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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
Heating installations
Ventilation and air conditioning installations
Sanitary (plumbing) installations
Electrical installations
Natural gas feed installations
Refrigeration installations
A) Heating installations
Serve for creating and maintaining a thermal comfort
inside a given space.
C) Sanitary installations
Are used in order to ensure the cold and hot water feed of
buildings, as well as collecting and evacuating waste water
and drainage.
D) Electrical installations
Serve the electrical energy feed of buildings.
F) Refrigerating installations
Serve for decreasing and keeping a given spaces temperature at a certain
level, below the natural environments temperature.
COMFORT CONCEPT
THERMAL COMFORT;
CHEMICAL AIR COMPOSITION - GENUINE
AIR;
NOISE LEVEL;
ESTHETICHAL DEMANDS - FURNITURE,
INTERIOR DECORATIONS, COLOURS.
THERMAL COMFORT
THERMAL COMFORT
HEATING INSTALLATIONS
HEATING INSTALLATIONS
HEATING INSTALLATIONS
HEATING INSTALLATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
Conventional classifications split heating systems into three
groups as follows :
CERAMIC STOVES
FIREPLACES
THERMO -FIREPLACE
ELECTRIC HEATERS
Distribution network
Heating
source
Interior heating
installation
Air heating
radiant;
tree structure;
circular.
Tree structure
HEAT LOAD
CALCULATION
Ac + Ao
Q = Qt 1 +
+ Qi
100
[W];
Qt = C M m A
i e
R
'
+ Qs
R- corrected specific thermal resistance for the space delimitating element taken into
consideration ,established according with STAS 6472/3, [m2 K/W];
Qs- thermal flow lost through ground [W];
CM- heat load correction coefficient, depending on specific construction weight.
BUILDING INSTALLATIONS COURSE
m = 1,225 0,05 D
D thermal inertia coefficient for the
space delimitating element according
with STAS 6472/3.
For the space delimitating elements with D>4.5,
we shall consider m = 1 ; for outdoor joinery we
shall consider D = 0,5; for the space
delimitating elements in contact with the
ground as well as the ceilings over not heated
basements we shall consider m = 1
BUILDING INSTALLATIONS COURSE
Qs = A p
i p
Rp
+ CM
ms i e
1 i e j
Abc +
Abcj
n s Rbc
n s Rbc
tint.
text.
(ti)
(te)
1m
pard.
Qbc
pard.
o
o
sol.
Qp
Orientation N
Ao
NE E
SE
SW
NW
-5
-5
-5
At ( i e )C M
Rm =
Qt
[m2K/W]
At Total room area (meaning the sum of all delimitating surfaces), [m2];
Ac
Qi1 = nao CM V qcp (i e ) +Qu 1+
100
Ac
3
Qi 2 = C M E iLv ( i e ) + Qu 1 +
100
s 3
mK
m
Qcorp = kSntmed, [ W ];
td tr
1n
t d ti
t r ti
[ K sau 0C];
t d t i< 1,4
t r ti
td + tr
tmed =
ti
2
[ K or 0C];
qn = kStm
expressed in W/element, W/m or W/piece and established in
nominal conditions accepted by international standards ,in
which every heating element is tested :
- room temperature (thermal cell where the testing is made)
ti = +20 0C;
supply hot water temperature td = +90 0C;
return hot water temperature tr = +70 0C;
steam temperature ta = + 100 0C.
Radiators dimensioning
n=
Qcorp
qn a ct cc cr cm ch cv
a = 0,94 + 0,6/n
ct- correction multiplier for using the radiator for another average
given as follows:
Inside temperature ti, 0C
Temp.
thermal ag.
tt / tr
5
90/70
10
1,347 1,228
12
15
16
18
20
22
25
1,182
1,113
1,090
1,045
1,000
1,956
1,89
Qcorp = l qn
l=
Qcorp
qn
[ W]
[ m]
Central water
heating systems
Water heating installation, double piped, with natural circulation, inferior distribution
and closed expansion tank
C - heating boiler;
B - water exchanger with accumulation;
VEI - closed expansion tank;
VA - air separator;
R - valve;
SS - safety valve.
Water installation, double piped, with mixed distribution and opened expansion tank
Water installation with forced circulation, double piped, inferior distribution and closed
expansion tank.
C heating boiler;
P circulation pump;
B water exchanger with accumulation;
VEI closed expansion tank;
VA air separator;
R - valve;
SS safety valve;
Ca air discharge pipe .
1 - boiler;
2 - thermal agent circulating pump;
3 - distributor; 4 - collector;
5 - supply pipe for primary;
6 - return pipe for primary distribution;
7 - hydraulic module;
8 - inlet;
9 - outlet;
10 - radiator valve;
11 - air valve;
12 - radiator;
13 - supply distribution pipe for secondary network;
14 - return distribution pipe for secondary;
Heating boiler
It represents the source of thermal energy for heating , the
place where its prepared and distributed thermal agent for
heating and water warming. In the boiler takes place the
transformation of primary energy (fuel) with help from an
entire assembly of equipments and devices. In the interior of
the boiler take place technological processes for supplying
heat in the buildings installations, consequently heat and hot
water for consumers.
Taking into consideration the role played by the boiler, it is
absolutely necessary that technical matters should be
considered at its conception, such as-equipments,
functioning schemes, working manner and exploitation.
By pressure drive:
Low pressure;
Medium pressure;
High pressure.
By usage domain:
Central heating boilers;
Industrial boilers.
Automation system
Third gas circulation path with convective
multilayer surfaces
Second circulation path
Wide water walls
Burning room (first circulation path)
Blast air burner
Thermal insulation very efficient
Condensation boilers
In the case of a bigger hot water necessary there is the option of using a
accumulating hot water heater.The water heater has a capacity of 40 to 60
liters and can supply the reduced consumption for a short period of time
without soliciting the boiler. Most of the times the heater is part of the
boiler, but it also can be an independent element. Fig. F presents the
diagram of an apartment boiler with incorporated heater.
Heating elements
Heating elements
Heating elements
Based on the main characteristic of the two
components, a heating element will be named
convector or radiant. Heating elements can be
grouped as :
static heating elements, where the convective air
circulation is natural. This group contains radiators,
convector-radiators, and convectors.
dynamic heating elements, where the air circulation is
activated by mechanical means. This group contains unit
heaters, fan coil units and air heater batteries (heating
coils) of mechanical ventilation systems.
Heating elements
Heating elements
Heating elements
Heating elements
Heating elements
Heating elements
Heating elements
Excepting models we presented, there are panel steel radiators that offer
practical solutions for narrow spaces. These models have heights between
150 mm up to 2100 mm, widths of 450, 600 and 750 mm.
Heating elements
A special class of radiators are bathroom radiators user
for small spaces, mounted vertically , with a particular design,
having also a decorative role. They are produced in different
constructive shapes with supplementary elements (metallic
bars, mirrors, different types of supports) in order to offer the
possibility of drying towels and event take the rooms shape
(corner radiators or wall-type radiators). These radiators can
be painted in different colors, or chromate versions.
Thermal powers for these radiators vary between 500 and
1900 W and their dimension vary between 450 750 mm
width and 700 1700 mm height.
Heating elements
Heating elements
Aluminum radiators have particular
properties due to material they are made of and to
improve fabrication technology.
The main qualitative characteristics are design,
high thermal efficiency due to increased thermal
conductivity of aluminum, reduced water content
which diminishes thermal inertia as well as smaller
weight and surface occupied comparing to thermal
power developed.
Heating elements
Heating elements
Constructive, aluminum radiators are available in the range 350, 500,
600, 700, 800 mm which represents the distance between axis. There are
models especially designed to solve the heating problem in rooms where
the surfaces available for radiators mounting are narrow. The respective
radiators heights vary between 900 up to 2000 mm and thermal power
takes value from 235 to 437 W / element .
Heating elements
Heating elements
Heating and air-conditioning were treated as
separate systems. The connection element is
nowadays the fan coil unit (fan coil) which changes
the manner of studying heating and air-conditioning
as a unit.
Fan coil is a terminal element of a heating and/or
air0conditioning installation which has two basic
components: one heating battery (coil) and a fan.
Heating elements
Heating elements
Working principle is simple : the outgoing air trough
fan is supplied by heating coil in the room. Generally
the fan coils are mounted under windows and use
the re-circulated air, but there are models that allow
interference of fresh air, or exclusive fresh air supply.
There are many constructive types: vertical,
horizontal, as well as models designed for hidden
(masked) mounting in walls or false ceilings,
especially in large rooms or if they serve for more
than one room .
Heating elements
Heating elements
Heating elements
1. fan coil, 2. conditioned air exhaust air, 3. re-circulated supply hole 4. supply
fresh air duct, 5.re-circulated air supply duct, 6. conditioned air exhaust duct
Heating elements
Based on thermal agent used, fan coils allow
heating or cooling the air in a room. We must
stress that fan coil can function for heating as well
as for cooling with the same battery (two pipes fan
coils), or can use two separate batteries (four pipes
fan coils) , leaving the option of choice to the
designing engineer.
As construction features, fan coils can have
accessories as follows:
Heating elements
Control of air velocity or water flow can be made manually, from the switch, or
tap or automatically. Automatic control supposes the existence of an
thermostat which allows setting the fan on/off and/or shutting the tap.Evolved
systems impose fitting fan coils with a control device that act on the tap of each
battery and on the fan.
EXPANSION TANKS
EXPANSION TANKS
EXPANSION TANKS
EXPANSION TANKS
EXPANSION TANKS
For the choice of ensuring heating installations with safety
valves and closed expansion tank,
tank safety systems
functions are satisfied as follows :
overtaking volume variations and the small water reserve by
the closed expansion tank;
maintaining at full capacity the water in installation by the
pressure exerted by the air cushion over the water from the
closed expansion tank , which, in this case may be mounted at
the inferior part of the installation, close to the boiler;
upper limitation of installation pressure using safety valves
mounted on the boiler before every shutting element;
exhausting air at filling and supplying it at emptying the
installation trough ducts, tanks and air valves.
EXPANSION TANKS
Closed expansion tank is provided with an elastic membrane between eater cushion
and water
EXPANSION TANKS
EXPANSION TANKS
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers
Magnesium anode or external current
anode
Surface completely
thermal insulated
Superior coil
Water heating from boiler
Ceraprotect protection
Cleaning pass
Heat exchangers
Water heater capacity varies from 80 up to 1000 liters.
Water heater body is made from anticorrosive protected steel
, and for supplementary cathode protection a magnesium
anode is used, or, optionally an anode fed from an external
source.
Heat losses are diminished by completely covering the heater
with a thermal insulated layer.As a construction option, water
heaters can performed as bivalent water heaters in systems
with solar panels combined with boilers.Heat supplied by the
solar panel is transferred in the heater trough the inferior coil.
As an option some heaters can be provided with an electrical
heating system.
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers
Each plate has two walls, one representing the front,
the other one the back of the plate.
Fluid 1 flows all along the front of the plate and
bathes it and fluid 2 flows along the back of the same
plate, in counter-flow with fluid 1: in this manner the
heat is transfer along the entire surface of the plate,
while the gaskets tighten the border of the plate and
in the same time separate the fluids.
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers
Plate heat exchangers are used in heating for thermal points
modernization, for heating or preparing heated water, in the
heating and cooling processes, in heat recovery, for thermal
tests on fluids (e.g. pasteurization) and in situations were
working fluids are corrosives( using plates executed from
austenitic stainless steel, resistant to corrosives
environments).
Stainless steel plates are 0,5 0,6 mm thick, which allows
achieving a very good transmission coefficient as well as a
reduced thermal emission, but also lead the fluid in the heat
exchanger. They are made of rubber resistant at up to 150 0C
temperature (propyl-ethylene), silicon rubber or food industry
rubber .
Heat exchangers
The mounting rails system ensures rising the pipe up to 5mm, and thus a
minimum height for the cement layer. Sustaining clamps and clips
guarantee a solid fixing of the pipe.
Pipe fixing
Rotating clips
Border insulation
Before the slab, along the walls, an insulating strap will be laid, around
frames and pillars. Insulation will be laid from the base floor (sub floor) till
the final floor, allowing a maximum displacement of 5 mm.
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION SYSTEMS
NORMAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
NORMAL VENTILATION
Unorganized normal ventilation systems
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
General mechanical ventilation systems uses
fans for air circulation that serve the entire building and make the
circulation for the entire air volume in industrial buildings, social,
cultural, commercial, administrative, etc.
Local mechanical ventilation systems act on the air
supply source, sweeps the air around the source, absorbs the
harmful substances before the air comes back in the room (
industrial furnaces, weld tables, industrial zinc bathing, varnish
removals, grinders, wood processing etc.) .
Mixed mechanical ventilation systems apply
both general and local ventilation.
INSTALATII DE VENTILATIE
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
SYMPLE INLET/OUTLET
MIXED HEATING / COOLING-DRYING/
HUMIDIFICATION
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
OVERPRESSURE VENTILATION
inlet flow > outlet flow
DEPRESION VENTILATION
outlet flow > inlet flow
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATION
DRAWINGS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
1. intake
2. collector pipe
3. noxious air exhaust fan
4. protection cap of outlet
noxious air pipe
5. dust filter
6. heating coil
7. warm air force fan
8. pipe network
9. discharge openings
10. heat recuperator
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
1. intake
2. collector pipe
3. noxious air exhaust fan
4. protection cap of outlet noxious
air pipe
5. dust filter
6. heating coil
7. warm air force fan
8. pipe network
9. discharge openings
10.mixing chamber
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
COMPONENTS OF A VENTILATION
INSTALLATION
A ventilation installation contains:
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Air ventilation units
Air ventilation units are placed in specially
designed places, in the interior or exterior of
buildings
Air ventilation units introduce fresh air. They
contain modules in which equipments are
mounted.
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Casing
Aluminum frame with rounded corners
Panels slotting directly into the frame
No fixing screws
Panels
50 mm sandwich panels
injected polyurethane insulation (42 kg/m3 foam
density) or mineral wool (40 kg/m3 or 100 kg/m3)
Special executions for fan section extra noise
reduction
SYNTHETIC PREFILTERS:
G2 metallic (eff. 75%, EU2)
G3 (efficiency 85%, EU3)
G4 (efficiency 90%, EU4)
BAG FILTERS
Rigid or soft bags
Class F7
Class F9
Available Filters:
Absolute filters
Roll filters
Carbon filters
Electrostatic filters
UV lamps
Adiabatic Humidification:
PVC wet deck with/without
recirculating pump
Paper wet deck with/without
recirculating pump
Water+Compressed Air
High Pressured Air
Air Washer
Steam Humidification
steam manifold in stainless steel AISI 304
with or without steam producer
Plug fans:
Backward-curved blades
Direct-driven fans
Very easy to clean
Chiller
7 -12 C
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Fans
Fans contain :
-chassis with two connection pieces :for air inlet and
outlet
-rotor with blades depending on fan type
-electric engine for rotor actuation
Fans can be :
- centrifugal (radiant )
- axial flow
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Centrifugal fan for rectangular ducts and silencer mounted in the interior
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Air filters
Filters know different types:
- Filters with air filter cells .One cell contains a
metallic case filled with metallic perforated foils
impregnated with mineral oil, overlapped. Cells are
placed in a rack.
- Dry band filters .At superior part a coil with synthetic
fiber filter is attached .At the inferior part there is the
coil that rolls the dirty. The material ,which creates a
screen through which the dusty air passes, rolls
between the two coils.
- Self-cleaning filters .Filter is made of cells cleaned in
an oil bath.
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Heating coils
Are made of a wings pipes fascicle in an iron
case with flanges to which ducts are
connected. Trough ducts steam or hot water
flow and between them circulates the air that
heats due to heat transfer by ducts contact.
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Duct coils for heating or cooling (for both rectangular or circular ducts)
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Heat recuperators
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
a) Wheel heat recovery
Fresh
air
Noxious
air
Wheel heat recuperator
1. purification sector
2. electric engine
3. metallic case
4. rotor
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
The most used is wheel recuperator.
At the case the ducts for cold and warm air are connected.
Rotor contains a heat accumulation surface with the looks of a honeycomb
with small channels parallel with the rotation axis. At small speed, the
rotor offers the two air flows ,warm and cold, a heat exchange surface.
Rotor accumulates heat in contact with hot air which the transmits it to
the cold air, after rotating. At the edge of the two flows there is a
purification sector, with clean air for cleaning ducts where noxious air
flows. In order to increase the heat exchange, the rotors surface is
covered in a solution containing lithium chlorate, which is an excellent
absorber. Due to this substance rotor also absorbs vapors from the warm
air which it transfers to cold air. Due to lithium chlorate and the fact that
heat accumulation mass comes alternatively in contact with both air
flows, wheel recuperator achieves a total heat transfer, thus resulting in a
high thermal efficiency.
In order to be mounted in the ventilation systems, wheel recuperators
require a meeting point for the cold and warm air ducts, where heat
exchanger should be mounted.
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
b) Intermediate fluid heat recovery
system
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
EXHAUST
AIR
FRESH AIR
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Blinds frames for air chambers
Blinds are mounted in a metallic frame bounded
through articulations at a common lever which
simultaneous actions all blinds. The lever can be
maneuvered manually or using an automatic device
operated actuator.
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Blinds frames simultaneously adjustable
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Ventilation pipes contain :
straight ducts
special pieces : bends, branches, level change pieces,
diffusers ,confusers, etc.
Used materials :
- black or galvanized sheets;
plastic materials , mineral fibers plates , etc.
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Air grids
This category includes : discharge openings,
intakes, air intakes, exhaust air grids.
Discharge openings are posed in openings
executed in walls, or ahead of supply air ducts.
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Air grids
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Ceiling diffuser with adjustable outtake direction installed at the head of the duct
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
Regulating devices
Regulating devices are mounted inside the ducts , or in the
discharge openings.
- wings dumpers , mounted inside ducts , made from a rigid
plate sheet which rotates around a central fixed axis;
-branch dumpers , mounted inside branch pieces, made from
a rigid plate sheet which rotates around an axis fixed at one
border;
-shut off dumpers , mounted inside ducts or at discharge
openings;
-adjustable blinds .
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS