Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
I N S P I R A T I O N
00
100
0
Tu
ca ngs
rb te
id n
e
et
M
ys
lo
Co
al pp
oy er
s
N
Si
Al
ic
s
osit
ad
al
lo
ys
g
al
oy
W
G s
oo
d P P PA PE FRP
EK
M C
M
A
PE
T
lo
al
nc
Zi
te
re
nc
Co
S
el ilico
as n
to e
m
ers
r
AlN
ns
Al al
lo
Sili
Poly
me
rs
glas
Sod s
a gl
Mo
ass
Lead
allo
GF
RP
Epo PA
xies
PM
MA
PC
ys
Bric
k
rk
cret
No
n
ce-traechn
mic ical
s
PS
than
g's
n
You
th
sity
Den
d
Woo
MA
PM
PA
10
Cor
rs
4 m/s
Foa
er
yest
ain
Pol
// gr
her
Leat
PC
But
yl ru
Str 100
en
gth
bber
, 10
f (M
Isop
Pa
Sili
elascone
tom
ers
1
1/3
1/2
nd
rs a
me ers
Polalystom
e
T grain
than
-2
10
r
s fo
line ss
ide ma
Gu imum n
min desig
cone s
Sili tomer
elas
-1
10
-3
10
yure
Pol
-4
10
pren
Neo
ble
foampolym
s er
rene
Isop
10
10
rene
ys
EVA
ms
Foa
Fle
xi
10
allo
allo
PTF
er
lym
id po
Rig ams
fo
k
Cor
pren
c
Zin
e
cret
Con
EK
PE T
PE xies
Epo
ms
Neo
Lead
PS
PP
PE
m
al
din
gitu d
Lon spee
wave
ss
Gla ys
allo
Mg P
R
GF
100
tals
ys
CF
es
ys
allo
Me
RP
it
pos
om
ral
Natu
rials
ate
id po
foam lym
s er
00
100
eng
Yie
ld
buckbefore
ling
lus
odu
loys
Cu
N4
al Si3
hnic s B4C
Tecramic ys
ce Al allo
Rig
EVA
sto
me
Str
Con
PT
FE
Ela
Co
s-
ne
Pol
yure
dulu
Sto
PP
PE
D
guidesign
e lin
es
Bu
befockling
re yi
eld
O3
Al2 Ti al
ca
ys
WC
W al
SiC
Te
cecrahnic
mical
s
ys
10-3
ys
lo
els Ni al
Ste
loys
2O
3
am
Al
10-4
G
m uid
in e
im lin
de um es fo
sig m r
n ass
ys
Le
m tu
at ra
er l
ia
ls
Ri
gi
d
fo po
am ly
s me
SiC
es Mg allo
10-2
1
0.0
B
ru utyl
bb
er
mp
WC
er
W al
loys
Ni al
lo
Ste ys
Cu els
allo
ys
Ti al
loy
s
CF
RP
Cas
t iro
Co
E
0.1
100
Fl
ex
i
fo ble
am po
s lym
tals
10
si
te
s
RP Al
al SiC
oy
s
Ce
ra
m
100
10
Fo
Me
100
100
O Ti a
lo
ys
Ste
el
s
Ni
al
Tu
n
al gste
oy n
s
al
s
100
Na
10-1
CF
po
m
Co
Po
el lym
as e
to rs
m an
er d
s
-D
en
si
ty
St
re
ng
th
100
mer
ly
e po
xibl
Fle s
foam
yl
But er
rubb
1
0.1
2 m/s
10
0.1
0.01
Cambridge
University
Version MFA 09
3.
Chart 1
Young's modulus/Density
Chart P1
Chart 2
Strength/Density
Chart P2
Chart 3
Young's modulus/Strength
Chart P3
Process/Mass
Chart 4
Chart P4
Process/Section thickness
Chart 5
Fracture toughness/Modulus
Chart P5
Process/Dimensional tolerance
Chart 6
Fracture toughness/Strength
Chart P6
Process/Surface roughness
Chart 7
Chart P7
Chart 8
Chart 9
Chart 10
Chart 11
Table 1
Chart 12
Table 2
Chart 13
Coefficient of friction
Table 3
Chart 14
Table 4
Vibration-limited design
Chart 15a,b
Table 5
Chart 16
Table 6
Chart 17
Strength/Relative cost
Chart 18a,b
Chart 19
Chart 20
Strength/Energy content
Family
Metals
(The metals and alloys of
engineering)
Polymers
(The thermoplastics and
thermosets of engineering)
Classes
Family
Al alloys
Cu alloys
Lead alloys
Mg alloys
Ni alloys
Steels
Stainless steels
Tin alloys
Ti alloys
W alloys
Pb alloys
Zn alloys
ABS
CA
Ionomers
Epoxy
Phelonics
PA
PC
Polyester
PEEK
PE
PET or PETE
PMMA
POM
PP
PS
PTFE
PVC
Short name
Butyl rubber
EVA
Isoprene
Natural rubber
Neoprene
PU
Silicones
Alumina
Aluminum nitride
Boron carbide
Silicon Carbide
Silicon Nitride
Tungsten carbide
Al203
AlN
B4C
SiC
Si3N4
WC
Brick
Concrete
Stone
Brick
Concrete
Stone
Soda-lime glass
Borosilicate glass
Silica glass
Glass ceramic
Soda-lime glass
Borosilicate
Silica glass
Glass ceramic
CFRP
GFRP
Al-SiC
Hybrids: foams
Flexible foams
Rigid foams
Cork
Bamboo
Wood
Cork
Bamboo
Wood
Elastomers
(Engineering rubbers,
natural and synthetic)
Short name
Aluminum alloys
Copper alloys
Lead alloys
Magnesium alloys
Nickel alloys
Carbon steels
Stainless steels
Tin alloys
Titanium alloys
Tungsten alloys
Lead alloys
Zinc alloys
Classes
Butyl rubber
EVA
Isoprene
Natural rubber
Polychloroprene (Neoprene)
Polyurethane
Silicone elastomers
Glasses
Hybrids: composites
You will not find specific material grades on the charts. The aluminum alloy 7075 in the T6
condition (for instance) is contained in the property envelopes for Al-alloys; the Nylon 66 in
those for nylons. The charts are designed for the broad, early stages of materials selection, not
for retrieving the precise values of properties needed in the later, detailed design, stage.
Material properties
The charts that follow display the properties listed here. The charts let
you pick off the subset of materials with a property within a specified range:
materials with modulus E between 100 and 200 GPa for instance; or
materials with a thermal conductivity above 100 W/mK.
Class
General
Property
Density
Price
(kg/m3 or Mg/m3)
Cm
($/kg)
E ,G , K (GPa)
Yield strength
(MPa)
Ultimate strength
(MPa)
Compressive strength
(MPa)
Failure strength
(MPa)
Hardness
(Vickers)
Elongation
(--)
Mechanical
K11c/ 2 / f , and so on. The Charts are designed to display these groups or
"material indices", and to allow you to pick off the subset of materials which
maximize them. The Appendix of this document lists material indices.
Details of the method, with worked examples, are given in "Materials
Selection in Mechanical Design", cited earlier.
Multiple criteria can be used. You can pick off the subset of materials
with both high E 1 / 2 / and high E (good for light, stiff beams) from
Chart 1; that with high 2f / E 3 and high E (good materials for pivots)
from Chart 4. Throughout, the goal is to identify from the Charts a subset of
materials, not a single material. Finding the best material for a given
application involves many considerations, many of them (like availability,
appearance and feel) not easily quantifiable. The Charts do not give you the
final choice - that requires the use of your judgement and experience. Their
power is that they guide you quickly and efficiently to a subset of materials
worth considering; and they make sure that you do not overlook a promising
candidate.
Thermal
(MPa)
K1c
(MPa.m1/2)
Toughness
G1c
(kJ/m2)
(--)
Melting point
Tm
Tg
(C or K)
Glass temperature
Maximum service temperature
Electrical
Fracture toughness
(C or K)
Thermal conductivity
Tmax (C or K)
(W/m.K)
Specific heat
Cp
(J/kg.K)
Ts
-1
(K )
(C or K)
Electrical resistivity
( .m or .cm))
Dielectric constant
(--)
Eco-properties
Ef
(MJ/kg)
Environmental
resistance
KA
MPa-1
or 0.5 ; G E / 3 ; K 10 E (elastomers,
rubbery polymers)
(b)
2/3
1/2
plates)
The value of the constant C increases as the lines are
displaced upwards and to the left. Materials offering the
greatest strength-to-weight ratio lie towards the upper left
corner.
f
The chart for elastic design. The "strength" for metals
is the 0.2% offset yield strength. For polymers, it is the
1% yield strength. For ceramics and glasses, it is the
compressive crushing strength; remember that this is
roughly 15 times larger than the tensile (fracture) strength.
For composites it is the tensile strength. For elastomers it
is the tear-strength. The chart has numerous applications
among them: the selection of materials for springs, elastic
hinges, pivots and elastic bearings, and for yield-beforebuckling design. The contours show the failure strain,
f / E . The guide lines show three of these; they are the
loci of points for which:
(a)
f /E
(b)
f /E
= C
(elastic hinges)
= C
3/2
/E = C
f /E = C
2f / 3 / E 1 / 2 = C
(c)
f /E = C
(a)
KIc/f
(b)
2
KIc /f = C
= C
(yield-before-break)
(leak-before-break)
(b) /a1/2 = C
energy storage)
E = C MPa/K
o
(constant thermal stress per K)
f.
The chart gives a birds-eye view of the regimes of
stress and temperature in which each material class, and
material, is usable. Note that even the best polymers have
little strength above 200oC; most metals become very soft
by 800oC; and only ceramics offer strength above
1500oC.
Fn
and thus has units of m2. A more useful quantity, for our
purposes, is the specific wear-rate
W
An
ka =
=
Fn
P
C v ,R
C v ,R =
E / Cv ,R = C
E 1 / 2 / Cv ,R = C
(minimum cost
E 1 / 3 / Cv ,R = C
(minimum cost
strong plates)
The value of the constants C increase as the lines are
displaced upwards and to the left. Materials offering the
greatest strength per unit cost lie towards the upper left
corner.
E / H p = C
E1 / 2 / H p = C
E1 / 3 / H p = C
of stiff plates)
The value of the constant C increases as the lines are
displaced upwards and to the left. Materials offering the
greatest stiffness per energy content lie towards the upper
left corner.
Other moduli are obtained approximately from E
using
or 0.5 ; G E / 3 ; K 10 E (elastomers,
rubbery polymers)
(b)
strong plates)
The value of the constant C increases as the lines are
displaced upwards and to the left. Materials offering the
greatest strength per unit energy content lie towards the
upper left corner.
Each process is characterised by a set of attributes: the materials it can handle, the
shapes it can make and their precision, complexity and size and so forth. Process
Selection Charts map the attributes, showing the ranges of size, shape, material,
precision and surface finish of which each class of process is capable. They are used in
the way described in "Materials Selection in Mechanical Design". The procedure does
not lead to a final choice of process. Instead, it identifies a subset of processes which
have the potential to meet the design requirements. More specialised sources must then
be consulted to determine which of these is the most economical.
The hard-copy versions, shown here, are necessarily simplified, showing only a limited
number of processes and attributes. Computer implementation, as in the CES Edu
software, allows exploration of a much larger number of both.
Maximize
E/
Maximize
f /
G1 / 2 /
G /
G1 / 3 /
f /
1f / 2 /
E1 / 2 /
E /
E1 / 3 /
f /
1f / 2 /
E1 / 2 /
E1 / 3 /
E1 / 3 /
E /
E /( 1 )
2f / 3 /
2f / 3 /
f /
1f / 2 /
1f / 2 /
f /
f /
f /
Maximize
2f / E @
2f / E
f /E
3f / E 2 and H
3f / 2 / E and 1 / E
Maximize
"E /
"E /
E1 / 2 /
E /
E1 / 3 /
3f / 2 / E
E /
E1 / 2 /
f /
E1 / 3 /
Maximize
K1c and f @
K1c / E and f
K12c / E and f
K1c and f @
K1c / E and f
K12c / E and f
K1c and f @
K1c / E and f
K12c / E and f
PRESSURE VESSEL
yield-before-break
leak-before-break
K1c / f
K12c / f
1/
1/ a = Cp /
a / = 1/ Cp
C p / Cm
/ a = Cp
/a
f / E
HEAT SINKS
maximum heat flux per unit volume; expansion limited
maximum heat flux per unit mass; expansion limited
/
/
Maximize
f
f /
Maximize
1 / e Cm
f
C p / e
@ e / e
1 / e
e / E e
e2 / E e
Length, l
1 rad
1 lb/ft3
1cm3/s
See opposite
1 kgf
1 lbf
1 dyne
1 ft
1 inch
1
Mass, M
Power, P
Stress,
Specific Heat, Cp
Stress Intensity, K1c
Surface Energy
Temperature, T
Thermal Conductivity
Volume, V
Viscosity,
1 tonne
1 short ton
1 long ton
1 lb mass
See opposite
See opposite
1 cal/gal.oC
Btu/lb.oF
1 ksi in
1 erg/cm2
1oF
1 cal/s.cm.oC
1 Btu/h.ft.oF
1 Imperial gall
1 US gall
1 poise
1 lb ft.s
57.30o
16.03 kg/m3
1.0 x 10-4m2/s
9.807 N
4.448 N
1.0 x 10-5N
304.8 mm
25.40 mm
0.1 nm
1000 kg
908 kg
1107 kg
0.454 kg
4.188 kJ/kg.oC
4.187 kg/kg.oC
1.10 MN/m3/2
1 mJ/m2
0.556oK
418.8 W/m.oC
1.731 W/m.oC
4.546 x 10-3m3
3.785 x 10-3m3
0.1 N.s/m2
0.1517 N.s/m2
dyn/cm2
lb.in2
kgf/mm2
bar
long ton/in2
MPa
107
1.45 x 102
0.102
10
6.48 x 10-2
dyn/cm2
10-7
1.45 x 10-5
1.02 x 10-8
10-6
lb/in
6.89 x 10
kgf/mm2
bar
2
-3
9.81
9.81 x 107
1.42 x 103
98.1
0.10
106
14.48
1.02 x 10-2
1.54 x 10
703 x
10-4
6.89 x 10
15.44
long ton/ in
2.24 x 10
6.48 x 10-9
6.89 x 10
-2
4.46 x 10-4
63.5 x 10-2
6.48 x 10-3
1.54
1.54 x 10
Btu
ft lbf
erg
7
cal
eV
18
-4
10
0.239
6.24 x 10
9.48 x 10
erg
10-7
2.39 x 10-8
6.24 x 1011
9.48 x 10-11
7.38 x 10-8
cal
4.19
4.19 x 107
2.61 x 1019
3.97 x 10-3
3.09
-19
1.60 x 10
eV
1.60 x 10
Btu
1.06 x 10
ft lbf
1.36
-12
10
1.06 x 10
1.36 x 107
3.38 x 10
-20
2
2.52 x 10
0.324
1.52 x 10
21
1.18 x 10-19
7.78 x 102
1.29 x 10-3
6.59 x 10
8.46 x 1018
-22
0.738
erg/s
10-10
erg/s
-10
10
1
-1
hp
ft lbf/s
1.34
7.38 x 102
1.34 x 10-10
7.38 x 10-8
hp
7.46 x 10
7.46 x 10
15.50 X 102
Ft lbf/s
1.36 X 10-3
1.36 X 107
1.82 X 10-3
This is one of six CES EduPack teaching resource books. All are
available free of charge to users with a maintained CES EduPack license.
et
a
M
ys
lo
10
ys
al
o
lo
y
ad
Le
s
te
re
nc
Co
S
el ilico
as n
to e
m
ers
Sili
ca
glas
Sod s
a gl
ass
Lead
allo
ys
GFR
P
Epo PA
xies
PM
MA
PC
me
rs
10-3
Pol
yu
Ela
sto
ys
Bric
k
Mo
dulu
s-
Str
e
Sto
ne
Con
cr
PS
PP
PE
PTF
D
guidesign
e lin
es
Buc
befo kling
re yi
eld
Te
cecrahnic
mical
s
ns
Al al
loys
es Mg allo
Poly
10-4
G
m uid
in e
im lin
de um es fo
sig m r
n ass
lo
y
al
nc
Zi
al
G
d P P PA PE FRP
EK
M C
M
A
PE
T
W
oo
B
ru utyl
bb
er
mp
osit
10-2
AlN
100
2O
ete
No
n
ce-traechn
mic ical
s
Cor
rs
al
din
gitu d
Lon spee
wave
4 m/s
10
lym
id po
Rig ams
fo
Foa
CF
Poly
Neo
ral
Natu
rials
ate
Leat
PC
But
yl
Str 100
en
gth 10
,
f (M
rubb
er
Isop
Pa
Sili
elascone
tom
ers
m
Foa
10
rene
nd
rs a
me ers
Polalystom
e
hane
10
10
r
s fo
line ss
ide ma
Gu imum n
min desig
cone s
Sili tomer
elas
uret
Poly
EVA
1/3
1/2
T grain
er
1
E
PTFE
Neo
Flex
ible
foampolym
s er
ys
Epox
her
10
allo
allo
cr
Con
EK
PE T
PE ies
PS
PP
PE
k
Cor
pren
Lead
c
Zin
ete
r
este
ain
// gr
100
ls
ys
Mg P
R
GF
d
Woo
MA
PM
PA
ys
ta
Me
ites
pos Glassloys
om
al
ms
00
0
sity
D en
Rig
id po
foam lym
s er
ane
me
100
ng's
You
ngth
Yie
ld
buckbefore
ling
sdulu
mo
EVA
reth
loys
allo
Cu
N4
al Si3
hnic s B4C
Tecramic ys
ce Al alloP
10
10
e
pren
WC
W al
ys
O3
Al2 Ti allo
SiC
am
Al
P
Cas
t iro
1
10-1
Ri
gi
d
fo po
am ly
s me
SiC
loys
els Ni al
Ste
WC
rk
W al
loys
Ni al
lo
Ste ys
Cu els
allo
ys
Ti al
loy
s
CFR
Co
E
0
100
Fl
ex
i
fo ble
am po
s lym
er
10
0.1
1
0.0
Co
tals
Fo
Me
m tu
at ra
er l
ia
ls
Na
100
-1
-2
-3
-4
s
si
te
M
g
re
St
100
Co
al pp
oy er
s
Si
ic
s
Al
100
RP Al S
al iC
oy
s
Ce
ra
CF
po
m
Co
Po
el lym
as e
to rs
m an
er d
s
si
ty
en
-D
ng
th
2O
3
3N
4
Ti
a
lo
ys
Ste
el
s
Ni
al
Tu
n
al gste
oy n
s
ls
100
rene
Isop
10
mer
ly
e po
xibl
Fle s
foam
yl
But er
rubb
1
0.1
0.1
10
0.01
M A T E R I A L
I N S P I R A T I O N
France T 08 00 76 12 90
F 01 53 01 69 66