Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
No .17
November 1980.
N e w s l e t t e r of t h e S o c i e t y of A f r i c a n i s t A r c h a e o l o g i s t s i n America.
E d i t e d by P.L. S h i n n i e and i s s u e d from t h e Department of Archaeology,
The U n i v e r s i t y of C a l g a r y , Calgary, A l b e r t a , T2N 1N4, Canada. Typing
and e d i t o r i a l a s s i s t a n c e by A m a O m s u a S h i n n i e .
......................
Our bank i s now c h a r g i n g $1.00 on e v e r y cheque i n U .S f u n d s t o save t h e l o s s of t h i s amount 3r. J . Bower of Iowa S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
h a s agreed t o a c t as r e c i p i e n t of a l l U.S. s u b s c r i p t i o n s and t o r e m i t
them t o me i n one cheque.
P. L.
Shinnie.
NEWS ITEMS
BOTSWANA
Catrien van Waarden now of SUNY, Binghamton sends this
abstract of a paper that she gave at the SAAAM conference in
Calgary in April
LEEUKOP:
1979.
1. The T s o d i l o H i l l s
I n 1979-80 e x c a v a t i o n s were c a r r i e d o u t a t t h r e e E a r l y I r o n Age
l o c a l i t i e s a t T s o d i l o , as w e l l a s at two r o c k s h e l t e r s c o n t a i n i n g L.S.A.
a r t e f a c t s i n a s s o c i a t i o n with p o t s h e r d s . The E a r l y I r o n Age s i t e s ,
whose ceramics a r e r e l a t e d i n a g e n e r a l way t o o t h e r ' w e s t e r n s t r e a m '
s i t e s i n Namibia and Zambia, have produced two r a d i o c a r b o n d a t e s ,
p r o c e s s e d by independent l a b o r a t o r i e s :
Locality 1
Locality 2
1100
$ 80 B.P.
940 %
- $0 B.P.
(1-11, 411)
( w i t s 836)
850 A.D.
980 A . D .
2.
The B o t l e t l i R i v e r
t h i s was c o r r e c t . Many Tswana and Khoi p e o p l e s , however, t r a d i t i o n a l l y used oxen as pack and r i d i n g animals and i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t
t h e T e t e a p p l i e d t h e word 'bey' t o t h e h o r s e t o i n d i c a t e a b e a s t of
burden. The d e r i v a t i o n of t h e T e t e word f o r g o a t , zara//a, i s
p r e s e n t l y unknown, though t h e y s h a r e t h e Khoi term f o r sheep (&I:).
The l i n g u i s t i c d a t a seems t o s u p p o r t T e t e a s s e r t i o n s t h a t t h e y k e p t
domestic s t o c k p r i o r t o t h e Tswana occupation of t h e a r e a around 1750.
The s i m i l a r i t y of t h e T e t e t o o t h e r Khoi groups may be extended
t o i n c l u d e house t y p e s . Although t h e T e t e today l i v e e x c l u s i v e l y i n
p o l e and daga houses, i n 1863 Baines p a i n t e d a T e t e v i l l a g e c o n s t r u c t e d of hemispherical houses made of r e e d mats p l a c e d over bent p o l e s
much l i k e t h o s e i l l u s t r a t e d f o r t h e Korana much f u r t h e r s o u t h .
S e v e r a l of t h e T e t e i n t e r v i e w e d a l s o s a i d t h a t t h e y had made
t h e i r own p o t s p r i o r t o t h e coming of t h e Tswana. T h i s art h a s now
been l o s t , b u t one man drew i n t h e sand what he thought t h e s e v e s s e l s
had looked l i k e . The d e c o r a t i o n matched t h a t of t h e ' m y s t e r i o u s '
ceramics c o l l e c t e d from t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i t e s i n t h e a r e a . One
man a l s o volunteered t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t t h e T e t e had used s t o n e
t o o l s p r i o r t o o b t a i n i n g i r o n goods from t h e i r Bantu neighbours.
Although a t t h i s p o i n t t h e work h a s been somewhat u n s y s t e m a t i c ,
t h e p o s s i b i l i t y e x i s t s t h a t t h e T e t e developed a l i f e - s t y l e a l o n g
t h e B o t l e t l i River which w a s i n marked c o n t r a s t t o t h a t of o t h e r
h u n t i n g and g a t h e r i n g groups i n t h e K a l a h a r i . I n t h e absence of
radiocarbon d a t e s we cannot be c e r t a i n how l o n g ago t h e T e t e
i n c o r p o r a t e d domestic s t o c k i n t o t h e i r economy, b u t t h e y seem t o have
been w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d a s fishermen and h e r d e r s by 1750. There i s no
suggestion t h a t they represent a r e l a t i v e l y recent migration i n t o t h e
a r e a . T h e i r d i s t i n c t i v e terms f o r c a t t l e and g o a t s a l s o s u g g e s t s
some s e p a r a t i o n from o t h e r Khoi s p e a k e r s , and it i s p o s s i b l e t h a t
some of t h e L.S.A. s i t e s n e a r Toromoja, which a l s o c o n t a i n e x t e n s i v e
f i s h remains, r e l a t e t o t h e Tete b e f o r e t h e y a c q u i r e d s t o c k .
Near Toteng, on t h e western end of t h e B o t l e t l i R i v e r , addit i o n a l L.S.A. s i t e s have been found which c o n t a i n almost e x c l u s i v e l y
f i s h remains. I n a d d i t i o n , lugged p o t t e r y h a s been found i n t h i s
a r e a , though much of it w a s tempered with c h a r c o a l fragments, r a t h e r
t h a n bone. A radiocarbon sample from one of t h e s e s i t e s h a s been
submitted f o r a n a l y s i s .
The p r e l i m i n a r y r e s e a r c h on t h e B o t l e t l i River p r o v i d e s some
t e n t a t i v e i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t i n t h e l a s t millenium, and p o s s i b l y
e a r l i e r , two d i f f e r e n t modes of a d a p t a t i o n e x i s t e d i n t h e K a l a h a r i :
one with which we a r e familiar from t h e numerous s t u d i e s of t h e
:Kung and o t h e r San groups; and a n o t h e r , which h a s now almost
d i s a p p e a r e d , o r i e n t e d towards t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n of r i v e r i n e r e s o u r c e s
and l a r g e h e r d s of migratory game which water a l o n g t h e B o t l e t l i .
3. The Toutswe a r e a
A s e r i e s of new d a t e s f o r t h e 'Toutswe T r a d i t i o n ' h a s now been
meter
r e c e i v e d which p r o v i d e s time-depth f o r t h i s t r a d i t i o n . The 1%
d e p o s i t a t Taukome produced t h e f o l l o w i n g sequence of d a t e s from
superimposed k r a a l d e p o s i t s :
755 5
40 cm.
110 - 120 cm. 990 f
75
75
B-P.
B.P.
(A.D.
(A.D.
1195)
960)
(1 - 11, 412)
(I - 11, 413)
as w e l l as f o r t h e nearby s i t e of Thatswane:
30 - 40 cm.
130 -140 cm.
++
840 75 B.P.
1025 - 80 B.P.
( I - 11, 415)
( I - 11, 414)
(A .D. 1110)
925 )
(A.D.
4.
Southern Botswana
I n F e b r u a r y , a s a l v a g e o p e r a t i o n w a s conducted a t a s i t e i n
Broadhurst on t h e o u t s k i r t s of Gaborone. A s m a l l midden w a s uncovered
d u r i n g earth-moving o p e r a t i o n s which c o n t a i n e d w e l l p r e s e r v e d f a u n a l
r e m a i n s , c h a r c o a l and p o t t e r y . The ceramics a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by
comb-stamped and i n c i s e d h e r r i n g b o n e m o t i f s , bordered by l i n e s of
- 50 B.P.
590 t
(A.D.
1360)
( w i t s 837)
20
22
IS
24
26
28
- 18
ZIMBABWE
f I*
1.-
L Nqami
Taukame X
*-'
24-
X ~hatswanb.,~~
f-'
*\
I
I
- 24
adhum
GABORONE
A*
[. j
Moritsane X
I
-
X Shosho
-.
X Toutswe
SEROWE
I
I
I
Lo-,
BOS u t S W ~ X
.GHANZI
- 20
Tateng
FRANCISTOWN.
z I'
22-
ITsodila
- .
26
.-
20
'b
/
t
I-.-.
,.J'
I
20
22
i
Nat~onolMumm ond Art Gallery
- 26
A F R I C A
S O U T H
f
1
24
26
28
P o s s i blc Khoi p o t t e r y f r ~ n
~
Toromoj
a
CAMEROON
Preliminary Report on 1980 Fieldwork in the Grassfields and Yaounde, Cameroon
by Pierre de Maret
Charg6 de Recherches au F.N.R.S.
Royal Museum of Central Africa (Tervuren)
and University of Brussels
The Republic of Cameroon lies at the junction of West and Central Africa.
The study of its past is obviously of the utmost importance for a better
comprehension of a major portion of sub-Saharan Africa. Although several sites
have already been investigated in the northern half of the country, no
archaeological excavations had yet been carried out south of the Adamawa plateau,
despite the fact that part of this area, known as the Grassfields, had been
regarded by many as the cradle of the Bantu language. Surveys done earlier in
the Grassfields by A.D.W. Jeffreys and D. Hartle yielded numerous surface finds
of polished or flaked, axe- or hoe-like, necked tools. These were tentatively
attributed to a "neolithic period".
For several years, it has been my intention to start research in this
area. An International Colloquium on the Bantu Expansion, held in 1977 by the
C.N.R.S., recommended that archaeological research be undertaken in the Grassfields in conjunction with the Grassfields Working Group, a group of ethnographers
and linguists already present in the area. After establishing contact with one
of the members of this group of scholars, Professor J.P. Warnier, I was able to
do a first survey in the area in 1978. Professor Warnier showed me a very large
rock shelter, Sum Laka (lat. 5"51131" N., long. 10~4'40" E.), that he had previously
discovered. On the surface, I found several basalt artifacts, mainly large blades
and levalloisian flakes, but also one hoe- or axe-like tool. After sieving under
water, a test pit of 1 square meter yielded numerous stone artifacts, mainly on
basalt in the upper spits. Quartz, chert, calcedony and even obsidian flakes
of a microlithic technique were also found. The basalt artifacts decreased gradually
with the depth, until bedrock (or a large fallen part of the ceiling) was
reached at -75 cm. Faunal remains were collected in every spit. The presence
of gorilla teeth suggested that the area was once surrounded by forest. In the
first 10 cm., some decorated potsherds were collected and in the 25-30 cm. spits,
a flake from a grounded or polished tool was recovered. Three samples of charcoal
were submitted for ~ 1 measurement.
4
The results , stratigraphically consistent,
were as follows: Hv 8963: 6070 + 240 bp (spit 20-25 cm.); Hv 8965: 6980 260 bp
(spit 30-35 cm.) ; Hv 8964: 8705 - 275bdspit 50-55 cm.)
CONGO
measurements of t h e copper s t r i p s . Research convincingly demonstrat i n g t h e uniqueness of t h e found r e g a l i a w i t h i n sub-Saharan art and
c u l t u r e w a s concluded i n e a r l y 1980. My f i r s t v e r s i o n of t h e book
on t h e d i v i n e r e g a l i a i s a l s o concluded. The paper on t h e cap/crown
showing t h e 1 3 t h o r 14th century as terminus a n t e quem (supported by
h i s t o r i c a l evidence) and demonstrating i t s s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r t h e
d i v i n e l e a d e r s h i p i s i n t h e p r e s s and w i l l appear i n African A r t s
(UCLA)i n 1980.
Zdenka Volavka
York U n i v e r s i t y
EAST AFRICA
THE BRITISH INSTITUTE I N EASTERN AFRICA
Somalia
With t h e o b j e c t of obtaining a s t r a t i g r a p h i c conspectus of t h e
e a r l y town of Mogadishu, s m a l l s c a l e excavations were c a r r i e d out
by Neville C h i t t i c k , D i r e c t o r of t h e I n s t i t u t e . T h i s i s believed t o
be t h e first time archaeological excavations have been c a r r i e d out
i n t h e c a p i t a l , o r indeed anywhere on t h e c o a s t , o t h e r t h a n t h e
e a r l i e r work of t h e I n s t i t u t e i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n with Somalis, i n t h e
north of t h e country. We a r e g r a t e f u l f o r t h e f a c i l i t i e s extended
by t h e government of t h e Somali Democratic Republic.
An a r e a i n t h e c e n t r e of H a m a r Weyne, one of t h e two o l d
q u a r t e r s ( o r r a t h e r moieties) of t h e town w a s s e l e c t e d . Two
t r e n c h e s were dug, one, measuring 2 x 2 m , immediately north-west of
t h e JamiC (~amac
i n ~ o m a l i )and t h e o t h e r a few metres t o t h e southe a s t of t h e same mosque. The mosque l i e s perhaps 300 m from t h e
( v e r y poor) n a t u r a l harbour. I n t h e former t r e n c h t h e f o s s i l c o r a l
bedrock was reached at 4 . 8 m below t h e s u r f a c e . D i r e c t l y on t h e
rock w a s a w e l l - b u i l t w a l l of c o r a l rubble. The d e p o s i t around and
f o r n e a r l y two metres above t h i s y i e l d e d m a t e r i a l probably of t h e
t w e l f t h through t h e t h i r t e e n t h c e n t u r i e s . The upper d e p o s i t s were
l a t r i n e f i l l s d a t i n g from only some f i f t y o r e i g h t y y e a r s ago.
The t r e n c h t o t h e south-east of t h e mosque showed a succession
of f o u r b u i l d i n g p e r i o d s of g r e a t i n t e r e s t . Rather over s i x metres
of d e p o s i t s were dug; t h e c o n s t r i c t e d space at t h e bottom of t h e
t r e n c h and t h e danger of digging a t such a depth made it d i f f i c u l t t o
e s t a b l i s h f o r c e r t a i n t h a t bedrock had been reached at t h i s depth.
A t t h e base were two w a l l s of c o r a l r u b b l e s e t i n e a r t h , one l a t e r
t h a n t h e o t h e r . Associated p o t t e r y ( s g r a f f i a t o , with what i s
probably an e a r l y v a r i e t y of t h e 'black-on-yellow' ware, now
believed t o have been made i n Heis of t h e yemen) i n d i c a t e s a d a t e
probably i n t h e t w e l f t h c e n t u r y and c e r t a i n l y no e a r l i e r t h a n t h e
second q u a r t e r of t h e e l e v e n t h .
Above, and l a t e r t h a n , t h e s e walls was a c l a y f l o o r i n which
were s e t two mofa bread ovens. One of t h e s e , though much cracked
(such ovens a r e extremely f r a g i l e ) was complete and is t h e o n l y such
specimen of a mofa t o be recovered anywhere on t h e c o a s t . There w a s
much a s s o c i a t e d c h a r c o a l , of which samples were t a k e n f o r radiocarbon
d a t i n g , as were o t h e r s from a h e a r t h at a r a t h e r h i g h e r l e v e l .
Cut i n t o t h i s f l o o r were two w e l l - b u i l t walls, one on t h e e a s t
and one on t h e west s i d e of t h e t r e n c h , with deep f o u n d a t i o n s ; a n
a s s o c i a t e d f l o o r of rammed c o r a l c h i p s w a s a t 3.40 m below t h e s u r f a c e .
The p o t t e r y was similar t o t h a t found below. The well-preserved
upper p a r t of a f l a s k w a s found.
R e s t i n g on t h e s u r v i v i n g t o p of t h e e a r l i e r w a l l were t h e
massive f o u n d a t i o n s of a n important b u i l d i n g , b u i l t w i t h l i m e mortar
and w i t h w e l l f i n i s h e d p l a s t e r f a c e , and a p l a s t e r f l o o r ( a t about
2 metres below t h e s u r f a c e ) on a r u b b l e foundation. The a s s o c i a t e d
p o t t e r y s t i l l included s g r a f f i a t o and black-on-yellow.
The f l o o r i s
a t roughly t h e same l e v e l as t h a t of t h e ~ a m i t~h ,e minaret of which
c a r r i e s an i n s c r i p t i o n d a t e d 636 H . (A .D. 1 2 3 8 ) , and we can a s c r i b e
t h i s b u i l d i n g t o around t h i s time a l s o .
Above t h i s i s a d e s t r u c t i o n l e v e l , and t h e n about 1.5 m o f
modern d e b r i s t o t h e p r e s e n t unpaved s u r f a c e of t h e p i a z z a .
The f i n d s confirm what can be deduced from t h e w r i t t e n
h i s t o r i c a l and e p i g r a p h i c evidence, t h a t t h e f l o r e s c e n c e of Mogadishu
w a s i n t h e t h i r t e e n t h and f o u r t e e n t h c e n t u r i e s . It i s u n l i k e l y t o
have been a p l a c e of s i g n i f i c a n c e b e f o r e t h e t w e l f t h c e n t u r y A.D.
Owing t o t h e s h o r t a g e of f u e l f o r v e h i c l e s a r i s i n g o u t of t h e
l r a i / ~ r a nw a r , it h a s been n e c e s s a r y t o postpone t h e work which w a s
planned t o be undertaken i n November and December on t h e n o r t h e r n
coast.
KENYA
I n south-west Kenya P e t e r Robertshaw, t h e A s s i s t a n t D i r e c t o r ,
excavated s e v e r a l s h e l l mounds on t h e s h o r e s of Lake V i c t o r i a . A l l
s i t e s contained Kansyore t r a d i t i o n p o t t e r y and s t o n e a r t e f a c t s .
Analysis of t h e m a m m a l i a n fauna is b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t by Diane G i f f o r d
and Bernard Mbae who r e p o r t t h e presence of a wide range of s p e c i e s ,
b u t a p p a r e n t l y no domesticates. F i s h bones were a l s o found i n
abundance. D r . Robertshaw a l s o c o l l e c t e d a l a r g e s c a t t e r of Urewe and
Kansyore p o t t e r y from a s i t e a t Gogo F a l l s , South Nyanea, i n t h e
extreme south-west of t h e country.
I n J u l y D r . Robertshawconducted a survey i n Narok D i s t r i c t
c o n c e n t r a t i n g on t h e r e g i o n t o t h e n o r t h of t h e Masai Mara N a t i o n a l
Park. Numerous P a s t o r a l N e o l i t h i c and P a s t o r a l I r o n Age s i t e s were
found. P r e f e r r e d a r e a s of s e t t l e m e n t appear t o have been a l o n g t h e
f o o t of h i l l s and on well-drained s o i l s b e s i d e permanent o r semiermanent s t r e a m s on t h e p l a i n s . Most s i t e s contained Elmenteitan
~ e m n a n t )p o t t e r y with a r a t h e r i n d e t e r m i n a t e l i t h i c i n d u s t r y .
Sherds of Akira and Narosura w a r e t o g e t h e r with t h o s e of an
undescribed p o t t e r y t r a d i t i o n were a l s o found.
t o examine t h e n a t u r e of a r c h a e o l o g i c a l f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s e s i n
savanna environments.
2)
3)
t o u s e t h i s methodology t o i n v e s t i g a t e p r e h i s t o r i c ecology
and a p t a t i o n i n t h e Amboseli.
80.9
4.2
6.5
6.1
0.8
1.7
Levallois
bipolar
p e r i p h e r a l l y worked
platform cores
c a s u a l and i r r e g u l a r
0.3%
40.7
9.9
16.1
32.8
A s i n o t h e r p r i m a r i l y q u a r t z assemblages t h e o u t i l e s q u i l l 5 grade i n t o
t h e b i p o l a s cores and t h e d i s t i n c t i o n was o f t e n r a t h e r a r b i t r a r y .
Although L e v a l l o i s cores themselves were r a r e f l a k e s with f a c e t t e d
platforms and r a d i a l o r converging d o r s a l s c a r s make up % of t h e
whole f l a k e s .
This assemblage from K a l a w a t e r f a l l i n some r e s p e c t s resembles a
s e r i e s of horizons from Kalemba i n southeastern Zambia. Kalemba
horizons H-K yielded a predominantly q u a r t z i n d u s t r y with d i s c and
L e v a l l o i s cores and f l a k e s with f a c e t t e d platforms. Trimmed p i e c e s
occur i n roughly t h e same percentage. Scrapers accounted f o r 8% of
t h e trimmed pieces while p o i n t s and backed p i e c e s accounted f o r 1@
and 3% r e s p e c t i v e l y . The Kalemba horizons d i f f e r from Kala i n t h e i r
g r e a t e r emphasis on L e v a l l o i s and d i s c core technique as opposed t o
b i p o l a r technique. The Kala assemblage a l s o resembles t o some e x t e n t
t h e H i l l s l o p e component of t h e Polungu Industry from Kalambo F a l l s
but again t h e r e i s much g r e a t e r emphasis on b i p o l a r technique a t K d a .
I n terms of general a r t e f a c t c a t e g o r i e s , t h e n , t h e K a l a assemblage
appears t o conform t o a p a t t e r n t y p i c a l of c e n t r a l Africa i n t h e
e a r l y L a t e r Stone Age.
A few l i t h i c concentrations were found i n contexts t h a t suggest
a more r e c e n t d a t e than t h e buried land s u r f a c e . The contexts a r e
enigmatic and t h e samples not l a r g e but t h e i n d u s t r y appears t o be
e x c l u s i v e l y b i p o l a r . No evidence of a predominantly m i c r o l i t h i c
i n d u s t r y w a s found i n any p a t of t h e basin. Evidence of L a t e r I r o n
Age ( i n c l u d i n g some p o s s i b l e K i l w a s t y l e p o t t e r y ) w a s common i n t h e
lower p a r t of t h e basin. This evidence i s being s t u d i e d by D r . S.A.C.
Vaane of t h e Tanrzanian A n t i q u i t i e s Division.
This reseasch w a s supported i n p a r t by t h e L.S.B. Leakey
Foundation and t h e University of Colorado but would have been
impossible without t h e a s s i s t a n c e given me by t h e Tanzanian Antiquit i e s Division.
Thomas Vynn
Department of Anthropology
U n i v e r s i t y of Colorado
Colorado Springs, CO 80907
s.
E
G
m
BOSTON UNIVERSITY EXCAVATIONS AT MAREA, EGYPT.
The Boston U n i v e r s i t y f i e l d s c h o o l a t Marea ( ~ y a m eAkuma No. 1 5 ) ,
on Lake Maryut 45 kms. west of Alexandria, was resumed d u r i n g JuneJ u l y , 1980. Again, about two dozen American c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s
p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e program. The s t a f f c o n s i s t e d of Creighton Gabel,
K a r l P e t r u s o , Fawzi e l Fakharani, and Thomas Boyd. D r . Boyd, a n
experienced a r c h i t e c t u r a l surveyor from t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Texas, w a s
a b l e t o map over h a l f t h e main s i t e a t a 1:500 s c a l e , a l o n g with most
of t h e a s s o c i a t e d b u i l d i n g s . Larger-scale maps and s e c t i o n s were a l s o
made on t h e western end of t h e h a r b o r .
Continued excavation and t e s t soundings appear t o have e s t a b l i s h e d
t h e f a c t t h a t most of t h i s p a r t of t h e s i t e i s wholly Byzantine, with
no underlying d e p o s i t s o r s t r u c t u r e s of g r e a t e r a g e . Where t h e e a r l i e r
p a r t of t h e s i t e - - L a t e Dynastic and Graeco-Roman--may have been
c e n t e r e d i s n o t y e t c l e a r , s i n c e t h i s i s n o t s p e c i f i e d i n contemporary
r e f e r e n c e s i n t h e a n c i e n t l i t e r a t u r e (from t h e time of Herodotus and
Thucydides onward).
One c l u e , however, may l i e i n t h e d i s c o v e r y of a p r e v i o u s l y
unreported s e t of h a r b o r i n s t a l l a t i o n s 2-3 kms. west of t h e main s i t e .
These c o n s i s t of a 120- meter s t o n e j e t t y , a 30 x 57 meter r e c t a n g u l a r
wharf o r s l i p , and a l a r g e r e c t a n g u l a r platform w i t h a n a t t a c h e d ramp
o r l a n d i n g dock. T h i s l a s t s t r u c t u r e is b u i l t of massive, welld r e s s e d limestone b l o c k s , and both p l a t f o r m and ramp a r e b a t t e r e d
around t h e o u t s i d e s a t about a 30' a n g l e . The b l o c k s , some over two
meters i n l e n g t h a r e c l o s e l y f i t t e d and without mortar. Whether t h i s
was of t h e same d a t e as t h e o r i g i n a l p o r t o r was b u i l t a t a t i m e of
d i f f e r e n t l a k e l e v e l remains t o be determined. One p o i n t of i n t e r e s t
i s t h a t it l i e s on t h e s h o r e below, and j u s t about o p p o s i t e , t h e
excavated p o r t i o n of t h e L a t e Dynastic and Graeco-Roman n e c r o p o l i s .
F u r t h e r s o i l samples were o b t a i n e d f o r p o l l e n e x t r a c t i o n .
P r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s of samples c o l l e c t e d i n 1979 h a s shorn them t o be
r i c h i n p o l l e n c o n t e n t , i n c l u d i n g both n a t u r a l grasses and c e r e a l s .
Two major s e r i e s of samples were c o l l e c t e d t h i s y e a r , one from a deep
sounding beneath a n already-excavated b u i l d i n g on t h e h i g h e s t p a r t of
t h e s i t e and a n o t h e r from i n s i d e , and from a r e f u s e area behind one
of t h e w a t e r f r o n t b u i l d i n g s making up p a r t of a shop a r c a d e w i t h
l i v i n g q u a r t e r s a t t a c h e d . The same t r e n c h e s produced a l a r g e and w e l l
p r e s e r v e d sample of f a u n a t h a t i n c l u d e s s h e l l , f i s h , b i r d s , domestic
a n i m a l s , and r o d e n t s o r o t h e r small animals. These w i l l be examined
by one of our s t u d e n t a s s i s t a n t s i n t h e course of t h e 1980-81 CmRAE
l a b o r a t o r y program at M.I.T. on b i o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l s i n p r e h i s t o r y .
Pamela Vandiver of M.I.T. h a s agreed t o s u p e r v i s e a n a l y s i s of
g l a s s and g l a s s s l a g t h i s f a l l , based on m a t e r i a l s c o l l e c t e d by u s i n
a g r i c u l t u r e during t h a t period and t h e mechanisms by which Egypt was t r a n s formed i n t o a s t a t e s o c i e t y remain i n t h e dark.
We a r e f o r t u a n t e t o have
t r a n s e c t s provides t h e f i r s t r e g i o n a l map of
Predynastic s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e region.
Excavations
L i t h i c a r t i f a c t s , ceramics, o t h e r f i n d s , and
The work by
Huzayyin (1939,1950) and more r e c e n t l y by Karl Butzer on p r e h i s t o r i c , pred y n a s t i c , and Pharaonic Egypt
s t r e s s e s t h i s viewpoint, and i t i s inconceivable t h a t anyone who v i s i t s
--
What i s new i s
'
o l d e s t l e v e l s t o 1.1:l i n t h e youngest l e v e l .
i n t h e r a t i o o f sheep/goat t o pigs.
t o c a t t l e i n Egypt today i s 1.5:1,
1 i n the
This i s p a r a l l e l e d by a decrease
It i s noteworthy t h a t t h e r a t i o of sheep/goat
a s compared w i t h 11.3:l
among t h e Kababish
Arabs
s i m i l a r t o t h a t of
Two v a r i e t i e s
Similar
Agriculture t h e r e f o r e d i d not
The
This
The s u f f i c i e n c y of t h e ~ i l he a b i t a t
and t h e s t a b i l i t y of t h e N i l o t i c resources
There a r e
. m e Khartoum N e o l i t h i c
T h i s i s i n marked
I n 1950-1954, t h e
Under c o n d i t i o n s of n a t u r a l
I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o note t h a t
Barley
The
I t must
wealth and power it began t o guard i t s own i n t e r e s t s and aggrandize i t s own gains.
The expansion of t r a d e i n non-food goods was t h u s a t t e n d a n t upon t h e r i s e of an
e l i t e and s t a t u s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n .
The emergence o f t h e relrigious component i n Predynastic c u l t u r e s may be
a l s o viewed a s a n expression of t h e psychological and metaphysical response
t o t h e g r e a t e r a n x i e t y a s s o c i a t e d with t h e u n p r e d i c t a b i l i t i e s of t h e i n c i p i e n t
a g r i c u l t u r a l system.
and t h e subsequent d i f f u s i o n of a g r i c u l t u r a l
Roger C . Allen
Boyce N. Driskell
From January 15, t o March 10, 1980, the Egypt Exploration
Society conducted i t s 10th season of excavations a t Qasr I t r i m i n
Egyptian Nubia.
Research Center in Egypt, the University of Kentucky and the Smithsonian Foreign Cwrency Program.
a l l d i r e c t ion of D r . W i l l i a m Y Adams.
These levels d a t e
from between the middle of the 16th century ard the early 19th century
they comprise the remains of a f o r t i f i e d town occupied by an
A.D;
A l e s s e r e f f o r t was devoted t o c l e w i n g
times.
I n t e r i m deposits were
They
tended t o be l a r g e r , had been reconstructed several times an3 contained deep i n t e r i o r deposits.
These s t r u c t u r e s a l s o pro-
duced quite large amounts of documentary material, sane of it cont a i n i n g t h e names of c i v i l and m i l i t a r y o f f i c i a l s .
It thus seems
M a n y of the t e x t s re-
2ll
of t h e i r s t a y .
How-
The
f i c a t i o n s t o the f o r t i f i c a t i o n walls and there were subsequent rebuildings during t h e Late Christian and Islamic occupations.
A s usual, Qasr Ibrim prcriuced a l m g e amount of c u l t u r a l
material.
Arabic
, basketry
and over
ETHIOPIA
D r . Desmond Clark sends t h i s n o t e :
GHANA
ARCHAEOLOGY I N GHANA, 1978-79
T h i s i s t h e first number of a c y c l o s t y l e d n e w s l e t t e r produced by
t h e Department of Archaeology, U n i v e r s i t y of Ghana. It r e p l a c e s t h e
J o u r n a l Sankofa which h a s had t o be suspended f o r f i n a n c i a l and
p r a c t i c a l reasons.
. Kense
GX-6133
SFU-
12
2710
2340
2010
1670
'-
245
100
140
l9O
BP
BP
BP
BP
(1005
( 490
- 515
- 290
bc.)
bc. )
( ad
200bc
90 - 470
ad 80]
DbClOO
DbF135
DbWAlO
DbP2
Level 15
Level 40
Level 27
Level 26
NIGERIA
The C a l i f o r n i a P a l a c e of
t h e Legion of Honor, San
Francisco:
The M e t r o p o l i t a n Museum
of A r t , New York:
The Corcoran G a l l e r y o f
A r t , Washington, D . C .
December 8 t h 1980 t o J a n u a r y 2 7 t h
1981
March 9 t h
June 1 5 t h
An i l l u s t r a t e d c a t a l o g u e h a s been p u b l i s h e d by A l f r e d A. Knopf,
New York i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e D e t r o i t I n s t i t u t e o f A r t s t o
accompany t h e show: T r e a s u r e s o f Ancient N i g e r i a , Text by Ekpo Eyo
and Frank W i l l e t t , 17z pages w i t h 53 c o l o u r and 123 b l a c k and w h i t e
illustrations.
Paperback $11.95; h a r d cover $18.95.
The a u t h o r s
would l i k e t o r e c o r d t h e i r g r a t i t u d e t o Dirk Bakker whose s u p e r b
photographs o f t h e o b j e c t s i n t h e e x h i b i t i o n were t a k e n i n h a s t e
i n N i g e r i a and t o Rollyn Krichbaum who d i d a v e r y p r o f e s s i o n a l job
o f e d i t i n g o u r h u r r i e d l y w r i t t e n t e x t s and taped c o n v e r s a t i o n s i n t o
a c o h e r e n t form and made s u r e t h a t a l l t h e d e a d l i n e s were met
d e s p i t e h e r own s e r i o u s i l l n e s s .
Frank W i l l e t t ,
H u n t e r i a n Museum,
U n i v e r s i t y o f Glasgow,
Scotland.
D r . Eluyemi of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of I f e r e p o r t s :
The Egbejoda Culture i s a s t u d y i n p r e h i s t o r i c p o t t e r y
technology.
The c u l t u r e covers a geographical r e g i o n with t h e town of I k i r e
as i t s Western boundary, Aponmu ( n e a r ~ k u r e )its e a s t e r n boundary,
I l e s a i t s n o r t h e r n l i m i t and Mefoworade v i l l a g e i n Oranmiyan Local
Government of Oyo S t a t e of N i g e r i a as i t s Southern boundary. A s at
now, t h e c u l t u r e h a s been known t o e x i s t on about s i x t e e n s i t e s .
An e x c a v a t i o n conducted i n 1978 a t Egbejoda s i t e I11 gave t h e
f o l l o w i n g d a t e s : ( a l l d a t e s a s s o c i a t e d with t e r r a c o t t a s c u l p t u r e s . )
NE. 1, Unit
NE. 8 , Unit
NE. 9, Unit
NE. 5, Unit
2 , 1792
100
7 , 1737 4 100
7 , 1427 100
7 , 1326 - 100
27
..
A.D. l a y e r 3. (end of
.)
A.D. Layer 3. (beginning of
A.D. Layer 2.
A.D. Layer 1.
...)
M r . K e i t h N i c k l i n of t h e Powell-Cotton Museum, B i r c h i n g t o n ,
Kent, U .K sends t h i s note :
My r e c e n t u s e of t h e e x p r e s s i o n "weaving skeuomorph" ( ~ y a m e
Akuma, No. 1 6 , 1980: 17-23) i n r e s p e c t of p o t t e r y from t h e Cross
River r e g i o n of S .E ~ i ~ e r i Wa / Cameroun i s somewhat i m p r e c i s e .
Terms more a p p r o p r i a t e f o r t h i s mode of d e c o r a t i o n a r e " g u i l l o c h e "
and " i n t e r l a c e d strapwork", as used by P i t t - R i v e r s f o r Benin m a t e r i a l .
D r . Effah-Gyamfi sends i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e
The Archaeology Unit O f The Department of H i s t o r y
Ahmadu B e l l o U n i v e r s i t y , Z a r i a .
The need f o r a s e p a r a t e Department of Archaeology a t A.B.U. had
f o r a l o n g time been s t r e s s e d by v a r i o u s members of t h e U n i v e r s i t y
Community, However, it w a s not u n t i l 1977 t h a t s e n a t e approved t h e
mounting of a B.A. Hons programme i n Archaeology. T h i s approval
marked t h e b i r t h of a n Archaeology U n i t i n t h e Department of H i s t o r y
and t h i s u n i t h a s s i n c e been o f f e r i n g a B.A. course i n Archaeology.
Senate and Council have a l s o approved t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of s e p a r a t e
Archaeology Department and t h i s i s scheduled t o start i n t h e 1980/81
session.
AR.
AR.
AR.
AR.
AR.
101
102
201
202
204
AR. 301
AR. 302
World P r e h i s t o r y
Foundations of A f r i c a n C u l t u r e and C i v i l i z a t i o n
Theory and P r a c t i c e of Archaeology 1.
P r e h i s t o r y of West A f r i c a and t h e Sahara
The N e o l i t h i c and Metal Age of A f r i c a and South-Nest
Asia.
Theory and P r a c t i c e of Archaeology: I1
Dissertation
AR.
AR.
AR.
AR.
304.
. D. Aiyedun
, J
5.
.F. Jemkur
A .G. Hooper
....
Research ~ r o g r a m m e ( P r o ~ o s eand
d ongoing)
(i)
. Effah-Gyamf i - Area
of study: Archaeological C o n t r i b u t i o n
t o t h e is tor^ of U r b a n i s a t i o n i n Hausaland.
SENEGAL
D r . D e s c h a m p s o f IFAN, D a k a r p u b l i s h e d a n a r t i c l e i n t h e p a p e r
'Le S o l e i l ' , 9 January 1980 o u t l i n i n g r e c e n t achievments i n
S e n e g a l - h e h a s p e r m i t t e d a p p r o p r i a t e e x t r a c t s (Made b y P . L . S . )
t o be published-
~ ' a n n 6 eq u i v i e n t d e s e t e r m i n e r a u r a 6 t S u n e T ' b o n n e
ann6e1' p o u r l e s r e c h e r c h e s a r c h g o l o g i q u e s a u S6n6ga1, e t
il n e p a r a f t p a s i n u t i l e d ' e n d r e s s e r un r a p i d e b i l a n ,
I1 f a u t t o u t d ' a b o r d s o u l i g n e r q u e l a r e c h e r c h e
archgologique d e v i e n t de p l u s en p l u s l e f a i t d e s S 6 n 6 g a l a i s
eux-mSmes.
En 1 9 7 7 M a s s a m b a LAME r e j o i g n a i t l ' g q u i p e
d u d 6 p a r t - e m e n t d e Pr6histoire-Protohistoire d e l l I F A N , e t
e n 1 9 7 8 I b n o u DIAGNE, q u i v e n a i t d e s o u t e n i r u n e t h 6 s e
remarquke s u r l e Ngolithique, 6 t a i t a f f e c t 6 au d6partement
d f H i s t o i r e de l a Facult6 des L e t t r e s pour y enseigner l a
Prghistoire.
En 1 9 7 9 , d e u x n o u v e a u x c h e r c h e u r s s o n t v e n u s
renforcer l'6quipe enseignante de l a Facult6 des Lettres,:
M . Y o r o FALL, s p g c i a l i s t e d ' a r c h g o l o g i e m 6 d i k v a l e e t Adama
DIOP, q u i $ c o n s a c r 6 s e s t r a v a u x a u P a l g o l i t h i q u e o u e s t africain.
Ces d e u x c h e r c h e u r s o n t s o u t e n u e n F r a n c e d e s
thsses qui ont resues l e s plus grands 6loges.
Notons e n f i n
q u e M . A b d o u l a y e CAMARA, b o u r s i e r d e l a F o n d a t i o n S e n g h o r ,
a c h s v e 'a M a r s e i l l e u n e t h b e s o u s l a d i r e c t i o n d u P r o f e s s e u r
d e LUMLEY, n o u v e a u t i t u l a i r e d e l a C h a i r e d e P r g h i s t o i r e
d u Mus6e N a t i o n a l d V H i s t o i r e N a t u r e l l e .
La F a c u l t 6 d e s L e t t r e s
se d6clarent l e s vocations,
d16tudiants s e sont i n s c r i t
pour l a prgmiere f o i s - l e f a
demeure l e c r e u s e t d a n s l e q u e l
e t en 1979 une demi-douzaine
en maftrise de Prghistoire dont
i t est 2 noter- des gtudiantes.
V o y o n s m a i n t e n a n t c e q u i p e u t S t r e c o n s i d 6 r 6 comme
marquant pour l f a r c h 6 0 1 0 g i e s 6 n 6 g a l a i s e dans l ' a n n 6 e q u i
s ' e s t achev6.
En d 6 c e m b r e 1 9 7 8 - n o u s p r e n d r o n s u n p e u d e
r e c u l - c ' e s t t e n u 2 Bamako l e s e c o n d c o l l o q u e d e 1 ' A s s o c i a t i o n
o u e s t - a f r i c a i n e d1Arch6010gie.
T r o i s chercheus venus de
Dakar o n t p a r t i c i p g 2 c e t t e r e n c o n t r e , e t y o n t p r 6 s e n t G
au t o t a l c i n q communications.
L ' u n d ' e n t r ' e u x , M . Massamba
La
LAME, 2 6 t 6 6 l u a u s e c r g t a r i a t d e 1 ' A s s o c i a t i o n .
d 6 1 6 g a t i o n d u S 6 n g g a l e s t a p p a r u e comme l ' u n e d e s p l u s
d y n a m i q u e s du c o l l o q u e , e t l ' a n n 6 e 1 9 7 9 p o u v a i t commencer
sous l e s m e i l l e u r e s auspices.
Dss l e m o i s d e j a n v i e r l e s p r o s p e c t i o n s r e p r e n a i t d a n s
l e s I l e s du Saloum, e t a b o u t i s s a i e n t 2 l a m i s e en Gvidence
d ' u n nombre i m p o r t a n t d e t u m u l u s c o q u i l l i e r s : p l u s d ' u n
m i l l i e r ont 6 t 6 recensgs s u r une v i n g t a i n e d e s i t e s ,
c o n s t i t u a n t a i n s i une nouvelle " a i r e d e c i v i l i s a t i o n "
protohistorique.
Ces t u m u l u s s o n t a s s e z b i e n d e p u i s l e s
f o u i l l e s , m e n g e s a u d 6 b u t d e l a d g c e n n i e , d e D i o r o n Boumak.
Une f o u i l l e a 6 t 6 e x 6 c u t 6 e d a n s l e s i t e m g g a l i t h i q u e
d e Kodiam.
E l l e a permis de r a t t a c h e r c e s i t e importantil c o n t i e n t l e p l u s g r o s m o n o l i t h e connu d e l ' a i r e sgnggambienneau groupe de Ti6kSne-Boussoura 2 inhumation c e n t r a l e simple.
Enfin l e s prospections ont 6t6 poursuivies dans l a
v a l l 6 e d u F l e u v e oG s e s i t u e u n e i m p o r t a n t e a i r e d e
civilisation prothhistorique, attribuge par l e s populations
a c t u e l l e s aux S e r e r q u i l e s a u r a i e n t prgc6d6 s u r c e s l i e u x .
La m o n o g r a p h i e d u T o g g 6 r 6 d e S i n t i o u B a r a , q u i a f a i t l ' o b j e t
de f o u i l l e s annuelles depuis 1973, e s t achevge e t s a p u b l i c a t i o n
e s t prgvue.
Sur c e c h a p i t r e des p u b l i c a t i o n s , il f a u t n o t e r que l a
premizre thzse consacrge 2 l a Prghistoire s6n6galaiseY e t
s o u t e n u e en 1 9 7 2 s u r e x e m p l a i r e d a c t y l o g r a p h i g e p a r l ' a u t e u r
de ces l i g n e s , a 6t6 6dit6e dans l a c o l l e c t i o n travaux e t
d o c u m e n t s d u D g p a r t e m e n t d f H i s t o i r e ( ~ a c u l t 6d e s L e t t r e s d e
Dakar) e t d i f f u s 6 e dans t o u s l e s c e n t r e s de documentation du
S6n6gal e t dans l e s principaux i n s t i t u t s a f r i c a n i s t e s d e
l ' g t r a n g e r . P a r a i l l e u r s , la thsse ds M . LAME, q u i t r a i t e e l l e
d u " ~ 6 o l i t h i q u e m i c r o l i t h i q u e d a n s l a p r e s q u V i l e d u Cap V e r t
e t s e s e n v i r o n s " e s t a c h e v g e e t u n e s u b v e n t i o n a 6tG demand6e
pour q u ' e l l e p u i s s e S t r e publige:
C e t t e t h g s e ~ r g s e n t e r ad e s
SIERRA LEONE
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PROTOHISTORIC DEFENSIVE SITES
I N SIERRA LEONE
bY
C h r i s t o p h e r R.
DeCorse
SOUTH AFRICA
This anonymous news item comes from the University of Cape
Town.
John E. Parkington is visiting a number of American campuses
SUDAN
Sedeinga :
En Novembre 1979, l a mission f r a n ~ a i s ede l a SEDAU ( ~ e d e i n ~ a
Archaeological u n i t ) , d i r i g g e p a r J e a n L e c l a n t q u ' a s s i s t a i e n t
Catherine Berger e t Audran Labrousse, a me& une deuxiGme campagne
de f o u i l l e s s u r l e s i t e de Sedeinga, en Nubie s o u d a n a i s e , en a v a l
de l a I I I e C a t a r a c t e .
Dans l'immense ngcropole rn6rortique, oG a v a i t t r a v a i l l g nagugre
l a mission Michela S G i o r g i n i , l e s premigres i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t
s u r d e s v e s t i g e s s i t u g s dans l a zone Nord, ceux de p l u s i e 2 r s
pyramides en b r i q u e s c m e s d ' e n v i r o n une d i z a i n e d e mztres de c o t 6 .
C e r t a i n e s comportaient s u r l e u r f a c e E s t une longue d e s c e n d e r i e .
Dans l ' u n e (I T l ) ,l a d e s c e n d e r i e a b o u t i s s a i t
une chambre t a i l l g e
d a n s l e bed-rock, de 3 m d e l a r g e u r e t 4 m de longueur, avec a u
c e n t r e une b a n q u e t t e . Dans l e s tombes I T 2 , I T 3 e t I T 6 , l a
s g p u l t u r e g t a i t r g d u i t e 5 une simple tombe-sabot
Tout c e s e c t e u r
d e l a n&ropole a 6t; l ' o b j e t d ' u n p i l l a g e r a d i c a l ; l e s fragments
d ' u n p e t i t a u t e l en -5s o n t 6t6 r e c u e i l l i s .
t h e o u t e r s i d e of t h i s p a r t , l e a n i n g on its e x t e r n a l f a c e ,
c l e a r e d two p a r a l l e l w a l l s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o i t , l e a v i n g
them an empty space of about 1, 1 0 m i n which r e d b r i c k s have
some of them i n t h e p e c u l i a r shape employed t o c o n s t i t u t e a
The e x p l o r a t i o n of t h e p e r i s t y l e i n f r o n t of t h e b u i l d i n g
h a s r e s u l t e d i n t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of a s e r i e s of column drums,
c a p i t a l s , s c r e e n - w a l l s , s t i l l r e t a i n i n g tk p o s i t i o n i n which
t h e y f e l l and t o a c e r t a i n e x t e n t t h a t of t h e i r p r e v i o u s
s i t u a t i o n i n t h e e d i f i c e . The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e s e somewhat
dramatic documents i s n o t automatic, owing t o t h e f a c t t h a t a
l a r g e p o r t i o n of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n h a s d i s a p p e a r e d , probably
because of t h e u s e of t h e robbed m a t e r i a l s somewhere e l s e . What
h a s been l e f t i s probably o n l y what h a s f a l l e n down d u r i n g t h i s
o p e r a t i o n of d i s m a n t l i n g .
t h e t e c h n i c a l c a p a c i t y of such a d e v i c e is b e s t u t i l i z e d
by c o n s t r u c t i n g i n t o t h e h e i g h t o r - i n c a s e of a pyramidshaped s t r u c t u r e - by b u i l d i n g with s t e e p i n c l i n a t i o n s .
The r e c o n s t r u c -
A detailed report
J a n e H. K e l l e y
I t seems t o be g e n e r a l l y t r u e t h a t , a s a l t e r n a t i v e
d a t a c a t e g o r i e s become a v a i l a b l e , l e s s a t t e n t i o n i s p a i d t o
l i k h i c s , e s p e c i a l l y n o n - d e s c r i p t specimens. And t h i s i s
p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e i n h i g h c i v i l i z a t i o n a r e a s such a s t h e
N i l e v a l l e y where monumental a r c h i t e c t u r e , major a r t s t y l e s ,
w r i t i n g , c e r a m i c s and m e t a l working p r o v i d e f a r more v i s i b l e
and seemingly more i n f o r m a t i v e d a t a c a t e g o r i e s .
F l a k e s w i t h and w i t h o u t r e t o u c h , c o r e s , p e b b l e s and
s p l i t p e b b l e s , and c o b b l e t o o l s o f v a r i o u s k i n d s a r e
found on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e two l a r g e d o m e s t i c mounds a t
t h e I r o n Age s i t e o f Meroe i n t h e ~ u d a n . These
~
aspects
o f a l i t h i c i n d u s t r y a t Meroe were n o t o t h e r w i s e c o l l e c t e d 2
and have n o t been r e p o r t e d , a l t h o u g h l i t h i c p r o j e c t i l e
p o i n t s and o t h e r more d e f i n i t i v e l y shaped specimens were
c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g P r o f e s s o r S h i n n i e ' s e x c a v a t i o n s and w i l l
be r e p o r t e d by P e t e r S h i n n i e and Rebecca B r a d l e y .
The f i r s t and most s e r i o u s problem r e l a t e d t o t h e s e
s u r f a c e l i t h i c f i n d s c o n c e r n s t h e i r t e m p o r a l and c u l t u r a l
association.
Are t h e y M e r o i t i c ? No comparable l i t h i c
remains have been n o t e d i n t h e e x c a v a t i o n s conducted i n
t h e d o m e s t i c mounds, b u t t h i s i s n o t wholly c o n v i n c i n g
n e g a t i v e e v i d e n c e b e c a u s e such c r u d e l i t h i c s were n o t
p e r c e i v e d t o r e p r e s e n t a form o f r e l e v a n t d a t a t o be
systematically collected.
I attempted t o confirm t h e apparent absence of t h o s e
a s p e c t s o f t h e l i t h i c i n d u s t r y w i t h which I was concerned by
examining t h e slumped w a l l s o f p r e v i o u s l y dug t r e n c h e s and
excavation u n i t s
i n t h e n o r t h d o m e s t i c mound; a s w e l l ,
t h e f i l l from a 2 m e t e r s q u a r e e x c a v a t i o n u n i t on t h e s o u t h
end o f t h e mound was c a r e f u l l y checked f o r l i t h i c s .
None
were found i n e i t h e r o p e r a t i o n .
This again i s n o t e n t i r e l y
c o n v i n c i n g n e q a t i v e e v i d e n c e - g i v e n t h e s i z e of t h e d o m e s t i c
mounds, t h e f a c t t h a t P r o f e s s o r S h i n n i e e s t i m a t e s t h a t h i s
extensive excavations s t i l l represent only 1 percent of t h e
mound a r e a , a n d , of t h a t , o n l y former e x c a v a t i o n e x p o s u r e s
and t h e f i l l from a s m a l l e x c a v a t i o n u n i t were s c r u t i n i z e d .
A c a s e of i n c o m p l e t e d a t a can c e r t a i n l y be a r g u e d .
But
a l t h o u g h I can make such a n argument, t h e e v i d e n c e
a v a i l a b l e s u g g e s t s w i t h e q u a l f o r c e t h a t l i t h i c s c a n n o t be
v e r y common i n t h o s e e x c a v a t e d p o r t i o n s o f t h e mound where
1.
Under t h e a u s p i c e s o f P r o f e s s o r P e t e r S h i n n i e ' s 1975-76
p r o j e c t (funded by Canada C o u n c i l ) , I made a s m a l l c o l l e c t i o n
o f s u r f a c e l i t h i c s upon which t h i s r e p o r t i s b a s e d .
2.
Ole C h r i s t i a n s o n e a r l i e r n o t e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f s u r f a c e
l i t h i c r e m a i n s , b u t i f he made a c o l l e c t i o n , i t h a s been l o s t .
t h a n o t h e r p r o j e c t members. T h i r d , t h e s e t o o l s must be
r e l a t e d t o some p r o d u c t i o n a c t i v i t y which, h o p e f u l l y , f u t u r e
r e s e a r c h can i d e n t i f y .
S h a h e i n a b . An Account o f t h e E x c a v a t i o n o f
Arkell, A.J.
1953
a ~ e o l i t h i cO c c u p a t i o n S i t e C a r r i e d o u t f o r t h e
Sudan A n t i q u i t i e s S e r v i c e i n 1949-50.
Published
f o r t h e Sudan Government by G e o f f r e y Cumberlege,
Oxford U n i v e r s i t y Press.
P o l i s h Excavations at Kadero
The e i g h t h season of excavations a t Kadero l a s t e d from t h e 18
February u n t i l March 22, 1980. The aim of t h e season was t o t e s t
t h e N e o l i t h i c s i t e i n two l o c a t i o n s : i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t of t h e mound
and i n t h e n o r t h e r n s e t t l e m e n t d e p o s i t . 120 square metres of t h e s i t e
were excavated t h i s season.
The t r e n c h , 52 metres i n l e n g t h , w a s excavated a c r o s s t h e c e n t r a l
p a r t of t h e s i t e , between t h e n o r t h e r n and s o u t h e r n s e t t l e m e n t
d e p o s i t s . It w a s composed of 26 s q u a r e s of 2 x 2 m e t r e s each
( s q u a r e s Nos. B: 111-136). The e x c a v a t i o n s were e f f e c t e d i n t h i s
t r e n c h t o t h e depth of 0.6 metre. No s e t t l e m e n t remains were found
i n t h i s t r e n c h ; o n l y on i t s s u r f a c e few t y p i c a l s t o n e implements p l u s
marginal q u a n t i t i e s of p o t s h e r d s were r e c o r d e d but t h e s e undoubtedly
o r i g i n a t e d ( i e , were washed o u t ) from t h e h e a v i l y eroded n o r t h e r n
s e t t l e m e n t d e p o s i t s i t u a t e d nearby.
..
raves
1. I n v e s t i g a t e d areas.
Two main a r e a s i n t h e Gash D e l t a were surveyed d u r i n g t h e 1980
f i e l d work: i ) t h e apex of t h e d e l t a , n e a r K a s s a l a , and t h e a l l u v i a l
p l a i n s West and E a s t of i t : i i ) t h e n o r t h e r n end of t h e d e l t a , West of
Amm Adam and E r i b a S t a t i o n s . West of t h e Gash i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e
Kurmut and Urnm Ddhan a r e a s , n e a r K a s s a l a , were e x p l o r e d ; e a s t of it
t h e a r e a up t o J e b e l Tukulabab (named J . Takoilabab on t h e Sudan ~ a
and J e b e l Timbieri T i e were i n v e s t i g a t e d . A reconnaisance w i t h i n t h e
d e l t a w a s a l s o done by c a r a l o n g t h e Kassala-Port Sudan paved r o a d .
2.
Geomorphology.
3.
Recorded s i t e s .
- 5
- 5
s i t e s around J e b e l Kassala (K 1 , K 2 , K 3, K 4, K 5 ) ;
s i t e s on t h e E s i d e of J e b e l Mokram (J.M. 1, J.M. 2 ,
J .M. 3, J .M. 4 , J .PI. 5 ) and some s c a t t e r e d potsherds on t h e
NW s i d e of i t ;
6 s i t e s i n t h e Kurmut a r e a , S
W of J . Kassala (G.s. 2 , G .S .3,
G.S. 4, G.S. 5, G.S. 6 ) ;
1 s i t e i n t h e Umm Dahan a r e a , about 5 kms Nlv' of t h e Umm
Dahan h i l l (u.D. 1 ) ;
2 s i t e s a t t h e W end of J e b e l Tukulabab ( J .T 1, J .T 2)
and many s c a t t e r e d s t o n e c a i r n around i t ;
1 s i t e near J e b e l Timbieri Tie (J.T.T. 1);
1 s i t e at c . 6 kms S
W of Aroma S t a t i o n ( A . 1 ) ;
1 s i t e a t c. 1 km NW of Am Adam S t a t i o n (A.A.s. 1 ) ;
6 s i t e s W of Am Adam S t a t i o n , approximately i n t h e a r e a
i n d i c a t e d with 'mounds' on t h e s h e e t 45 P of t h e Sudan Map,
36' 58' E , 16' 36' N (M 1, M 2, M 3, M 4, M 5, M 6 ) ;
2 s i t e s a t about 3 kms S
W of k . i b a S t a t i o n (E.s. 1 ; E.S. 2 ) .
4.
Pottery.
A t J.M. 3 two main k i n d s of ware have been found. The first one
h a s brown o r r e d p a s t e , many mineral f i l l e r s , p l a i n s u r f a c e and no
d e c o r a t i o n . The second one h a s brown p a s t e and i s d e c o r a t e d w i t h m a t l i k e impressions covering t h e whole s u r f a c e of t h e s h e r d s . No
specimen of t h e K 1 p o t t e r y was c o l l e c t e d i n t h i s s i t e .
A t A.A.S. 1 two main k i n d s of w a x e were observed: brown o r r e d
undecorated ware; g r a y i s h brown ware. No specimen of K 1 p o t t e r y was
c o l l e c t e d i n t h i s s i t e . The brown o r r e d ware i s e x a c t l y l i k e t h e
J.M. 3 one. The g r a y i s h brown w a r e h a s g r a y i s h brown p a s t e , few
mineral f i l l e r s , rough o r p l a i n s u r f a c e , impressed d e c o r a t i o n
c o v e r i n g t h e whole s u r f a c e of t h e s h e r d s ( r e c t a n g u l a r , t r i a n g u l a r o r
round d o t s ) .
5. L i t h i c I n d u s t r y .
D i f f e r e n t amounts of l i t h i c i n d u s t r y were recorded i n most s i t e s .
They show a g e n e r a l t e c h n o l o g i c a l and t y p o l o g i c a l uniformity, which i s
i n c o n t r a s t with t h e more d i f f e r e n t i a t e d p i c t u r e suggested by t h e
p o t t e r y and c o n s t i t u t e s t h e common f e a t u r e l i n k i n g all s i t e s .
On t h e b a s i s of t h e r a w m a t e r i a l s f o u r main groups of l i t h i c
a r t e f a c t s can be d i s t i n g u i s h e d .
The f i r s t group i s formed by small chips of v a r i e g a t e d chalcedony.
They a r e d e b r i s of s t o n e working and i n some s i t e s t h e y a r e very
numerous. T h e i r presence i s s t i l l i n t r i g u i n g , as no d e f i n i t e t o o l
made with such m a t e r i a l w a s found. It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e v a r i e g a t e d
chalcedony was used i n t h e manufacture of beads and ornaments as i n
o t h e r c u l t u r a l c o n t e x t s , but up t o now none of them have been discovered.
The second group i n c l u d e s ground s$ope t o o l s of g r a n i t e , s e r p e n t i n e
and s i m i ' ~ rocks: grinding s t o n e s , g l o d u l a r g r i n d s t o n e s , c y l i n d r i c
p e s t l e s , f l a t d i s c o i d a l r u b b e r s , axes a t d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s of manufacturi n g , r i n g s t o n e s with l e n t i c u l a r s e c t i o n and b i c o n i c a l h o l e . They a r e
very f r e q u e n t , being i n some s i t e s t h e most abundant l i t h i c a r t e f a c t s .
with them is a l s o a s s o c i a t e d a g r e a t number of narrow pebbles, r e p e a t e d l y
f l a k e d a t one extremity of one s i d e , perhaps used as small p o l i s h e d adzes.
The t h i r d group i s formed of q u a r z i t e a r t e f a c t s i n c l u d i n g unretouched o r used f l a k e s , core on pebbles and m i c r o l i t h i c c r e s c e n t s . The last
ones were mainly c o l l e c t e d a t K 1 and G.S. 2 and r e p r e s e n t t h e most
t y p i c a l l i t h i c a r t e f a c t i n the area.
The f o u r t h group i s formed of f l i n t a r t e f a c t s . It i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d
by a l a r g e amount of d e b i t a g e and by a lower frequency of f i n i s h e d t o o l s .
The retouched f l a k e s , u s u a l l y with p a r t i a l retouch along t h e edge o r
sometimes t r u e s i d e - s c r a p e r s , a r e t h e most common specimens, but backed
p i e c e s , d i s c o i d a l s c r a p e r s , notches and d e n t i c u l a t e s a r e p r e s e n t i n many
s i t e s . A t G.S. 2 some c o r e s f o r microblades were a l s o c o l l e c t e d .
P r o v i s i o n a l remarks.
A t t h e c u r r e n t s t a g e of r e s e a r c h any attempt t o i n t e r p r e t t h e
d a t a i s premature. Nevertheless some p o s s i b l e remarks can be suggesred.
F i r s t l y it seems p o s s i b l e t o recognize d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s of
peopling i n t h e a r e a of Gash D e l t a and J e b e l Kassala from t h e VIth Vth millenium B.C. up t o t h e 1st millenium A.D. o r l a t e r . It i s
a l s o probable t h a t t h e e a r l i e r s i t e s were l o c a t e d near t h e hypothetic a l a n c i e n t branches of t h e d e l t a , westwards of t h e p r e s e n t course,
where t h e s i t e s with an higher r a t e of l i t h i c a r t e f a c t s were recorded.
The e a r l i e s t remains a r e t h e wavy l i n e potsherds c o l l e c t e d a t
K 1, suggesting t h a t t h e J e b e l Kassala a r e a w a s a l r e a d y i n h a b i t e d i n
E a r l y Khartoum times. The l a t e s t remains a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e
C h r i s t i a n s i t e at M 6, which might be r e l a t e d t o t h e C h r i s t i a n
a n t i q u i t i e s a t Goz Regeb, and probably by t h e f i r e d b r i c k s a t K 5.
Most s i t e s however can be a t t r i b u t e d t o some c u l t u r a l u n i t s ,
probably l i n k e d i n one sequence, which might be regarded as t h e r e a l
Gash C u l t u r a l Complex d i s t i n c t from both t h e N i l e Valley and
Ethiopian c u l t u r a l complexes.
The f i r s t c u l t u r a l u n i t i s well documented by t h e K 1, M 1 and
E.S. 1 s i t e s . Its more s t r i k i n g f e a t u r e i s t h e orange combed ware,
but o t h e r t y p i c a l kinds of ware a r e t h e r i p p l e d r e d d i s h and orange
ones. The age of such u n i t i s u n c e r t a i n because of t h e absence of
comparable f e a t u r e s with o t h e r c u l t u r e s . I n t h e N i l e Valley combed
potsherds l i k e t h e Gash ones a r e s p o r a d i c a l l y documented s i n c e t h e
V~th/Vth m i l l e n i a B. C . i n E a r l y Khartoum, Khartoum N e o l i t h i c and
E a r l y Kerma assemblages. I n t h e Atbara v a l l e y a gray combed ware
with d e c o r a t i v e p a t t e r n s l i k e t h e orange combed one i s t y p i c a l of
t h e Butana I n d u s t r y , discovered i n Khashm elGirba a r e a and going
A t t h e same time
back t o t h e end of t h e I I I r d millenium B.C.
potsherds with prominent r i m and moulded d e c o r a t i o n similar t o t h e
orange ones a r e p r e s e n t i n Kerma assemblages. It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t
such c u l t u r a l u n i t y was contemporary, at l e a s t i n p a r t , with t h e
To t h e
Kerma c u l t u r e and goes back t o t h e 11nd/Ist m i l l e n i a B. C
same u n i t y moreover we can r e l a t e t h e m a t e r i a l s found a t Agordat,
a t t r i b u t e d o r i g i n a l l y t o a l o c a l f a c i e s of t h e Nubian C Group,
and t h e ones from J e b e l Malad e l Barak i n Baraka v a l l e y , Shurab e l
Gash and J e b e l Ofreik, where orange combed p o t t e r y w a s c o l l e c t e d .
Such f i n d i n g s might suggest t h a t t h i s c u l t u r a l u n i t y s t r e t c h e d
from J e b e l Ofreik t o Baraka Valley. F i n a l l y t h e discovery of
obsidian and marine s h e l l s might suggest a connexion with t h e
ahiopian Highlands and t h e Red Sea c o a s t .
..
..
F i n a l l y t o a d i f f e m t c u l t u r a l horizon might be a s c r i b e d t h e
c i r c u l a r c a i r n s observed i n t h e Gash D e l t a . They might be compared
t o s i m i l a s s t r u c t u r e s described i n t h e Butana and u s u a l l y d a t e d back
t o C h r i s t i a n age o r t o some c a i r n s of u n c e r t a i n age found i n E r i t r e a
and Tigre. It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t they can be a t t r i b u t e d t o nomadic
peoples, perhaps r e l a t e d t o t h e Beja group, spreading i n t o t h e a r e a
during t h e 1st millennium A.D.
SWAZILAND
This r e p o r t has been received from D r . P r i c e Williams.
The Swaziland Archaeological Research Association has been
working under t h e auspices of and with t h e support of t h e Swaziland
National Trust Commission s i n c e 1977. The a i m of t h e p r e s e n t
research i s t o t r a c e as d e t a i l e d an account of t h e archaeological
record as p o s s i b l e . The programme a l s o s t r o n g l y emphasized t h e study
of a n c i e n t environment and of c l i m a t i c change. The work i s being
d i r e c t e d by D r . David P r i c e W i l l i a m s who co-ordinates t h e e f f o r t s of
t h e o t h e r a r c h a e o l o g i s t s and s c i e n t i s t s who a r e p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e
p r o j e c t both i n t h e f i e l d and at a number of u n i v e r s i t y l a b o r a t o r i e s .
The r e s u l t s of t h e s i t e surveys and i n i t i a l excavations have
r e c e n t l y appeared i n an a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d 'Archaeology i n Swaziland',
1980 South African Archaeological B u l l e t i n 35, 13 - 18. T h i s a r t i c l e
reviews t h e h i s t o r y of a r c h a e o l i g i c a l research i n t h e country as w e l l
as s e t t i n g out r e c e n t f i n d i n g s .
Following f o u r y e a r s work, it i s now p o s s i b l e t o d r a w c e r t a i n
conclusions about t h e archaeo-environmental background of Swaziland,
a b r i e f sketch of which i s given h e r e . The s t r o n g environmental
d i v e r s i t y of Swaziland make it most amenable t o paleoenvironmental
r e s e a r c h . The country v a r i e s topographically from Highveld sour
grassland at 1300 m. and above i n t h e west which a t t r a c t s a r a i n f a l l
+t
INTERPRETATION
E a r l y a r c h a e o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y may be s e e n i n t h e E a r l y P l e i s t o c e n e
g r a v e l s of Phase I , followed by t h e Acheulian g r a v e l s of Phase 11. The
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Phase 111, I V and V i n d i c a t e s o s c i l l a t i n g c o l l u v i a t i o n and s t a b i l i z a t i o n . We f e e l t h a t c o l l u v i a t i o n i s t h e r e s u l t of
c o o l e r , l e s s moist c o n d i t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e g l o b a l l y c o l d
c o n d i t i o n s d e s c r i b e d elsewhere as p l e n i g l a c i a l s , t h e younger colluvium
c o i n c i d i n g p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h t h e last such p e r i o d . I n t e r v e n i n g s o i l
formation i s t h e r e s u l t of warmer, more moist c o n d i t i o n s . We a r e
f u r t h e r i n c l i n e d t o suggest t h a t t h e Winn i s a s s o c i a t e d with a moist
phase of t h e E a r l y Holocene. The sequence d e s c r i b e d above h a s a l s o
been observed over a wide p a r t of s o u t h e r n A f r i c a , f o r example i n
Zululand and Natal, i n t h e Transvaal and n o r t h of t h e Limpopo. It i s
hoped t h a t f u r t h e r work i n hand w i l l c l a r i f y some of t h e obvious
q u e s t i o n s r a i s e d by t h i s d a t a and t o throw l i g h t upon i t s connection
w i t h c o a s t a l and d e s e r t margin sequences.
TOGO
Merrick Posnansky (UCLA)and B .K. Swartz, J r .
a all
State
u n i v e r s i t y ) a z e planning t h e f i r s t c o n t r o l l e d e x c a v a t i o n s i n t h e
Togolese Republic d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r of 1980 - 81.
Posnansky w i l l
w i l l be a s s i s t e d by Swartz and P h i l i p de B a r r o s .
Posnansky
Swartz's
ZAMBIA
T h i s r e p o r t comes from M r . Musonda of U.of C . , Berkeley.
Excavations at t h r e e r o c k s h e l t e r s i t e s i n t h e Copperbelt Province
of Zambia
Excavations have been s u c c e s s f u l l y conducted a t t h r e e r o c k s h e l t e r
s i t e s i n Zambia's Copperbelt Pronvince. These e x c a v a t i o n s were
f i n a n c e d from t h e r e s e a r c h g r a n t provided by t h e Livingstone Museum.
The excavations a r e aimed at t r a c i n g t h e changing s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e t e r r i t o r i e s occupied by t h e d i f f e r e n t p r e h i s t o r i c
groups a s w e l l as e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l sequence. There i s
a gap i n our knowledge of t h e c u l t u r a l sequence i n Zambia between
communities t h a t predominantly depended on h u n t i n g and g a t h e r i n g and
t h o s e t h a t p r a c t i s e d a g r i c u l t u r e . A s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y of t h e i n t e r f a c e
between stone- age communities and i r o n - u s i n g f a r m e r s who a r e assumed
t o have s u r v i v e d by l i v i n g side-by-side i s however e n v i s i o n e d .
The excavated s i t e s had been chosen d u r i n g a p r e l i m i n a r y archaeol o g i c a l reconnaissance i n 1977. The a r e a covered by t h e survey l i e s
between 13O20' and 1400' South L a t i t u d e and 28O00' and 2q030' E a s t
Longitude. The survey w a s mainly c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e Kapirimposhi and
~alamba/Musofu a s e a s where t h e presence of a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i t e s h a s
been r e p o r t e d by amateur a r c h a e o l o g i s t s , and o t h e r s . During t h e
s u r v e y , twenty nine r o c k s h e l t e r s were i n v e s t i g a t e d . More t h a n e i g h t y
p e r c e n t of t h e s e o f f e r l i t t l e p o t e n t i a l f o r excavation. Among t h o s e
few t h a t were found t o be s u i t a b l e f o r e x c a v a t i o n , t h r e e were
excavated between June 1977 and J u l y 1978.
Our first e x c a v a t i o n s were undertaken a t C h i l i l a m u l i l o rocku l ~
The C h i l i l a m u l i l o
s h e l t e r (28'53' E , 1J024' S) i n ~ u n e / ~ 1977.
h i l l i n which t h e s h e l t e r i s l o c a t e d i s s i t u a t e d a t t h e source of t h e
Mpulabushi stream which i s d r y d u r i n g most p a r t of t h e y e a r . The
r o c k s h e l t e r i s s i t u a t e d halfway up t h e h i l l on t h e s o u t h e r n - s i d e .
It i s formed by a n overhang of a sandstone b l u f f t h a t i s more t h a n
t e n metres h i g h . The e x c a v a t i o n exposed a 2.0 metre t h i c k d e p o s i t
o v e r l y i n g bedrock. Four d i s t i n c t c u l t u r a l l a y e r s were i d e n t i f i e d .
The upper two l a y e r s contained a m i c h r o l i t h i c i n d u s t r y , p o t t e r y , i r o n
t o o l s , bored s t o n e s , p o l i s h e d s t o n e a x e s and g r i n d i n g equipment w h i l e
t h e lower l a y e r s y i e l d e d o n l y a m i c r o l i t h i c i n d u s t r y . A few animal
bones and a s h e l l b e a d were a l s o c o l l e c t e d . Charcoal samples f o r
r a d i o c a r b o n d a t i n g were c o l l e c t e d from a l l t h e l a y e r s . D r . J . C . Vogel
of South A f r i c a k i n d l y processed t h e c h a r c o a l f o r C-14 d a t e s (see
d a t e s below). However, two of t h e samples t h a t came from t h e lower
c u l t u r a l u n i t s were n o t only inadequate f o r C-14 a s s a y b u t were
f e a r e d t o have been contaminated by r o o t s and c a r b o n a t e s i n t h e limet y p e d e p o s i t . Disturbance w a s n o t e v i d e n t though t h i s cannot be
completely r u l e d o u t .
#
2176
2178
2180
2181
B.P. yrs.
1 2 5 + 30
930
35
420 f: 35
220 & 35
Layer
I
I1
I11
IV
Mwambacimo R o c k s h e l t e r
Lab. #
P t a 2409
P t a 2410
Pta
Pta
2454
2453
Layer
I
I
I1
I1
I11
111
111
I11
Level
30 cm
40 cm
70 - 80 cm
100 cm
130 cm
14.0 - 150 cm
190 (190)cm
200 cm
B.P. yrs.
350 5 45
1050
75
5980 _t 70
5840 k110
9830
90
12900 .fixlo
12000 f 90
18080 5 8 0
N o t i c e s of New P u b l i c a t i o n s
The volume e d i t e d by V . J . Maglio and H.B.S. Cooke "Evolution of
A f r i c a Mammals" w a s p u b l i s h e d by Harvard U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s at t h e end
of 1978 and may be of some i n t e r e s t t o your r e a d e r s , d e s p i t e t h e
h o r r i f i c p r i c e of $60.
M r . Derricourt says:
My s t u d y of t h e archaeology of n o r t h e r n Zambia, i n c o r p o r a t i n g
t h e f o r m a l r e p o r t on t h e I r o n Age e x c a v a t i o n s a t Samfya F o r e s t , h a s
now been p u b l i s h e d i n monograph form. It i s a v a i l a b l e under t h e
t i t l e People of t h e Lakes: Archaeological S t u d i e s i n Northern Zambia
i n paperback as Zambia Paper No. 13, and can be o r d e r e d from:
The I n s t i t u t e of A f r i c a n S t u d i e s ,
U n i v e r s i t y of Zambia,
P . O . BOX 900,
Lusaka, Zambia.
N . Nzewunwa:
Coming s h o r t l y :
No. 2
E a r l y urbanism i n Mali.
(~enn6)
R.& S . McIntosh.
The following has been received from Mrs. Shaman the Assistant
Editor of Azania:
In future, articles concerning the Sudan will be considered for
publication in Azania, the Journal of the British Institute in Eastern
Africa, excluding however material concerning the Pharaonic period, and
language studies in Meroitic and Old Nubian.