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How well does the model capture the

requirements?

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How well does the model capture the requirements?
An applications flexibility and data quality depend quite a bit on the underlying data model. In other
words, a good data model can lead to a good application and a bad data model can lead to a bad
application. Therefore we need an objective way of measuring what is good or bad about the model.
After reviewing hundreds of data models, I formalized the criteria I have been using into what I call the
Data Model Scorecard.
The Scorecard contains 10 categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

How well does the model capture the requirements?

How complete is the model?
How structurally sound is the model?
How well does the model leverage generic structures?
How well does the model follow naming standards?
How well has the model been arranged for readability?
How good are the definitions?
How well has real world context been incorporated into the model?
How consistent is the model with the enterprise?
How well does the metadata match the data?

This is the second of a series of articles on the Data Model Scorecard. The first article on the Scorecard
summarized the 10 categories, and each subsequent article will focus on a single category. This article
focuses on the first of the 10 categories, How well does the model capture the requirements? For more
on the Scorecard, please refer to the book, Data Modeling Made Simple: A Practical Guide for Business
& IT Professionals.
How well does the model capture the requirements?
This is the correctness category. That is, we need to understand the content of what is being modeled.
This can be the most difficult of all 10 categories to grade, the reason being that we really need to
understand how the business works and what the business wants from their application. If we are
modeling a sales data mart, for example, we need to understand both how the invoicing process works
in our company, as well as what reports and queries will be needed to answer key sales questions from
the business.
What makes this category even more challenging is the possibility that perhaps the business
requirements are not well-defined, or differ from verbal requirements, or keep changing usually with the
scope expanding instead of contracting. We need to ensure our model represents the data
requirements, as the costs can be devastating if there is even a slight difference between what was
required and what was delivered. Besides not delivering what was expected is the potential that the
IT/business relationship will suffer.
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Here are a few of the red flags I look for to validate this first category. By red flag, I mean something that
stands out as a violation of this category.
Modeling the wrong perspective. Usually one of my first questions when reviewing a data model is to
identify why it is being produced in the first place. What are goals of the model and who is the audience
whose needs should be met with this model? For example, if there is a need for analysts to understand a
business area such as manufacturing, a model capturing how an existing application views the
manufacturing area will not usually be acceptable. Although in reality it is likely both the manufacturing
application and business processes will work very similar, they will be differences at times and these
differences can be large especially in the case of ERP packages.
Data elements with formats different from industry standards. For example, a five-character Social
Security number or a six-character phone number. This is a red flag that can be identified without much
knowledge of the content of the model.
Incorrect cardinality. Assume the business rule is We hire only applicants who completed a masters
degree. Does the model in fig. 1 show this?
Fig. 1 Cardinality red flag

APPLICANT

Obtain

DEGREE

No. It shows that each applicant can obtain zero, one or many degrees. Yet the cardinality allows an
applicant to have zero degrees, which violates our business rule. Also, degree includes all possible types
of degrees, with a masters degree being just one of these. So if Bob has only a bachelors degree, that
would not satisfy our business rule.
We will need to subtype to enforce the specific rule to masters degree, as shown in fig. 2.

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Fig. 2 Cardinality now matches business rule

APPLICANT

DEGREE

Obtain
MASTERS DEGREE

In fig. 2, the subtyping symbol captures that each degree can be a masters degree. The relationship
between applicant and masters degree captures that each applicant must have at least one masters
degree, which supports our business rule.
As a proactive measure to improve the correctness of the data model, I have found the following
techniques to be very helpful:

Normalize. Normalization forces us to understand the rules behind what is actually being
modeled. We need to ask many questions, and the more we know the more our model will
accurately support the business rules.
Use abstraction when in doubt. If the requirements are not known or are incomplete,
abstracting allows us to accommodate the unknown by using generic structures. For example, if
we dont know and cant confirm whether a customer has a main phone number, fax number,
and mobile number; or whether they have a office number and home number, a simple abstract
structure containing customer phone and customer phone type would accommodate all
situations.
Understand similar situations. I was once able to leverage knowledge I had about the ordering
process for a candy company while modeling how products were ordered for a health care
provider. The products were completely different yet the process and a majority of the
information were the same.
Require stakeholder signoff. Make sure your users are committed and supportive of the design
by requiring their signoff upon model completion. They will take the review much more seriously
and be more supportive of the resulting design. If the analysts would prefer not to look at the
model, a popular technique is to validate the model through other mediums such as reports,
business assertions, or prototypes.

Stay tuned! Our next article will focus on the completeness category.

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About Steve Hoberman
Steve Hoberman is the most requested data modelling instructor in the world. In his consulting and
teaching, he focuses on templates, tools, and guidelines to reap the benefits of data modelling with
minimal investment. He taught his first data modelling class in 1992 and has educated more than 10,000
people about data modelling and business intelligence techniques since then, spanning every continent
except Africa and Antarctica. Steve is known for his entertaining, interactive teaching and lecture style
(watch out for flying candy!), and organizations around the globe have brought Steve in to teach his Data
Modelling Master Class, which is recognized as the most comprehensive data modelling course in the
industry. Steve is the author of six books on data modelling, including the bestseller Data Modelling
Made Simple. He is the founder of the Design Challenges group, inventor of the Data Model Scorecard,
and the recipient of the 2012 DAMA International Professional Achievement Award.

This is extract 2 of 11.

The complete document incorporating all 11 extracts is available at
Data Modelling Zone, Australia