);
- D/A + filter
(ex: digital output wanted).
Antialiasing
A
k
V
ms
A/D
Digital
Processing
Digital
Processing
D/A
Filter
Reconstruction
ms
ANALOG
DOMAIN
Topics of this
lecture.
A/D
DIGITAL
DOMAIN
- Filter + A/D
Filter
Filter
Antialiasing
ANALOG
DOMAIN
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Antialiasing
Filter
A/D
Digital
Processing
1
2
3
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AD Conversion - Details
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Sampling
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Sampling
How fast must we sample a continuous
signal to preserve its info content?
wheels go clockwise.
Train accelerates
wheels go counter-clockwise.
Why?
Frequency misidentification due to low sampling frequency.
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Rotating Disk
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Example
s(t) 3 cos(50 t) 10 sin(300 t) cos(100 t)
F1
F2
Condition on fS?
F3
fS > 300 Hz
fMAX
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(a)
-B
(b)
Discrete spectrum
No aliasing
frequency
repetition.
fS > 2 B
-B
B fS/2
Discrete spectrum
Aliasing & corruption
(c)
fS/2
no aliasing.
(c) fS
2B
aliasing !
Antialiasing filter
(a)
Signal of interest
Out of band
noise
Out of band
noise
-B
(b)
(c)
-B
f
B fS/2
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Under-sampling
Bandpass signal
centered on fC
0
f
2 fC B
2 fC B
fS
m 1
m
fC
Example
fC = 20 MHz, B = 5MHz
Without under-sampling fS > 40 MHz.
With under-sampling fS = 22.5 MHz (m=1);
-fS
f
fS
2fS
fC
Advantages
Slower ADCs / electronics
needed.
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Quantization Noise
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Assumptions
RMS input
(1)
SNRideal 20 log10
Ideal ADC: only quantisation error eq
RMS(e q )
RMS input
T
2
V
1 VFSR
sint dt FSR
T 2
2 2
q/2
RMS(e q )
eq2 p eq deq
-q/2
VFSR
q
12 2N 12
1
q
q
2
q
2
eq
Error value
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Substituting in (1) :
(2)
SNR increased by 6 dB
Actually (2) needs correction factor depending on ratio between sampling freq
& Nyquist freq. Processing gain due to oversampling.
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Coding - Conventional
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Coding Flash AD
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DAC process
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Nyquist Sampler
f
fb
fN
(a)
Oversampling OSR=4
fs=4fN
(b)
PSD
Signal
Quantization noise in
Nyquist converters
Quantization noise in
Oversampling converters
fN/2
PSD
Signal
fs/2
Quantization noise
Nyquist converters
Quantization noise
Oversampling and noise
shaping converters
Quantization noise
Oversampling converters
FN/2
frequency
Fs/2
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Digital Systems
A discreet-time system is a device or algorithm
that operates on an input sequence according to
some computational procedure
It may be
A general purpose computer
A microprocessor
dedicated hardware
A combination of all these
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y ( n ) ak x ( n k )
k 0
Convolution
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5+7-1=11 terms
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5+7-1=11 terms
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k 0
k 1
y (n) ak x(n k ) bk y (n k )
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Simple Examples
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y1(n)
H
ax1(n)+bx2(n)
ay1(n)+by2(n)
H
x2(n)
y2n)
H
x1(n)
x2
x1(n)+x2(n)
x2
x2(n)
Non-linear
x22(n)
The END
Have a nice Weekend
Back on Tuesday
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