Biok 3

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..
1.
Cells are basic units of living organism. They consist of cellular
components and organelles that can be seen by using
microscope.(perlis08)
6.
Design an experiment to investigate the difference of structures in a plant

cell and an animal cell that can be seen under a light microscope.
Problem of statement
Do cellular structures in plant cell differ from that of in
animal cell?
Hypothesis
More cellular components can be seen in plant cell
compared to animal cell.
Variables
Manipulative variable: types of cells
Responding variable: the presence of cellular components
Fixed variable: same microscope, same magnification
List of materials and apparatus
Cheek cell, onion bulb, iodine solution, distilled water,
methylene blue, a microscope, glass slide, cover slips, a
scalpel, forceps, a glass dropper, mounting needle and filter
paper.
Experimental procedure or method
1. Obtain scale leaf from union bulb.
2. Using a pair of forceps, peel off the transparent
epidermis from the inner surface of onion scale leaf.
3. Put a drop of water onto the middle of the slide and
place the epidermis on the drop of water.
4. With the help of mounting needle, cover the specimen
with cover slip
5. Add a drop of iodine solution onto one side of cover slip
radinhazizi bin hanapi
2.
Place a filter paper at the opposite and of the cover slip

to allow the iodine solution to spread through the
epidermis.
7. Use a piece of filter paper to absorb the excess iodine
solution.
8. Examine the slide under light microscope using the low
power objective lens and the high power objective lens.
9. Draw the epidermis and label the structure which can
be observe.
Presentation of data
(correct diagram)- membrane cell, cell wall, nucleus, vacuole
All living organisms constantly need to exchange substances with
their surroundings in order to survive and grow. The exchange of
substances such as water occurs the plasma membrane of the
cells by diffusion. The rate of diffusion of the substances across
the plasma membrane in organisms depend on the total surface
area to volume (TSA/V) ratio. Diagram 2.1 shows the TSA?V ratio
for unicellular and multicellular.(perak09)
Page 1
Based on the above information design a laboratory experiment

to study the effect of total surface area to volume (TSA/V) ratio
towards the rate of diffusion of substances by using potato.
Problem statement
How does the TSA/V ratio affect the rate of diffusion of the
substances?
Hypothesis
As the TSA/V ratio increases, the rate of diffusion of the
substances increases.
Variables
Manipulated : total surface area to volume (TSA/V) ratio of
the potato cube // volume of potato cubes
Responding : rate of diffusion // percentage of coloured
area
Fixed : concentration / volume of coloured water // time
taken // type of potato
List of apparatus and materials
coloured water, potato and filter paper / tissue paper, knife
/ razor blade, white tiles, forceps, stopwatch and gridded
transparency sheet, beaker
Experimental procedure and method
3
3
3
1. Potato is cut into cubes which is 1cm ,8cm ,27cm
3
and 64cm
2. Each potato cubes is placed in a beaker containing
coloured water 20 minutes
3. After 20 minutes, the potato cubes are cut into two
halves
4. The outer surface of the potato cubes are dried
using filter paper
5. The transparency sheet is placed on the top of cut
surface
6.
The area that is stained red is drawn and shaded on

the grided transparency.
7. Coloured area in each potato cubes is measured /
estimated by using a grided transparency.
8. The percentage of coloured area in each potato
cube is calculated and recorded.
Size of cubes Percentage of coloured Rate of diffusion of
3
-3
/ cm
area / %
potato cube/%min
1
8
27
64
3.
A housewife made fruit pickles using unripe papaya. During the

preparation, she placed the papaya slices in the water and later
placed them in sugar solution.
When the papaya slices were in water, it was found that the slices
became turgid and their sizes increased. But when they were
placed in the sugar solution, the slices became soft and shrunken.
Based on the above situation, plan a laboratory experiment to
determine the concentration of sucrose which is isotonic to the
cell sap of the papaya.
4.
Enzyme is an organic compound found in the cells. It speeds up

biochemical reactions in the cells. Some of the enzymes used in
the school laboratory are amylase, pepsin and lipase.
Enzymes activity is influenced by temperature, pH, substrate
concentration and enzyme concentration.
Page 2
Based on the above information, design a laboratory experiment

to investigate the effect of substrate concentration on the enzyme
activity.(pahang08)
Problem statement
What is the effect of starch concentration on the rate of
amylase reaction?
Hypothesis
The rate of enzyme reaction increases with the increase in
starch concentration(until it reaches a maximum rate)
Variables
Manipulated variable: concentration of starch suspension
Responding variable : time taken for the hydrolysis of starch
to be completed / the mixture stops turning blue black in
colour when tested with iodine solution
Constant variable : amylase / enzyme concentration //
temperature
amylase solution, starch suspensions at different
concentration 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, distilled
water, iodine solution, test tubes / beakers, stop watch,
syringes, glass rods, white tile (with groove), droppers
1. Six test tubes are labeled A to F.
2. 5 ml of starch suspensions of different concentration
are poured into the following test tubes using different
syringes.
A:0.1% of starch suspension
B: 0.2% of starch suspension
C: 0.3% of starch suspension
D : 0.4% of starch suspension
E : 0.5% of starch suspension
F : 0.6% of starch suspension
3.
4.
The test tubes are immersed in water bath at 37

Drops of iodine solution are added separately onto the
grooves of a white tile using a syringe.
5. 1 ml of 0.1% amylase is added to test tube A.
6. Stopwatch is activated immediately (0minute)
7. The contents are stirred with a glass rod. A drop of
mixture is tested with iodine solution on the white tile.
At every sampling the dropper must be rinsed with
clean distilled water.
8. The step is repeated at 30 second intervals until the
mixture stops turning blue balck color when tested with
iodine solution.
9. Time taken for the hydrolysis of starch to be completed
is recorded in the table.
10. Steps 4-9 are repeated with test tubes B, C, D, E and F.
11. A graph of the rate of amylase activity against starch /
substrate concentration is plotted.
Concentration
of starch (%)
Time taken
the
hydrolysis of
starch to be
completed
(min)
Rate of
enzyme
reaction =
1/time
-1
(minute )
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Page 3
5.
The diagram 2 shows the formation of simpler molecules from

carbohydrates contained in rice.(mrsm09)
1.
By using the above information, plan a laboratory experiment to

investigate the action of salivary enzyme on rice.
Problem statement
What is the effect of salivary amylase on rice / carbohydrate
/ starch?
Hypothesis
Enzyme amylase in the saliva hydrolyses rice / carbohydrate
/ starch into simpler molecules / reducing sugar / maltose.
Variables
Manipulated : content in the test tubes
Responding : change in colour in iodine test
o
Fixed : temperature (37 C), concentration of starch, volume
of the test tube content
1% starch solution, iodine solution, Benedicts reagent,
saliva, water bath, distilled water, thermometer, test tubes,
syringe, beakers, white tiles, dropper & stopwatch
Rinse mouth. Collect 2ml of saliva in a small beaker &

mix with 2 ml of distilled water.
2. Using a syringe, put 1ml of 1% starch solution into two
test tubes & labeled A&B. In another test tube, put 1ml
of saliva solution.
o
3. Place test tubes A, B & C in water bath at 37 C for 5
minutes. Meanwhile, put droplets of iodine solution on
white tile.
4. After 5 minutes, put 1ml of saliva solution into test tube
A. Start the stopwatch & immediately take one drop of
mixture in test tube A & add onto a drop of iodine
solution on the tile. Record the change in colour of
iodine solution.
5. Repeat the iodine test at 1 minute interval until the
iodine solution does not change in colour (for 5
minutes)
6. Repeat step 4 & 5 for test tubes B & test tube C by
adding 1ml of distilled water into the respecting test
tubes.
7. When the mixture in the test tubes does not show any
colour change in iodine solution, then add 1ml of
Benedicts reagent to each test tube A,B and C.
8. Put the test tube A, B and C in water bath & record the
results.
Test tubes
Iodine test
0
1
min
minu
ute
te
2
min
ute
3
minu
te
4
min
ute
5
min
ute
Benedi
cts
test
A (1ml of
cooked
starch
solution +
Page 4
1ml of
saliva
solution)
B (1ml of
cooked
starch +
1ml of
distilled
water)
C ( iml of
saliva
solution +
1ml of
distilled
water)
Plan a laboratory experiment to investigate the percentage of vitamin C

content in each fruit. DCPIP (dichlorophenolindophenol) 0.1% solution is
used to test the presence of vitamin C in the fruit juice.(selangor08)
You can use the common chemicals and science apparatus that can be
found in the laboratory.
6.
Enzyme is an organic substances which can be found in all living

cells. Enzymes activity is influenced by several factors such as
temperature, pH, substrate concentration and enzyme
concentration.
toinvestigate the effects of albumen concentration on the enzyme
pepsins reaction.
7.
Diagram 2 shows three types of fruits.
Problem statement
What is the percentage of vitamin C content in watermelon,
orange and apple?
.
Variables
Manipulated : type of fruit
Responding variables : percentage of vitamin C
Fixed : concentration of DCPIP / volume of DCPIP
Hypothesis
Orange has the highest content of vitamin C compare to
apple and water melon.
Apparatus and materials
DCPIP solution, standard ascorbic acid, fruit juices /
watermelon juice / apple juice / orange juice, conical flask /
beaker, syringe with needle, specimen tubes
Page 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Procedures
Three specimen tubes is labeled as A1, A2, and A3.
Filled each specimen tubes with 1ml of 0.1% DCPIP solution
Use a syringe to take 10ml of standard ascorbic acid.
Place the syringe needle into the DCPIP solution and release the
ascorbic acid slowly into the DCPIP solution in A1.
Observe the change of DCPIP color and stop releasing the
ascorbic acid when the DCPIP become colorless / no more blue
traces.
Record the volume of ascorbic acid used to decolorised the
DCPIP.
Repeat steps 3-6 for A2 and A3 and calculate the average
volume.
Juices from each of the fruits is obtained and keep it fresh before
used.
Three specimen tubes is labeled as (B1,B2, B3, C1, C2, C3, D1, D2
and D3) and fill each specimen tubes with 1ml of 0.1% DCPIP.
Repeat the step 2-7 by using fruit juices to replace the standard
ascorbic acid.
Do not shake the bottle to prevent from DCPIP is oxidated.
Record the volume of watermelon juice, apple juice and orange
juice that discolourised the DCPIP in the table and calculate tha
average volume.
Calculate the percentage of vitamin C in each of the fruit juice
using the formula below
1. Percentage of vitamin C in fruit juice =
Type of
juices
Standard
ascorbic
acid
Apple juice
Orange juice
Watermelon
juice
8.
Figure 2 shows the food pyramid. Different food in each level of

food pyramid contains different energy value. Different food class
also contains different energy value.(pahang10)
Base on the information above, design a laboratory experiment to
study the different food sample contain different energy value.
How data is communicated

DCPIP
volume
3
(cm )
Juice
volume
3
(cm )
Percentage
of ascorbic
acid in
juices (%)
9.
The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by different

environmental factors. Base on the above statement, plan a
laboratory experiment to determine the effect of light intensity
on the rate of photosynthesis.(johor08)
Page 6
Problem statement
How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Variables
Manipulated variable: light intensity
Responding variable : the number of bubbles released
//volume of oxygen collected
Fixed variable: time taken // temperature // concentration
of carbon dioxide // concentration of sodium hydrogen
carbonate solution // size/type of plant
Hypothesis
As light intensity increases/decreases the rate of
photosynthesis increases/decreases.
light source/bulb, test tube, thermometer, glass filter
funnel, ruler, stop watch, measuring cylinder (if RV is
volume of oxygen collected), Elodea/hydrilla, 1% sodium
hydrogen carbonate (or any fixed concentrated) // sodium
hydrogen carbonate + distilled water, plasticine
Experimental procedure
1. The strands of Elodea/hydrilla is placed inside a glass
filter funnel.
2. The funnel is placed up side down in a 5ooml beaker
3. The beaker is placed at a distance of 50cm from the
60W bulb as a light source (any first distance)
4. The graph of the rate of photosynthesis against the light
source is plotted
5. The number of gas bubbles released in five minutes are
counted
6. Repeat experiment at the different distance / 40cm,
30cm, 20cm and 10cm.
7. Repeat experiment (for every distance) to get average
reading.
Distance
from light
to plant
(cm)
10.
Light
intensity
(1/cm)
Number of
bubble
release in 5
minute
Rate of
photosynthesis
(no. of bubbles
per min)
During photosynthesis carbon dioxide is absorbed by green plant

while oxygen is released. In aquatic plants, the oxygen gas
produced is released in the form of gas bubbles.
Based on the information, design a laboratory experiment to
investigate the effect of the concentration of carbon dioxide on
the rate of photosynthesis of an aquatic plant.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution can be used in the
experiment as the source of carbon dioxide for the aquatic plant.
Any chemicals and scientific apparatus in the laboratory can be
used in planning the experiment.
Problem statement
Does the concentration of carbon dioxide affect the rate of
photosynthesis in aquatic plants?
Variables
Manipulated : concentration of carbon dioxide //
percentage of sodium hydrogrn carbonate solution
Responding : number of bubbles released (in five minutes)
// the rate of photosynthesis
Controlled : type of (aquatic) plant / Hydrilla sp. // volume
of (hydrogen carbonate) solutions
Hypothesis
Page 7
The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide the higher

the rate photosynthesis in aquatic plants.
aquatic plants / Hydrilla sp. , sodium hydrogen carbonate
solution, distilled water and plasticine, stopwatch,
measuring cylinder, ruler, boiling tube / test tube, beaker,
filter funnel, capillary tube, rubber tubing, light source , box,
and paper clip.
Experimental procedures
1. Fill a boiling tube with 150ml of 1% sodium hydrogen
carbonate solution.
2. Fix a paper clip / plasticine to a spring of aquatic / Fix a
paper clip / plasticine to a spring of aquatic / Hydrilla
sp. plant
3. Submerge / put the aquatic plant into the boiling tube /
1% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
4. Put the boiling tube into a water bath at room
o
o
temperature (20 C-30 C)
5. Place the boiling tube at distance of 50cm from a
lighted bulb.
6. Put a side the boiling tube for 5 minute (for the aquatic
plant to adjust)
7. Start the stopwatch
8. Count the number of bubbles release in 20 minutes
9. Record the result in a table
10. Repeat steps 2 until 9 using 2%, 3%, and 4% of sodium
hydrogen carbonate solutions
11. Calculate the rate of photosynthesis.
Concentration of
Number of
Rate of photosynthesis
sodium hydrogen
bubbles
(number/minute)
carbonates solution
released in 20
(%)
minutes
1
2
3
4
11.
Competition is an interaction between organisms which live

together in a habitat and compete for the same resources that are
in limited supply. The competition between individuals of the
same species is called an intraspecific competition.(kedah08)
A farmer doesnt realized his mango trees do not produced high
quantity of mangoes because the mango trees are planted too
close to each other.
Based on the above information and situation, design a laboratory
experiment to show to the farmer on how distance between
plants can affects the growth rate of a named plant.
Problem statement
Does the distance of seedlings affects the growth rate of
plants?
Hypothesis
The longer the distance of seedlings, the higher the growth
rate of plants
Variables
Manipulated variable: the distance of seedlings
Responding variables: the height of seedlings / the growth
rate of plants
Constant variable : number of seedlings / types f soil /
amount of water / light intensity / time taken
three planting trays / basins, meter ruler, waterproof paint,
maize seeds, water, garden soil
Page 8
Procedures
1. Three palnting trays are prepared and filled with 3 kg of
garden soil in each tray. Labeled trays as A, B and C with
water proof paint
2. 30 numbers of maize seeds are planted in tray A at a
distance of 10 cm intervals,30 numbers of maize seeds
are planted in tray B at a distance of 5 cm intervals and
30 numbers of maize seeds are planted in tray C at a
distance of 2cm intervals as shown below (not in correct
scale).
7. The results are recorded in a table.

The
distance of
seedlings/c
m(tray)
The height of seedlings / cm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
0
Average
heights
of
seedling
s/cm
The
grow
th
rate
of
seedl
ings
cm/d
ay
10cm (A)
5cm(B)
2cm(C)
3.
4.
5.
Each tray is watered daily with the same amount of

water for 10 days.
After 10 days, 10 maize seedlings are picked randomly
from tray A and the root of seedlings are washed under
running water.
The height of maize seedlings are then measured by
using metre rule. The average height is calculated by
12.
A group of student has carried out an experiment to study the

effect of abiotic factor on the population growth of Hydrilla sp.
The mass of Hydrilla sp. is kept constant at the beginning of
experiment. Four bulbs woth different watts were used and the
study was done for 6 weeks.(ganu08)
13.
Two farmers found that the yield from their paddy plants was not
the same, even though they used the same soil, same fertilizer
and same seedlings. Farmer A planted more paddy then farmer B,
but the yield from Farmer B is more than farmer A.
Based on the above information plan a laboratory experiment to
study how the effect of distance between paddy plants can affect
the growth rate. (johor09)
using the formula =

The growth rate of seedlings is calculated by using
formula =
6.
Step 4-5 are repeated for seedlings from tray B and C.

The average height and the growth rate of seedlings in
tray B and C are measured and calculated separately.
Problem statement
Does the distance between the paddy plants affect the dry
mass / growth rate of paddy plants?
Variables
Page 9
Manipulated : distance between paddy plants / seedlings

Responding : dry mass / the height / the growth rate of
paddy plants / seedlings
Controlled : quantity and type of garden soil, amount of
water, intensity of sunlight, distance between seedlings and
number of seedlings
Hypothesis
The longer / further / shorter / nearer the distance between
the paddy plants / seedlings, the higher / lower the growth
rate of paddy plant.
paddy plants / seedlings, water, garden soil, a meter ruler,
tray/basin/container, oven + electronic balance, marker pen
1. Three planting trays are filled with 4kg of garden soil
2. The trays are labeled as A, B and C using waterproof
paint.
3. 30 paddy seedlings are planted in tray A at a distance of
10cm intervals. 30 paddy seedlings in tray B at a
distance of 5cm intervals and 30 paddy seedlings in tray
C at a distance of 2 cm intervals.
4. Each tray is watered daily with the same amount of
water for 30 days.
5. After 30 days, remove 10 paddy seedlings randomly
from tray A and the root of seedling are washed the
under running water.
o
6. Heat and dry the paddy seedlings at 105 C in an oven
7. Weight the dried paddy seedlings to obtain an average
dry mass.
The average dry mass is calculate using the formula =
8.
14.
Steps 5 to 7 are repeated for seedling from B and C. The

average dry mass in tray B and C are measured
separately.
The distance
The dry
Average dry The growth rate
between
mass of 10
mass of
of paddy
seedlings(cm) / seedlings
paddy per
seedlings(g/day)
tray
(g)
seedlings
(g)
A
B
C
The population distribution of an organism is influenced by the

changes in the abiotic factors. Abiotic factors refer to the nonliving components of an ecosystem which include pH,
temperature, light intensity, humidity, topography and climate.(
Lemna minor float freely on the surface of the water, receive
sunlight directly and gro best in a neutral environment, so it
reproduce rapidly by vegetative propogation and spread to cover
a large area of the water surface.(kedah09)
Page 10
Based on the above information design an experiment to study

the effect of pH on the population growth rate of Lemna minor in
the laboratory.
Problem statement
Does the change in pH affects the growth rate / the number
of Lemna minor?
Hypothesis
The growth rate of plants / Lemna minor is higher / faster /
grow better in neutral medium.
Variables
Manipulated : the changes in pH
Responding : the number of / the growth rate of plants /
Lemna minor
Constant : number of plants / Lemna minor at the beginning
of experiment / same sources of pond water / the volume of
pond water / the volume of substances / light intensity /
time taken
Lists of materials and apparatus
Lemna minor / hydrilla / pleurococcus, pond water, 0.1M
hydrochloric acid, 0.1M sodium hydroxide, distilled water,
beaker / basin / container, waterproof paint / marker pen,
measuring cylinder, dropper
Procedure
1. Three beaker / containers / basin are prepared and
filled with 500ml of pond water in each beaker /
container.
2. The beaker are labeled as A, B and C with waterproof
paint.
3. By using measuring cylinder, 10ml of 0.1M hydrochloric
acid is measured and poured into beaker A, 10ml of
0.1M sodium hydroxide solution is measured and
4.
5.
6.
7.
poured into beaker B and 10ml of distilled water is

measured and poured into beaker C.
20 number of Lemna minor are put into each beaker.
Each beaker is placed in an area of distributed light and
temperature.
After 5 days, the number of Lemna minor in each
beaker is counted.
The growth rate of Lemna minor is calculated by using
formula =
15.

Beake Condition/mediu Number of Lemina
r
m of pH
minor
Beginning End of
of
experimen
experimen t
t
A
0.1M
hydrochloric
acid(acidic)
B
0.1M sodium
hydroxide
(alkaline)
C
Distilled
water(neutral)
The
growth
rate of
Lemna
minor/da
y
You want to investigate the pollution level of four different

sources of water in your area.
Plan a laboratory experiment to determine the level of water
pollution of these four sources.(Sarawak08)
Problem statement
Page 11
What is the time taken to decolourise methylene blue

solution by four different water samples?
Hypothesis
Water sample A took the shortest time to decoulorise
methylene blue solution compared to water sample B, C and
D.
Variables
Manipulated: water samples from four different sources
Responding : time taken for the methlyne blu solution to
decolourise
Fixed : volume of water sample / concentration or volume
of methylene blue solution
methylene blue solution, water sample A, B, C and D,
reagent bottle, stopper, beaker, syringe, stopwatch
1. Water samples are collected from A,B,C and D.
2. The reagent bottles are labeled 1,2,3 and 4.
3. Measure 250ml of water sample from A, B, C and D
separately and pour into the reagent bottle labeled 1, 2,
3 and 4 respectively.
4. 1ml of methylene blue solution is added to the bottom
of each water sample using a syringe.
5. The reagent bottles are kept in a dark cupboard.
6. The contents of the bottles cannot be shaken
7. All the reagent bottles are kept in a dark cupboard.
8. The stopwatch is activated.
9. The bottles are examined at one hour interval.
10. The time taken for the methylene blue solution to
decolourise / become colourless is recorded for all the
water sample.
16.
Reagent bottle
Water sample
3
4
C
D
Time taken for

methylene blue
solution to
decolourise (hours)
Industrial, domestic and agricultural activities produce waste

which pollutes water. The level of water pollution can be tested
by determining the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) value.
Methylene blue solution is used as an indicator to test for the
presence of oxygen in the water sample. It is blu when oxygen is
present and colourless when there is no oxygen.(sabah09)
to investigate the level of pollution in several different sources of
water.
Problem statement
What is the level of (water) pollution in different sources of
water?
Hypothesis
The methylene blue solution took the shortest time to
decolourize in .water SAMPLE ..COMPARE TO
Variables
Manipulated: source of water
Responding : the level of (water) pollution // time for the
methylene blue to turn colourless
Fixed : volume of water samples // volume of methylene
blue
Page 12
methylene blue solutions, water samples (at least 4),

reagent bottles (250ml) with stoppers, beakers, syringes,
stopwatch
1. Water samples are collected from (four) different water
sources.
2. The reagent bottles are lebelled (P,Q,R,S)
3. Each reagent bottles are filled with 100ml of the water
samples respectively
4. A syringe is used to add 1ml of methylene blue solution
to the base of each of the water samples.
5. The reagent bottles are quickly close.
6. All the bottles are placed inside a cupboard and the
stopwatch is started.
7. The bottled are examined from time to time.
8. The times taken for the methylene blue solution in all
the samples of water to decoulourise are recorded.
Reagent bottle
Sources of water
Time taken for the
methylene blue to
decolorize (hour)
diagram 2
Eutrofication occurs usually due to the inflow of

organic matter into the river. The increase in nutrients may
cause producers such as algae to grow in abundance. When a
large number of algae die, decomposition by bacteria and
fungi utilizes a large amount of dissolved oxygen in the water
causing the BOD value and level of pollution to increase.
Based on the above statement and Diagram 2, design a laboratory

experiment to study the level of water pollution in three river
water samples taken from Village X, Y and Z.
17.
Problem statement
Does Water sampleX is most polluted compared to water
sample Y and Z?
Page 13
Hypothesis
Water sampleX is most polluted compared to water sample
Y and Z..
Variables
Manipulated : river water samples X,Y,Z
Responding : time taken for methylene blue solution to
decolourise
Fixed : volume of water sample / concentration of
methylene blue solution
0.1% methylene blue solution, water samples, measuring
cylinder, stopwatch, reagent bottle, collecting cup
Experimental procedure
1. Water sample are collected from three different
area by using collecting cup
2. Three reagent bottles are labeled X,Y and Z and
filled with 100ml of water sample from village X,Y
and Z respectively.
3. The tests are run for all the water samples on the
same day
4. A syringe is used to add 1ml of 0.1% methylene
blue solution to the base of each the water sample.
5. Make sure the reagent bottles are closed quickly
and placed in the dark cupboard.
6. The stopwatch is started.
7. The bottles are examined at ihour intervals.
8. The time taken for the methylene blue solution to
decolorize is recorded for all the water samples.
9. The results are recorded in the table.
Water sample
X
Y
Z
Time taken for
methylene blue
solution to
decolorize/min
Level of water
pollution
18.
The figure shows some apparatus that can be found in a

laboratory.(mrsm08)
By using the above apparatus, plan a laboratory experiment to

investigate the relationship between the movement of air and the
rate of transpiration.
19.
Mamat is a farmer. He owns a plot of land in Cameron Highlands

which is quite high above sea level and is quite cold as well. He
plants vegetables and some temperate fruit trees.
In the afternoon, Mamat used to notice his vegetables plants wilt,
though the surrounding is not hot. This phenomenon does not
happen early in the morning.(melaka08)
Page 14
Based on the above information, plan a laboratory experiment to

determine the effects of light intensity on the rate of transpiration
2.
Problem statement
Is the light intensity increasing the rate of transpiration of a

plant?
Hypothesis
The higher the light intensity, the rate of transpiration of a
balsam plant increase
Variables
Manipulated variable : distance light sources // light
intensity
Responding variable : time taken for the air bubble move
Fixed / controlled variable : temperature // type of plant
List of apparatus and material

Photometer, stopwatch, cutter (knife), beaker, fluorescent
lamp, meter ruler, balsam plant, Vaseline, water, tissue
1. A suitable balsam plant is selected and is cut using a
sharp knife. The cut end is immediately immersed in a
beaker filled with distilled water.
The cut plant is then fixed onto a photometer and the

joints between the plant and the photometer are sealed
using Vaseline to make them airtight.
3. The laboratory curtains and doors are pulled and closed
so that outside lightning will not affect the outcome of
the experiment.
4. A 40W fluorescent lamp is set 30cm away the edge of
the photometer with a meter rule placed to measure
the distance.
5. The air bubble in the photometer is set to 0 cm. the
lamp is switched on and the stopwatch is started when
the air bubble cross the X mark.
6. The movement of air bubbles is observed and the
stopwatch is stopped when the bubble reaches Y
mark,that is 10cm.
7. Record the time taken into a table.
8. Steps 4 to 7 are repeated, with the distance of the lamp
are put at 40 cm, 50 cm, 60 cm away from the
photometer.
9. All the findings are recorded into the table.
Distance of
lamp from
the edge of
the
photometer
(cm)
20.
Time taken
for the air
bubble to
travel for X
to Y (s)
Rate of
Transpiration
(cm/second)
A farmer has grown vegetables such as tomatoes and eggplants in

his patch. He noticed that the vegetables become wilt gradually as
Page 15
the light intensity increase. This phenomenon does not happen at

night.(kelantan08)
Based on the above information, design an experiment to
investigate whether light intensity affects the rate of transpiration
by using a photometer.
21.
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour through evaporation in

living plants. The rate of transpiration is affected by external
conditions.(pahang09)
A group of students is given the apparatus and materials to
investigate one of the external conditions.
Based on diagram 2, plan a laboratory experiment to invfestigate the

effect of air movement (wind( on the rate of transpiration. The
planning of the experiment should cover the following aspects.
Problem statement
How does air movement affect the rate of transpiration?
Hypothesis
The higher the air movement, the higher the rate of
transpiration
Variables
Manipulated : moving air / wind
Responding : time taken by the air bubble to move a
distance of 2cm
Fixed : temperature / relative humidity / light intensity
leafy balsam shoot, distilled water, vaselin, capillary tube,
rubber tubing, beaker, stopwatch, fan, marker pen / thread,
tissue paper / cloth, retort stand
1. Cut a leafy balsam / named plant shoot slantly under
water to prevent air from entering the xylem.
2. The capillary tube and rubber tubing are filled with
water.
3. The leafy shoot is inserted into the rubber tubing under
water.
4. The leaves are wiped dry. Some vaseline is smeared
around the rubber tubing to make the apparatus
airtight.
5. The photometer is placed in a beaker of water for 5
minutes at room temperature to allow water to move
up the capillary tube.
6. The capillary tube is lifted up above the water surface
to trap an air bubble.
7. The capillary tube is placed back into the beaker of
water and kept upright using a retort stand.
8. Mark two points, P and Q at a distance of 2 cm apart on
the capillary tube.
Page 16
9. A fan is used to give air movement.

10. A stopwatch is activated and the distance travel by the
air bubble from P to Q point is recorded
11. Steps 5-9 is repeated twice to obtained an average
reading.
12. The experiment is repeated without using fan.
14. The rate of transpiration is calculated.
External condition
Using the fan / air
Without fan / no air
movement (wind)
movement
Time taken for the air
bubble to move a distance
of 2cm (seconds)
3
Based on information and Diagram 1, design a laboratory experiment
to determine whether the number of leaves affecting the rate of
transpiration in plants. Any common chemicals and scientific
apparatus that found in the laboratory can be used in the
experimental design.
Rate of transpiration
-1
(mms )
22.
Some of the terrestrial plants are adapted to overcome excessive

loss of water during transpiration by having small leaves, sunken
stomata and hairy surface of leaves. Most of the water vapour
diffused out of the plant through the stomata on the lower
epidermis of the leaves.
Diagram 1 shows set up of apparatus and materials to be used in
an experiment to study the transpiration in plant.(selangor09)
23.
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour form plants, especially in

leaves. Transpiration occurs mostly through the stomata. The
amount of water lost by a plant depends on its size, surrounding
light intensity, temperature, humidity and wind speed.
Diagram 3 shows the movement of water in a terrestrial plant.
Page 17
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Based on the information, design an experiment to be conducted
in the laboratory to investigate the effect of the number of leaves
on the rate of transpiration in a hibiscus plant.
Problem statement
Does the number of leaves affect the rate of transpiration
(in hibiscus plant)?
Hypothesis
The more the number of leaves the higher the rate of
transpiration.
Variables
Manipulated: number of leaves / stomata
Responding : distance travelled by air bubble (in five
minutes) // the rate of transpiration
Controlled : type of (terrestrial) plant / hibiscuss // light
intensity // surrounding temperature
hibiscus shoot / plant, water, plasticine,ruler / weighing
balance, capillary tube + rubber tubing // photometer //
stoppered conical flask, beaker / basin, (sharp) knife,
stopwatch, string / marker pen and tissue paper / filter
paper
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Experimental procedures
Obtain a hibiscuss shoot and immediately immerse in
water.
By using a sharp knife, cut off 4 cm of the hibiscuss stem
under water.
Fill in the capillary tube with attached rubber tubing /
photometer with water.
Fix in the stem of the hibiscus shoot into the rubber
tubing / photometer. Make sure no air bubble trapped.
Immerse the capillary tube / photometer in a beaker of
water.
Wipe dry the leaves with tissue papers.
Leave the setup for 5 minutes (for the plant to adapt
with the new environment)
Lift the capillary tube from the water to trap a column
of air bubble // trap an air bubble in the capillary tube /
photometer.
Tie a string on the capillary tube to mark the nitial
position of the air bubble.
Start the stopwatch.
After 5 minutes tie another string to mark the final
position of the air bubble
Repeat step 12 to get another reading.
Measure both distances by using a ruler. Calculate the
average distance travelled by the air bubble in 5
minute. Record in a table // tabulate the data.
By using the same plant, repeat steps 7 until 13 by
removing one leave each time
Calculate the rate of transpiration.
Number
Distance travelled by air
Rate of
of
bubble in 5 minutes (cm)
transpiration
leaves
First
Second average (cm minute
Page 18
reading
24.
reading
4.
A group of students carry out an experiment to study the effect of

environmental factor on the rate of transpiration of a balsam
plant.
5.
6.
Based on the above information, plan a laboratory experiment to

determine the effect of the temperature on the rate of
transpiration.
7.
8.
Problem statement
Does temperature affect the rate of transpiration of a plant?
Variables
Manipulated : temperature
Responding : the time taken for the air bubble to move at a
distance 0f 2 cm
Fixed : type of plant / balsam plant // relative humidity / air
movement / high intensity
Hypothesis
The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of
transpiration of a plant
balsam plant , water , Vaseline/grease , dry cloth,
photometer, stopwatch, cutter, beaker, meter ruler, basin,
marker/ thread
Experimental procedure or method.
1. The leafy shoot is selected from plant and cut off the
shoot using a sharp knife.
2. The cut end is immediately immersed in a beaker filled
with distilled water
3. Then cut 1 cm of the bottom of the stem obliquely
under the water.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
The photometer is immersed in the water and moved

around to remove all the air bubbles. (the tap of the
reservoir is turned on to fill the graduated capillary tube
with water)
Insert the cut end of the stem into the hole in the cork
of the photometer under water
Close the reservoir tap before the apparatus from the
water so the graduated capillary tube is full.
The photometer are sealed using Vaseline to make
apparatus airtight and ensure no water leakage.
Mark two point at a distance 2 cm (using a
marker/thread)
Wipe the leaves and the apparatus dry by using a dry
cloth
The non transparent frame is used to cover the leaf
shoot and the photometer is placed in the shady place
o
at 30 C. the temperature inside the frame is recorded
The time taken for the air bubble to move a distance of
2cm is recorded using a stopwatch.
Repeat the experiment using transparent frame to
o
cover the leaf shoot and photometer is placed at 33 C.
the temperature inside the frame is recorded.
The time taken for the air bubble to move a distance of
2 cm is recorded in a table.
Calculate the rate of transpiration by using the formula
=
Presentation of data.
Temperature
Time taken for air bubble to
move a distance of 2cm (min)
1
2
3
average
o
30 C
o
33 C
Rate of
transpiration
-1
(cmmin )
Page 19
25.
When a boy drinks too much water,the osmotic pressure of blood

will fall below normal level. Under such condition, the
hypothalamus will not be stimulated and less antideuratic
hormone (ADH) will be produced. Less water will be reabsorbed
and most of the water is allowed to pass out through
urine.(sbp08)
Design a laboratory experiment to determine the urine volume
released by a student who drinks different volume of mineral
water.
Problem statement
How does the volume of water intake affect the volume of
urine released?
Hypothesis
The highest the volume of water intake, the higher the
volume of urine released
Variables
Able to identify all the three variables correctly
Manipulated variable : volume of mineral

Responding variable : volume of urine released
Fixed variable : same students / same environment
Able to list all materials and apparatus needed to carry out the
experiment successfully.
Sample answer
-
Specimen : boy / girl / student

Materials : mineral / drinking water
Apparatus : beakers, glass / cup / mug, measuring cylinder,
stop watch.
Experimental procedures or methods

Able to write all the steps in carrying out the experiment
successfully
K1 steps to set up the apparatus
K2 steps to handle the fixed variable
K3 steps to handle the manipulated variable
K4 steps to handle the responding variable
K5 precautionary steps / steps taken to get
accurate results / readings
1. K1 a student (sample A) is chosen and instructed to
empty his bladder before the start of experiment
2. K3 measure 200ml of water and put it into the mug /
cup / glass
3. K1 a student (sample A) is given 200ml of mineral /
drinking water to drink
4. K1 a stopwatch is started immediately after
consuming the water
5. K2 during the experiment, he is kept in (any fixed
suitable room) within *1-2 hours (any suitable time
range
6. K5 he is instructed not to eat or perform any vigorous
physical activities(within the given time)
7. K2 after half an hour, stop watch is stopped and he is
asked to empty his bladder
8. K1 the collected urine is kept in a large beaker
9. K4 at the interval of half an hour, until two hours, a
student will empty his bladder
10. K2 / K4 after two hours, the total collected urine is
measured using measuring cylinder
11. K1 / K5 repeat steps 2-9 for different amount of
drinking water (400ml, 600ml,800ml,100ml) *accept
four reading and more.
Page 20
12. K2 step 7 is conducted for four consecutive days in a

fixed time and place
13. K5 dispose the measured urine properly
14. K4 measure and record data collected into a table /
graph of urine output against the water intake is
plotted.
Volume of
urine
produced
(ml)
200
Volume of water intake (ml)

400
600
800
1000
26.
Growth in organisms is permanent and irreversible. It involves in
an increase in the mass and size of the organism. Growth of an organism
can be measured by using certain parameter for examples heights, length,
fresh mass, dry mass and volume.(Melaka 09)
Based on the given information, design an experiment to study the
relationship between the growth of maize plants and time / days /
duration after planting at a nursery site.
Problem statement
What is the relationship between the average height /
growth rate of maize plants and time / days after planting?
Hypothesis
The longer the time / days / duration after planting, the
more the average heights / growth rate of maize plants until
they reach maturity.
Variable
Manipulated : the time / days / duration after planting
Responding : the average height of maize plants / the

growth rate of maize plants
Fixed : spacing between each maize seed/ number of
seedlings / type // quantity of garden soil/amount of water
/ light intensity / time taken
List of apparatus and material
maize seeds, nursery site, garden / loam soil, tap water,
fertilizer, measuring tape, metre rule
1. Prepare a site for nursery with garden / loam soil
2. Plant 20 maize seeds in the soil with even / same
spacing between each seed
3. Water the seed daily throughout the period of
experiment
4. After 10 days, measure the height of maize plants using
the metre ruler or measuring tape.
5. Repeat steps 4 over 90/120 days / 3-4 consecutive
month
6. Record all the results obtained in a table
7. Plot a graph of the average height / growth of maize
plants against time / days after planting.
Time /
days after
planting
10
20
30
40
50
The height of maize plants / cm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
Average heights
of maize plants
(cm)
Page 21
Page 22

Biok 3

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Biok 3

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

Design an experiment to investigate the difference of structures in a plant

radinhazizi bin hanapi

Place a filter paper at the opposite and of the cover slip

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

Based on the above information design a laboratory experiment

radinhazizi bin hanapi

The area that is stained red is drawn and shaded on

A housewife made fruit pickles using unripe papaya. During the

Enzyme is an organic compound found in the cells. It speeds up

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

Based on the above information, design a laboratory experiment

radinhazizi bin hanapi

The test tubes are immersed in water bath at 37

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

The diagram 2 shows the formation of simpler molecules from

By using the above information, plan a laboratory experiment to

radinhazizi bin hanapi

Rinse mouth. Collect 2ml of saliva in a small beaker &

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

Plan a laboratory experiment to investigate the percentage of vitamin C

Enzyme is an organic substances which can be found in all living

Diagram 2 shows three types of fruits.

radinhazizi bin hanapi

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

Figure 2 shows the food pyramid. Different food in each level of

How data is communicated

radinhazizi bin hanapi

The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by different

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

radinhazizi bin hanapi

During photosynthesis carbon dioxide is absorbed by green plant

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide the higher

radinhazizi bin hanapi

Competition is an interaction between organisms which live

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

7. The results are recorded in a table.

The height of seedlings / cm

Each tray is watered daily with the same amount of

A group of student has carried out an experiment to study the

using the formula =

Step 4-5 are repeated for seedlings from tray B and C.

radinhazizi bin hanapi

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

Manipulated : distance between paddy plants / seedlings

radinhazizi bin hanapi

Steps 5 to 7 are repeated for seedling from B and C. The

The population distribution of an organism is influenced by the

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

Based on the above information design an experiment to study

radinhazizi bin hanapi

poured into beaker B and 10ml of distilled water is

8. The results are recorded in a table.

You want to investigate the pollution level of four different

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

What is the time taken to decolourise methylene blue

radinhazizi bin hanapi

Time taken for

Industrial, domestic and agricultural activities produce waste

Koleksi bio 3 soalan 2..

methylene blue solutions, water samples (at least 4),

Eutrofication occurs usually due to the inflow of