Water is the most abundant substance on earth.

Like any other substances, water has its own

unique characteristics.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

A. Physical Characteristics of Water

1. Water can exist in three states:

a. Solid

b. Liquid

c. Gas

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. At room temperature, pure water is a

a. colourless,
b. odourless and
c. tasteless.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

Freezing Point of Water

1.Water changes from liquid to solid at its freezing
point.
liquid

solid

Freezing point of water is the temperature at

which water freezes into ice.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. The freezing point of pure water is 0 oC.

3. The temperature remains constant at 0 oC until water

freezes completely.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

4. What happens to water particles when water is cooled?

When the temperature drops, the water
particles move slower.

Therefore, the forces of attraction among the

particles grow stronger.

At 0 oC, the forces of attraction are so great

that the water particles are held in fixed
positions.

Water freezes into ice!

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

Boiling Point of Water

1. Water boils at its boiling point.

liquid

gases

Boiling point of water is the temperature at

which water boils and becomes steam.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. The boiling point of pure water is 100 oC.

3. The temperature remains constant at 100 oC until

water boils completely.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

4. What happens to water particles when water

boils?
When the temperature rises, the water particles
move faster and further apart.

Therefore, the forces of attraction among the

particles grow weaker.

At 100 oC, water particles move so fast that

they overcome the forces of attraction and
leave the liquids surface.

Water becomes steam!

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

5. Water conducts heat slowly. Water is a poor

thermal conductor.
6. Water is also a poor electrical conductor.
7. The density of water varies with temperature.
Pure water has the maximum density of 1 g
per cm3 at 4 oC.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

B. Effects of Impurities on the Physical

Characteristics of Water

1. Impurities in water can change the

physical characteristics of water. Sometimes
the change is noticeable and sometimes it is not.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. Here are some examples:

Physical
characteristic

Example

Taste

Pure water is tasteless but sea water is salty.

Odour

Pure water is odourless. Water with decayed matter has an unpleasant

smell.

Colour
Density
Electrical conductivity
Freezing point

Boiling point

Pure water is colourless but muddy water is brownish in colour.

Pure water is less dense than sea water.
Pure water with a few drops of sulphuric acid can conduct electricity.
Pure water freezes at 0 oC but sea water freezes at a lower
temperature.
Pure water boils at 100 oC but sea water boils at a higher temperature.

5.2 Composition of Water

Composition of Water

1. Water is a compound. It is made of two different

elements.
Water

Hydrogen

Oxygen

5.2 Composition of Water

2. Water can be broken down to its elements

through electrolysis.

A method to break down a compound by passing

an electric current through its liquid or solution

5.2 Composition of Water

3. The volume of hydrogen released is always

twice the volume of oxygen released.

Oxygen is
released at the
anode

Hydrogen is
released at the
cathode

5.2 Composition of Water

4.

Water is made up of one part of oxygen and two parts of

hydrogen.

Oxygen atom

Hydrogen atoms

Each water molecule consists of one atom of oxygen and

two atoms of hydrogen.

5.2 Composition of Water

5. Therefore, scientists represent water with the

following formula:

H2O
H Represents the hydrogen atom
2 Shows that there are two atoms of hydrogen
O Represents the oxygen atom

Applying the principle of water evaporation

In our daily life.
1. To drying clothes
2. To drying hair
3. To drying agricultural produce
4. To drying fish and prawn
5. To cooling the body
6. To producing the common salt

5.4 Solution and Solubility

Solution and Solubility

Solution and Solubility

5.4 Solution and Solubility

A. SOLUTION
1. What is a solution?
A solution is produced when a substance
dissolved in another substance.
A solute is the
substance that dissolves.
A solvent is the
substance that the solute
dissolves in.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Depending on the amount of solutes in

solutions, there are three types of solutions.
Solution

Dilute solution

Concentrated solution

Saturated solution

Contains a little
dissolved solute

Contains a lot of
dissolved solute

Contains the maximum

amount of dissolved solute

Can dissolve a lot

more solute

Can dissolve a little bit

more solute

Cannot dissolve any more

solute

All these solutions have a clear appearance

5.4 Solution and Solubility

B. SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION

1. What is a suspension?
A suspension is a mixture containing insoluble
substances.
2. There are many suspensions around us.
Muddy water, fruit juices, chocolate drink, blood

5.4 Solution and Solubility

C. FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

1. What is solubility?
The solubility of a solute is the maximum amount of solute in
grams that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given
temperature.
For example, the solubility of sodium chloride is 38 g per 100
g of water at 20 oC.
This means that you can dissolve not more than 38 g of sodium
chloride in 100 g of water at 20 oC.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Factors Affecting the Solubility of a Solute

a. The nature of the solvent
b. The nature of the solute

c. The temperature of the solvent

5.4 Solution and Solubility

i. The nature of the solvent

- The solubility of a solute differs in

different solvents.
Example:
Only a little iodine can dissolve in water. Iodine can
dissolve very well in alcohol.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

ii. The nature of the solute

Different solutes have different solubility
in the same solvent.
Example:
At the same temperature, sodium chloride has a
lower solubility in water compared to copper chloride.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

D. RATE OF DISSOLVING
1. What are the factors affecting the rate
of dissolving a solute?
a. Temperature

b. Rate of stirring
c. Size of solute particles

5.4 Solution and Solubility

i. Temperature
The higher the temperature of the solvent, the higher the
rate of dissolving.

Example:
We use hot water to make
tea. One reason for this is
that hot water increases
the rate of dissolving of
certain substances in the
tea leaves.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

ii. Rate of stirring

The higher the rate of stirring, the higher the rate of
dissolving.

Example:
The faster you stir the
soup, the faster the salt
dissolves in it.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

iii. Size of solute particles

The smaller the size of the solute particles, the higher the
rate of dissolving.
Example:
Smaller pieces of palm
sugar can dissolve in water
faster than a big piece of
it.

Date :
Day :
Experiment : 5.3
Title : Rate of dissolving
Aim : To determine the factors affecting the rate of
dissolving
Materials
Apparatus

:
:

A. Problem :
Hypothesis:
Manipulated variable:
Responding variable :
Fixed variable
:

Procedures:

* draw figure 5.17, page 18

1.

100 cm of distilled water is measured and poured into

beaker A and B.

2.

The water in a beaker B is heated until the temperature

reaches 70 C, as shown in figure 5.17

3.

1 g of fine salt is added to each beaker

4.

The both mixtures are stirred at the same rate.

5.

The observation is recorded in my lab.report.

Observation:

B. Problem:
Hypothesis:
Manipulated variable: rate of stirring
Responding variable : rate of dissolving
Fixed variable : mass of fine salt, temperature of solvent,
volume of solvent
Procedures: * draw figure 5.18, page19
1. The apparatus is set up as shown in figure 5.18
2. The mixtures in beaker A is stirred slowly and the mixture
in beaker B is stirred quickly.
3. The observation is recorded in my lab. Report
Observation:

C. Problem:
Hypothesis: The smaller size of solute particles,
the higher the rate of dissolving

Manipulated variable : coarse salt and fine salt

Responding variable : rate of dissolving
Fixed variable
: mass of solute, temperature of
solvent, volume of solvent,
rate of stirring
Procedures:
1. The fine salt and coarse are used to carry out an
experiment to test the hypothesis.
2. The observation is recorded in my lab. Report.
Observation:

Conclusion: the factors affecting the rate dissolving :

1. Temperature of solvent
2. Rate of stirring
3. Size of solute particles

5.4 Solution and Solubility

E. WATER AS A SOLVENT
Water is a good solvent. Almost everything can dissolve in it to
produce solutions. Therefore, water is also known as the
universal solvent.
Water acts as a medium in many chemical reactions in
our body.
Water dissolves and transports many substances in our
body such as digested food and waste products.
Water dissolves cleaning agents such as soap powder,
dishwasher liquid and toilet cleaner.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

Water dissolves various substances. This enables us to

use water in cooking and making drinks.
Water is used extensively in food industry as a solvent.

Water is used to prepare traditional and modern liquid

medicines.
Farmers use water to dissolve pesticides.
Water is needed in plants to transport food and
dissolved minerals.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

F. ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Some substances cannot dissolve in water but they can
dissolve in organic solvents.

What are organic solvents?

Organic solvents are carbon compounds that are used
as solvents.

Examples:
Alcohol

Turpentine

Acetone

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. We use many organic solvents in various products.

To produce lacquers and varnishes
Alcohol

To produce various types of ink

To prepare iodine solution (as an antiseptic)
To produce perfume

Turpentine

To produce paints
To remove paint stains

Acetone

To produce nail polish

To remove nail polish

5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Organic solvents are very useful to us.

a. They are volatile. Therefore, products such as
paints, lacquers, varnishes and inks become dry in a
short period of time.
b. They can dissolve many solutes that do not dissolve
in water.
3. However, products containing organic solvents
should be
handled carefully.
a. They are flammable and should be stored away
from heat.
b. They are toxic and carcinogenic (likely to cause
cancer).

Date
Day
Title

:
:
: Acid and alkali

A.

Aim

: to identify the properties of acid

and define acid
Material:
Apparatus:
Procedures:
1. PH value
a. A piece of pH paper is dipped into a test
tube with 3cm of dilute hydrochloric acid.
b. The resulting colour is compared with the
colour chart

2. Taste
a. Some lemon juice is squeezed into a glass of
drinking water and taste it.
3. Corrosive nature
a. A piece of filter paper is put on a white tile
b. A drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is added
on both pieces of litmus paper.
4. Effect on litmus paper
a. A piece of blue litmus paper an a piece of red
litmus paper are put side by side on a white tile.
b. A drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is added on
both pieces of litmus paper.
c. The observation is recorded in my lab.report.

5. Reaction with metals

a. The surface of magnesium ribbon is cleaned with
sandpaper and is put into a clean test tube.
b. The test tube is filled with about 5 cm of dilute
hydrochloric acid and the observation is recorded.
c. The mouth of the test tube is covered with my
thumb for a few minutes as shown in figure 5.2
d. My thumb is removed and a lighted splinter
is placed quickly at the mouth of the test tube.
The gas collected is identified.

Observation:

Test

Observation

inference

pH value

pH 1

pH value of acid
is less than 7

Taste

Sour taste

Acid taste is sour

Corrosive nature

A hole is formed
on a filter paper

Acid is corrosive

Effect on litmus
paper

Turn the blue

litmus paper to
red

Acid turns the

blue litmus paper
to red

Reaction with
metals

pop sound is
heard.

React with metal

to release
hydrogen

B. To identify the properties of alkali and define alkali

Materials: pH paper, colour chart, dilute Natrium hydroxide,
concentrated ammonium hydroxide, filter paper,
distilled water, blue litmus paper and red litmus
paper
Apparatus:test tubes, dropper, white tile
Procedures:
1. PH value
a. A piece of pH paper is dipped into a test
tube with 3cm of dilute natrium hydroxide .
b. The resulting colour is compared with the
colour chart

2. Feel
a. A dropper is used to added and a few drops of dilute
natrium hydroxide are added into a test tube half full
with distilled water . The test tube is shake.
b.

The test tube is brought to the sink. One drop of

mixtures are placed onto my forefinger.
The solution is rubbed between my thumb and
forefinger to feel it.

c.

The solution off your finger is washed with a lot

of water.

3.Corrosive nature
a. A piece of filter paper is put on a white tile.
b. A dropper is used to added a drop of concentrated
ammonium hydroxide onto a filter paper. The observation
is recorded.
4. Effect on litmus paper
a. A piece of blue litmus paper an a piece of red
litmus paper are put side by side on a white tile.
b. A drop of dilute natrium hydroxide is added on
both pieces of litmus paper.
c. The observation is recorded in my lab.report.
Observation:

Test

Observation

inference

pH value

pH 14

pH value of alkali
is less than 14

Feel

Soapy

The feel of alkali

is soapy

Corrosive nature

A hole is formed
on a filter paper

alkali is corrosive

Effect on litmus
paper

Turn the red

litmus paper to
blue

alkali turns the

red litmus paper
to blue

Discussion : the differences between acid and alkali

Test

Acid

alkali

pH value
Effect on litmus
paper
Corrosive
nature
Taste / feel
React to metal

Conclusion:
1. The properties of acid are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. The properties of alkali are
a.
b.
c.
d.

1.

An acid is a substance that has a hydrogen

atom, which can be replaced by a metal
or ammonium.

2.

Acid can be divided into two groups and

differences are shown below

ACID
Organic acid
Example
Acetic acid
Formic acid
Lactic acid
Malic acid
Citric acid
Tannic acid
Tartaric acid

Inorganic acid

Example
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Carbonic acid

3.An acid exist in three state which are

a. solid tartaric acid
b. liquid ethanoic acid
c. gas hydrogen chloric
4. The properties of acids
a. Taste sour
b. Are corrosive
c. Change blue litmus paper to red
d. Have pH values of less than 7
e. React with carbonates to release carbon dioxide
and form salt and water
acid + cabonates

salt + water + carbon dioxide

f. React with active metals to release hydrogen and form

salt.
acid + metal

salt + hydrogen

g. React with alkalis to form salt and water

acid + alkali

salt + water

1.

An alkalis is hydroxide or metal oxide that

dissolves in water.

2.

Example: potassium hydroxide, sodium

hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonium
hydroxide solutions.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Acidity increases

Alkalinity increases

neutral

5.5 Acid and Alkali

Neutralisation
Neutralization is a process where
acid

Note:

alkali

salt

water

Where acid reacts with alkali, salt and water are formed.
Different kinds of acids and alkalis will form different types of salt.

5.6 Water Purification

Natural Sources of Water

Natural Sources of Water

From Ocean
Salty

Not suitable for

human consumption

From lakes, streams,

rivers, ground water
(well) and rain
Fresh Water
But not pure, need to be purified

a. Most pure
b. Has very little dissolved substances and a
little dust

a. Not clean
b. Has a lot of dissolved substances and dirt
such as microorganisms and silt

a. Has microorganisms and dissolved

substances
b. Cleaner than river

a. Has the most substances of salt

b. Has the most of dirt.

5.7 Water Supply System

Usage of Water
Usage of Water

Domestic Use
of Water

Agricultural Use
of Water

Drinking
Washing
Watering
Plants

Irrigation
Aquaculture

Direct Use of
Rivers and
Streams

Generate
Hydroelectric
Power
Recreation
Transportation

Industrial Use
of Water

Cooling
Washing
Disposal
of Waste

METHOD OF PURIFICATION
Chlorination

Chlorine solution

Filtration

Muddy water
Fine sand

Coarse sand
Pebbles
Gravel

filtrate

Boiling

filtrate

Distillation

Water
out

Liebig
condenser
Muddy
Water
Water in

Distilled
water

1. Water from natural sources have various

impurities such as microorganisms, dissolved gases,
mineral salts and silt.
2. Water from natural sources must be purified so that it
save to drink and use.
3. Table shows the advantage and disadvantage of
water purification.

Water purification method

advantage

disadvantage

a. Filtration

Only removes
impurities that are
coarse such as
suspended substances.

Sand filters are

commonly used

Water is clear
and free
suspended
particles only

Water still has

microorganisms
and dissolved
substances
(such as
mineral salts)

b. Distillation
Prepares pure or
distilled water

Water is free
from all
suspended
substances,
microorganisms
and dissolved
substances.

Water does
not make
good
drinking
because it
does not
contain
dissolved
mineral
with our
body need.

c. Boiling and
chlorination
Only kills
microorganisms in
water

Water is free from

dangerous
microorganisms

Water still has

dissolved
substances and
suspended
substances.

WATER TREATMENT PLANT

1. Refer to your text book pg. 36 and draw figure 5.34

PRESERVATION OF WATER QUALITY

1. Find out the ways to control water pollution on page 41.