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Abstract: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is currently being used in several countries to evaluate
treatment options for specific waste fractions. The application of GaBi5 (Holistic Balancing)
modeling tool is currently apt for the impact assessment of environmental pollution indices arising
from wastes. This study focuses on the characterization of environmental impact indices of solid
wastes in Suurulere, one of the Local Government Area (LGA)s in Nigeria using GaBi5.
Waste classification was carried out in the selected houses of the LGA. Tool for the Reduction and
Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) and the Centre of
Environmental Science, University of Leiden, Netherlands (CML) methods of LCA inventory
assessment were employed in the study. One kg of municipal solid waste of this area was selected
as the functional unit. The Scenario considered in this study with its system boundaries is
Landfilling. It consists of three main steps: Collection, Transportation and Landfilling. GaBi5
modeling tool was used to obtain background data for the life cycle inventory and to analyse the
wastes completely. Four (4) environmental impact indices evaluated are: Global Warming
Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP) and Ozone Depletion
Potential (ODP).
Result of the Scenarios Environmental Impacts shows that the GWP is characterized in the order:
Biodegradable > Textile > Wood > Paper > plastic > Metal > Glass. The AP followed similar
trend except for paper that is greater than wood wastes. EP has this trend; Metal > Wood > Glass
> Biodegradable > Paper > Textile while for ODP it was Textile > Plastic > Paper > Metal >
Wood > Biodegradable > Glass. The study also showed that when LCA is applied in conjunction
with the waste hierarchy, it can be a useful tool for the planning of municipal waste management
plans as it allows municipalities to directly compare the actual environmental impacts of different
technologies and planning options. Furthermore, through system expansion, a consequential
approach to LCA may encourage municipalities to integrate waste management with processes in
other sectors. The GaBi software of LCA solves the problem of imprecision involved in solid waste
decision making. The study concludes that the wastes all have detrimental impacts on the 4
measured categories but the highest pollution threat is on the Global Warming Potential. It is
recommended that Environmental Protection Agencies at all levels should always analyze and
contain the pollution impacts of the solid wastes on the environment.
Keywords: Environmental Impact Indices, GaBi5, Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Inventory
I. Introduction
Protecting the environmental and natural resources is increasingly becoming very important through
environmental solid waste management programmes. It is necessary to follow the same part with the waste
managers, a sustainable approach to waste and integrate strategies that will produce the best practicable option.
This is very challenging task since it involves taking into account economic, technical, regulatory, and
environmental issues. Solid waste management is a complex and multi-disciplinary problems that should be
considered from basis. For a healthy environment, both municipal and industrial waste should be managed
according to solid waste management hierarchy (prevention /minimization/ recovery/incineration/landfilling).
Studies on modelling of solid waste management system were started in 1970s and were increased with
the development of computer models in 1980s. While models in the 80s were generally based on an economic
perspective [1], models that included recycling and other waste management method were developed for
planning of municipal solid waste management system in the 1990 [2]. It is accepted that LCA concepts and
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II. Methodology
(a) Study Area
The municipality of Surulere Local Government Area (LGA) in Oyo State of Nigeria is with a
population of 180,000 people [11], and is increasing with an annual population rate of 0.150/0. The headquarters
is situated at Iresa-Adu which is the largest of all the towns in the LGA. The study area has two different
seasons; the Wet and Dry season. The wet season lasts about 6 months, April to September that is the period of
maximum solid waste generation while the dry season is from October to March with scanty or no rainfall. In
the study area, apart from Open burning, there is only one waste recovery program and the program is
widespread throughout the area which is uncontrolled tipping. Wastes are collected in bins or containers and
compactor vehicles and are later transported by the Oyo State Environmental Protection Agency (OYSEPA) for
land filling with little recovery rate.
(b) Waste Composition in the study area.
The waste density and composition in municipality of Surulere Local Government Area are given in
Figures I and II respectively.
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Waste Density
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
Average
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The Scenario
C: collection, T: transportation
Figure III: the scenario of MSW for the Study
Figure IV: Plan of the LCA of Solid Waste Management in the Scenario
CML
Kg,
CO2,
eqv
Biodegrad
able
Metal
9.74
Paper
0.0045
2
0.0025
1
0.369
Plastic
0.0194
0.0192
Textile
0.442
0.416
Wood
0.414
0.389
Glass
0.00251
0.347
1.04E005
1.53E005
8.67E005
5.62E005
0.00010
2
F89E005
0.0006
88
0.0009
07
0.0054
1
0.0030
5
0.0064
0.0050
7
8.79E005
2.1E006
0.00128
6.91E005
0.00065
7
4.31E005
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ODP
CML
TRACI
Kg, CO2, Kg, CO2,
eqv
eqv
2.66E-009
3.23E005
0.00027
2.66E009
6.12E012
2.48E012
6.26E011
6.78E011
7.3E-011
1.82E005
4.69E011
4.69E-011
5E-006
1.21E006
5.4E-005
6.12E-012
2.48E-012
6.26E-011
6.78E-011
7.3E-011
0.07
0.41
0.44
0.02
0.37
0.00
0.00
9.74
11.06
Total
0.574 1.723 2.872 4.021 5.17 6.319 7.468 8.617 9.76610.915
0
1.149 2.298 3.447 4.596 5.745 6.894 8.043 9.19210.341
Global Warming Potential [kg CO2-Equiv.]
0.7e-3
0.079e-3
0.102e-3
0.056e-3
0.087e-3
0.015e-3
0.01e-3
3.079e-3
4.13e-3
Total
0.0e-30.51e-31.01e-3
1.52e-32.02e-32.53e-33.03e-33.54e-3
4.04e-3
0.25e-30.76e-31.26e-31.77e-32.27e-3
2.78e-33.29e-33.79e-3
Acidif ication Potential [kg SO2-Equiv.]
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.000
.001
.000
.018
.019
Total
.001.003.004.005.006.008.009 .01 .011.013.014.015.016.018.019
.001.002.003.004.006.007.008.009.011.012.013.014.016.017.018
Eutrophication Potential [kg Phosphate-Equiv.]
0.047e-9
0.073e-9
0.068e-9
0.063e-9
0.002e-9
0.006e-9
2.66e-9
2.919e-9
Total
0.0e-90.36e-90.71e-9
1.07e-91.43e-91.79e-92.14e-92.5e-92.86e-9
0.18e-90.54e-90.89e-91.25e-91.61e-9
1.96e-92.32e-92.68e-9
Ozone Layer Depletion Potential [kg R11-Equiv.]
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0.07
0.41
0.44
0.02
0.37
0.00
0.00
9.74
11.06
Total
0.475 1.425 2.374 3.324 4.274 5.224 6.174 7.123 8.073 9.023 9.973 10.923
0
0.95 1.9 2.849 3.799 4.749 5.699 6.648 7.598 8.548 9.498 10.448
Global Warming Air [kg CO2-Equiv.]
.056
.005
.007
.003
.006
.001
.001
.189
.267
Total
.015.029.044.058.073.088.102.117.132.146.161.175 .19 .205.219.234.248.263
.007.022.037.051.066 .08 .095 .11 .124.139.153.168.183.197.212.227.241.256
Acidification Air [kg H+ moles-Equiv.]
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0.063e-3
0.018e-3
0.27e-3
0.032e-3
0.054e-3
0.001e-3
0.005e-3
7.743e-3
8.187e-3
Total
0.0e-30.81e-31.61e-32.42e-33.22e-34.03e-34.83e-35.64e-36.44e-37.25e-38.05e-3
0.4e-31.21e-32.01e-32.82e-33.62e-34.43e-35.23e-36.04e-36.84e-37.65e-3
Eutrophication [kg N-Equiv.]
0.091e-13
0.142e-13
0.132e-13
0.122e-13
0.021e-13
0.012e-13
5.185e-13
5.705e-13
Total
0.0e-130.69e-131.38e-132.06e-132.75e-133.44e-134.13e-134.81e-135.5e-13
0.34e-131.03e-131.72e-132.41e-133.09e-133.78e-134.47e-135.16e-13
Ozone Depletion Air [kg CFC 11-Equiv.]
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IV. Conclusion
Application of GaBi5 LCA modelling techniques solves the problem of imprecision involved in solid
waste decision making. The study concludes that the wastes all have detrimental impacts on the 4 measured
categories but the highest pollution threat is on the Global Warming Potential (GWP). The Scenarios
Environmental Impacts shows that the GWP is characterized in the order: Biodegradable > Textile > Wood >
Paper > plastic > Metal > Glass. The AP followed similar trend except for paper that is greater than wood
wastes. EP has this trend; Metal > Wood > Glass > Biodegradable > Paper > Textile while for ODP it was
Textile > Plastic > Paper > Metal > Wood > Biodegradable > Glass. The study also showed that when LCA is
applied in conjunction with the waste hierarchy, it can be a useful tool for the planning of municipal waste
management system as it allows municipalities to directly compare the actual environmental impacts of different
technologies and planning options. Furthermore, through system expansion, a consequential approach to LCA
may encourage municipalities to integrate waste management with processes in other sectors. It is therefore
recommended that Environmental Protection Agencies at all levels should always analyze and contain the
pollution impacts of the solid wastes on the environment.
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