Aerospace Vehicle

Performance
AERO 4306

Daniel Feszty
CB 3207
dfeszty@mae.carleton.ca
x 5783

Trailing vortices and downwash

phenomenon of an aircraft in flight are seen
clearly in this figure. In this situation, a
Cessna Citation VI was flown immediately
above the fog bank over Lake Tahoe at
approximately 313 km/h or 170 knots.
Aircraft altitude was about 122 m (400 ft)
above the lake, and the weight was
approximately 8,400 kg. As the trailing
vortices descended over the fog layer due to
the downwash, the flowfield in the wake was
made visible by the distortion of the fog
layer. The photo was taken by P. Bowen for
the Cessna Aircraft Company from the tail
gunner's position in a B-25 flying in
formation slightly above and ahead of the
Cessna. (Source: www.efluids.com)

Hierarchy of Aeronautical Engineering disciplines from design point of view

Aircraft Design
AERO 3002

Aerodynamics

Flight Mechanics

Design discipline

Structures

Aerodynamics
AERO 4302

Performance
AERO 4306

..

CFD
AERO 4304

Stability & Control

AERO 4308

..

Propulsion

Specialist
Analytical disciplines

Aircraft Performance deals with the analysis and prediction of the performance
parameters of a vehicle, which initial design has already been defined.
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Aerospace

Aircraft

Fixed-wing Aircraft
(Airplanes)

Spacecraft

Rotary-wing Aircraft
(Rotorcraft)
i.e.
Helicopters, Autogiros &
Tilt-Rotor Aircraft

COURSE STRUCTURE

Week 1-4

Basic Aerodynamics

Week 5-11

Fixed-Wing Aircraft Performance

Week 12

Rotorcraft Performance
Spacecraft (Launch Vehicle only) Performance
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COURSE EVALUATION
Project:
Mid-term:
Exam:

Typically:

Note:

problem oriented
problem oriented

1
1
2 or 3
1

(20%)
(20%)
(60%)

Report (2%) + Multiple Choice (18%)

3 questions
(1.5 hrs)
4-5 questions
(3 hrs)

Multiple-choice set (3-5 tricky questions)

on Aerodynamics
on Fixed Wing Aircraft Performance
on Rotorcraft and/or Spacecraft
Performance

Exam is closed-book, however a 7 pages (both sides) HAND

WRITTEN crib-sheet and the ISA tables made by yourself will be
allowed at the exam.
No photocopies, please.

PROJECT
Detailed performance analysis of a propeller and jet engine aircraft.
Deliverables:

1) completed multiple choice answer sheet with the numerical results

2) a technical report (all tables, graphs and explanations of results)

Marking:

multiple choice answer sheet (18 %)

report (2 %)
Late or incomplete submissions: 0 mark

Submission deadline:
Monday, 9 December 2013 at 4 pm (MAE office)
Marked reports available: 6 January 1 February 2014 (MAE office)

No Problem Analysis sessions, so:

- Problem Sets (with final results given) to practice.
Textbook (recommended only):
J.D. Anderson: Introduction to Flight, McGraw-Hill, 2000.
M.E. Eshelby: Aircraft Performance: Theory and Practice, AIAA Educational Series, 2000.
R.S. Shevell: Fundamentals of Flight, Prentice Hall, 1989.
J. G. Leishman: Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
F. J. Hale: Introduction to Space Flight, Prentice Hall, 1994.
Course Website:

- on cuLearn
- all PowerPoint presentations, Problem Sets, Project, Mid-term solutions, etc.
Office hours:
- after Tuesday class or send an e-mail for appointment

1. Aerospace History

The Wright Brothers Kitty Hawk Flyer at its maiden flight on December 17, 1903.
(Source: Shevell, Fundamentals of Flight, Prentice Hall, 1989)

1. Aerospace History
2013

110 years of the first genuine powered flight of a heavier-than-air vehicle

(Wright Flyer I, 17 December 1903, Kitty Hawk, NC)
However, contrary to popular belief, the Wright brothers DID NOT truly INVENT
the airplane. They represent the fruition of a centurys worth of prior
aeronautical research and development.

1.1. Very early developments

Ornithopters:

early thinking of human flight centred on the IMITATION of BIRDS.

(da Vinci, 1486 500 sketches) However, human-powered flight by
flapping wings was always doomed to fail

Hot-air balloons:

(1783) Montgolfier brothers, Paris, FRA

25 mins flight. Filled with hot air, later hydrogen.

1. Aerospace History

Montgolfier hot-air balloon (1783).

http://frenchfinest.wordpress.com/2011/06/04/dans-l%E2%80%99air/

Leonardo da Vincis design of an ornitopther (1496).

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/
Leonardo_da_Vinci.html

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1. Aerospace History
1.2. Invention of the airplane

Sir George Cayley (ENG) first to separate the concept of LIFT & PROPULSION (1799)
- whirling arm apparatus (primitive wind tunnel) to test lifting surfaces
- built model glider in 1804. Concept: fixed wing + tailplane.
- full size glider (1852) boy carrier, 10 years old boy, later coachman
Otto Lilienthal (GER) over 2,500 successful glider flights between 1891-1896
- artificial hill for any wind direction flight
- birdlike wing planform
- horizontal + vertical tailplane concept
- 1896: crashed (stalled) the airplane and died
Percy Pilcher (SCO) 1896-99 built gliders under Lilienthals guidence
- calculated that 4 hp engine would be required for powered flight
- killed while demonstrating his Hawk glider (1896)
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1. Aerospace History

Sir George Cayleys sketch of the person carrier. (Source: Shevell, Fundamentals of Flight, Prentice Hall, 1989)

The glider of Otto Lilienthal. (Source: Shevell, Fundamentals of Flight, Prentice Hall, 1989)

1. Aerospace History
1.3. Invention of the airplane North America

Due to the Civil War and consolidating the new government, not much interest until 1875.
Octave Chanute:

- made research and wrote books on aviation between 1875-1910

Samuel Langley:

- built over 100 models between 1892-1910

- unsuccessful manned flight attempt just 9 days before the Wrights

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1. Aerospace History

Samuel Langleys
Aerodome on top
of a boathouse just
9 days before the
Wright brothers flight.
.
(Source: Smithonian
Institute and
thespacereview.com)

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1. Aerospace History
Langleys Aerodome
nose-diving after takeoff.
(Source: Smithonian and
http://flyingmachines.ru)

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1. Aerospace History
1.3. Invention of the airplane North America

Orville & Wilbur Wright originally bicycle builders, got interested in flight on news on
Lilienthals death. Systematic engineering approach:
- biplane kite to test wing warping (1899)
- worked closely with Chanute, who was knowledgeable in theory
- Kitty Hawk, NC chosen because of constant strong winds
- wind tunnel tests of lifting surfaces
- built own engine and propeller, 12 bhp, 200 lb (1903)
- full size gliders:
- forward elevator to avoid Lilienthals nose down dive
(aerodynamically unstable)
- use of rudder + wing warping for CONTROL
- cca.1,000 perfect flights in 1902
- first powered flight in 1903!
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1. Aerospace History
Three views of the
Wright Brothers
Flyer. Note: this was
a canard configuration
In todays terminology.
(Source: McCormick:
Aerodynamics,
Aeronautics and
Flight Dynamics,
Wiley, 1994)

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1. Aerospace History
- patenting until 1906
- not sold to US, GB and FRA governments until 1908
- huge success and publicity in Europe but in 1908 only !
Glenn Curtiss
- started to build airplanes after talking to the Wright brothers in 1906
- difference: put stabilizers to the rear aerodynamically stable configuration
- patented ailerons
- his concept become dominant in WWI

Pilot licence no.1 in the U.S. was issued

to Glenn Curtiss in 1911.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Curtiss

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1. Aerospace History
1.4. Major milestones since then

1910 1990:

Faster, Further, Higher

1926

- jet engine invented and patented by Frank Whittle (GBR) (built in 1935 only)

1939

- first jet propelled aircraft: He 178 (GER)

- jet engine designed by von Ohain (independently from Frank Whittle)
- vMAX = 696 [km/h]

Rectangular jet

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1. Aerospace History
1947

- first SUPERSONIC flight

- Capt. Chuck Yeager, Bell XS-1
- Mach 1.05 achieved (in dive) for 20 seconds

The Bell X-1 experimental rocket plane (Source: Shevell, Fundamentals of Flight, Prentice Hall, 1989)

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1. Aerospace History
1960-67 - HYPERSONIC (M > 5) flight programme
- 1967: North American X-15, Maj. Pete Knight
- Mach 6.72, H = 314,750 ft (96 km)

The North American X-15 rocket plane, the first to achieve hypersonic flight (Mach 6.7) in 1962.
(Source: Shevell, Fundamentals of Flight, Prentice Hall, 1989)

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Speed history of military and research

aircraft. (Source: Shevell, Fundamentals
of flight, Prentice Hall, 1989)

Mach 1 (at 12,000 m)

Mach 1 (at 12,000 m)

Speed history of transport

Aircraft. (Source: Shevell,
Fundamentals of Flight,
Prentice Hall, 1989)

1. Aerospace History
1990 today:

Leaner, Meaner, Greener

Embraer E Jets (2001):

- most efficient & economic aircraft for 70-120 seats market

Source: www.embraer.com/

Seating capacity ratio for

break-even operational costs

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1. Aerospace History
Boeing 7E7 Dreamliner
- most environmentally friendly
- 80% carbon fibre composite structure
- 20% less CO2 emmission
Rollout on 8 July 2007
(www.boeing.com)

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1. Aerospace History
1.5. Evolution of Rotorcraft

Rotorcraft aircraft employing rotating wings to generate LIFT.

Advantage: Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) capability, however, at the
expense of limited forward flight capabilities when compared to fixed wing aircraft.

Brief history
2000 years ago: Chinese Top
1907: Breguet-Ricket Gyroplane (FRA)
- 4 rotors
- restrained by ropes, no control
Chinese top
http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~leishman/Aero/history.html

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1. Aerospace History
1907: Paul Cornu helicopter (FRA)
- first to rise vertically completely unrestrained
- 2 rotors in tandem to balance rotor torque
- 24 bhp engine, 90 RPM rotors
- very limited control
The helicopter of Paul Cornu. The first helicopter to rise unconstrained on November 13, 1907.
(Source: McCormick: Aerodynamics, Aeronautics and Flight Dynamics, Wiley, 1994)

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1. Aerospace History
Cierva C-19 from 1931
1923: Juan de la Cierva (ESP)
(Source: Leishman,
- autogiro: - freely rotating rotor autorotates to produce lift
Principles of Helicopter
- separate propeller provides thrust, just like for fixed Aerodynamics, Cambridge
University Press)
wing aircraft
- ARTICULATED ROTOR !!! Invented by de la Cierva
- major breakthrough, applied on todays helicopters too
- rotor blades allowed to flap up/down freely
- balances unsteady aerodynamic forces in forward flight

1930: Corradino dAscanio (ITA)

- first recognized helicopter record: 1.5 miles, 8.75 min flight
- 2 coaxial counter-rotating rotors to balance torque moment
(used nowadays by Kamov (RUS))
1936: Heinrich Focke (GER)
- Focke FA-61 flown within a sports arena for demo
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1. Aerospace History
1937: Anton Flettner, FL-282 Kolibri
- first production helicopter, over 1,000 produced during WWII
- 90 mph, 13,000 ft ceiling, 800 lb payload
- this was a SYNCHRONOPTER (2 overlapping synchronized rotors)

The Flettner FL-282 Kolibri, the first

production helicopter. Over 1,000 were
built and operational with the German
Navy in Worl War II. (Source:
McCormick: Aerodynamics,
Aeronautics and Flight Dynamics,
30
Wiley, 1994)

1. Aerospace History
1939: Igor Sikorsky (RUS, later USA) his VS-300 was:
- first to employ a TAIL ROTOR to counteract the torque of the main rotor
- first to employ swashplate control (with cyclic+collective controls)
- 28 ft diameter, 3 bladed rotor, 75 bhp piston engine
- No fundamental changes
since this concept

Igor Sikorskys VS-300; the first

U.S. helicopter and the worlds
first employing a main-rotor,
tail-rotor configuration. (Source:
McCormick: Aerodynamics,
Aeronautics and Flight
Dynamics, Wiley, 1994)

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1. Aerospace History
1.6. Evolution of Rockets/Spacecraft

Rockets are the ultimate high-thrust propulsive mechanism.

They differ from other types of propulsion that they are NOT AIR-BREATHING, enabling
their operation outside of the atmosphere, in the vacuum of the space.

Evolution of modern rocketry took place independently & simultaneously in 3 countries:

Russia / Soviet Union

R.H. Goddard

United States

K.E. Tsiolkovsky

Germany

H. Oberth
W. von Braun
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1. Aerospace History
Russia/Soviet Union

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935)

- fascinated by the idea of interplanetary travel as a young student
- 1883: comes up with the idea of reactive propulsion (liquid H2 and O2 as fuel)
- published as early as 1903 (even before the Wright brothers!!!)
- remained on theoretical level no experiments

Tsiolkovskys rocket design from 1903, burning liquid hydrogen (H) and liquid oxygen (O).
(Source: Anderson, Introduction to Flight, McGraw-Hill, 2000)

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1. Aerospace History
USA

Dr. Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945)

- born, lived and worked in Worcester, MA
- also choose liquid H2 and O2 as fuel
- patented combustion chambers, nozzles, propellants and multistage rockets
as early as 1914.
- built and tested the worlds first rocket in 1926 (vMAX=96 [km/h], H=60 [m])
- the US government got interested in his work during WWII only, utilized
rockets for jet-assisted takeoffs from seaplanes
- full recognition in 1960 only, $1,000,000 awarded to his descendents for the
patents.
ARS (American Rocket Society) 1930-1963
- small group of scientists
- liquid O2 + gasoline rocket in 1933
- later founder of AIAA (American Inst. of Aeronautics and Astronautics)

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Robert H. Goddard and his first successful liquid-fuel

rocket. This rocket made the worlds first successful
flight on March 16, 1926.
(Source: Anderson, Introduction to Flight, McGrawHill, 2000)

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1. Aerospace History
Germany

Hermann Oberth (1894-1989)

- laid down the technical background of rocketry in his book in 1923
- inspired students, such as Werner von Braun
Werner von Braun (1930s 1977)
- technical director of V-1 and V-2 programs (Germany) in WWII
- V-2
: H=80 km, L (range) = 320 km
: V-2 captured by US and USSR so any later rockets from these
countries can be traced back to von Brauns and Oberths idas.
- von Braun decided to work for the U.S. after WWII and took active part in their
space program.
- designed the largest rocket of all times, the Saturn 5 (booster for Apollo)

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The German World War II V-2 rocket, the design of

Werner von Braun.
(Source: Anderson, Introduction to Flight, McGrawHill, 2000)

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The largest rocket of all times, Saturn 5, was also the

design of Werner von Braun. This is the rollout
of Saturn 5 for the Apollo 10 mission in 1969 to the
launch site at Cape Canaveral in Florida.
(Source: www.wikipedia.com)

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Wernher von Braun stands at his desk in

the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville,
Alabama in May 1964, with models of rockets
developed and in progress.
(Source: www.wikipedia.com)

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1. Aerospace History
Major milestones since then

1959
1961
1969
1980
2004

- Sputnik I (RUS) first unmanned space satellite

- Yuri Gagarin (RUS) first manned space flight
- Apollo 11 (USA) first man on the moon
- Space Shuttle (USA) - first reusable spacecraft
- Space Ship I (USA) - first privately funded spaceflight

White Knight carrying SpaceShipOne

(Source: www.scaled.com)

(Source: www.scaled.com)

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An artists vision of Virgin Galactics Spaceport in New Mexico, USA,

From which space tourists can fly to space via SpaceShip II.
(Source: virginatlantic.com)

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Virgin Galactics Spaceport under construction in New Mexico, USA, with SpaceShip II flying over a crowd.
(Source: inhabitat.com)

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Virgin Galactics Spaceport in New Mexico, USA, will fly space tourists to space via SpaceShip II.
(Source: thexanadugroup.com)

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