Abstract

Introduction

Methodology
Apparatus
1. 500 kN Denison Testing Machine
2. Extensometer and Denison extension gauge (measures cross head
movement)

3. Grade 250 plain round mild steel bar, 20mm diameter.

Characteristic strength = 250 N/mm2
Length = 100mm
Conforms to BS 4449.
4. Grade 460 deformed high yield steel.
Reinforced bar, T16, 16mm diameter.
Characteristic strength = 460 N/mm2
Length = 80mm
Conforms to BS 4449.

Method
Each of the bars in turn (first the Grade 250, second the Grade 460) is placed
in the jaws of the testing machine.
The 50mm extensometer is attached to the bar and zeroed by the Laboratory
Technician.
Each specimen is deformed up to fracture with a gradually increasing tensile
load that is applied uniaxially. According to the increment of the force applied,
extension readings from the extensometer and the Denison extension gauge
are noted.
At the yield point, the extensometer is removed to prevent damage to it and
readings continue on the Denison extension gauge.
The load at failure and the manner of failure are noted.

Results
(1)

Load P (kN) - Extension e (mm)

180
160
140

P (kN)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

e (mm)

Figure 1 Graphic Load (P) x extension (e) to low carbon steel specimen.

Load P (kN) - Extension e (mm)

140
120

P (kN)

100
80
60
40
20
0
0

10

15

20

e (mm)

Figure 2 Graphic Load (P) x extension (e) to medium carbon steel

specimen.

25

(2)

Stress - Strain
600

500

(N/mm)

400

300

200

100

0
0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Figure 3 Graphic Stress x Strain to low carbon steel specimen.

0.35

Stress - Strain
700
600

(N/mm)

500
400
300
200
100
0
0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

Figure 4 Graphic Stress x Strain to medium carbon steel specimen.

(3)

Stress - Strain
400
350

(N/mm)

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0.000

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

0.004

0.005

0.005

Figure 5 Graphic Stress x Strain to low carbon steel specimen and straight
line parallel to the initial part of the stress-strain curve, from the value of 0.2%
strain.
y = 369.51 N/mm2

Stress - Strain
600
550
500
450
(N/mm)

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0.000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

Figure 6 Graphic Stress x Strain to medium carbon steel specimen and

straight line parallel to the initial part of the stress-strain curve, from the value
of 0.2% strain.
y = 346.91 N/mm2
(4)
For the low carbon steel we have:

According to the extensometer over the range 30kN to 83kN:

0.008

Stress - Strain (extensometer readings)

400
350

(N/mm)

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

0.0025

0.003

0.0035

0.004

Figure 7 Graphic Stress x Strain to low carbon steel specimen according to

extensometer readings.

For the medium carbon steel we have:

According to the extensometer over the range 30kN to 83kN:

Stress - Strain (extensometer readings)

600

(N/mm)

500
400
300
200
100
0
0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

Figure 8 Graphic Stress x Strain to medium carbon steel specimen

according to extensometer readings.

(5)
For the low carbon steel:
Maximum tensile strength is 540.7384N/mm2 when the load is 169.9kN and
the deflection is 16.086mm.
For the medium carbon steel:
Maximum tensile strength is 638.6089N/mm2 when the load is 126.7kN and
the deflection is 11.89mm.
(6)
For the low carbon steel:
The stress at failure is equal to 410.57N/mm2
For the medium carbon steel:
The stress at failure is equal to 519.15N/mm2
(7)
For the low carbon steel:
The percentage elongation at failure is:

For the medium carbon steel:

The percentage elongation at failure is:

(8)
For the low carbon steel:
The true stress is given bellow:
The initial area is 314.2mm2 for the specimen with 20mm diameter; this initial
area was reduced to 132.73mm2 because its diameter reduced to 13mm
during the test.
The load at failure is equal to 129kN; to find the true stress is necessary to
divide the load at failure by the final area.

For the medium carbon steel:

The true stress is given bellow:
The initial area is 198.4mm2 for the specimen with 16mm diameter; this initial
area was reduced to 132.73mm2 because its diameter reduced to 13mm
during the test.
The load at failure is equal to 103kN; to find the true stress is necessary to
divide the load at failure by the final area.

Discussion

Conclusion

Bibliography