English chop

PRESENT CONTINOUS
(VERBO TO BE+ VERBO PRINCIPAL + ING)
Se utiliza para acciones que se estn realizando en este momento, en el momento en que estamos hablando, o perodos de tiempo que an no han terminado (TODAY, THIS WEEK), va acompaado de
expresiones como NOW, AT THE MOMENT, AT PRESENT. Tambin se utiliza en situaciones que pueden cambiar.
AFIRMATIVA
SUJETO + TO BE+ VB + ING + COMPLEMENTOS
IM LEARNING ENGLISH AT THE MOMOENT.
NEGATIVA
SUJETO + TO BE + NOT + VB + ING + COMPLEMENTOS
WE ARE NOT LEARNING CHINESE THIS YEAR
INTERROGATIVA
(WH- WORD) + TO BE + SUJETO + VB + ING + COMPLEMENTOS
ARE YOU LEARNING ITALIAN NOW? WHAT ARE YOU DOING?

Always: SIEMPRE

Often: A MENUDO

Never: NUNCA

Usually: NORMALMENTE

Sometimes: A VECES

SIEMPRE VAN DELANTE DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL, EXCEPTO CON EL TO BE QUE VAN DETRS: I never get up late, He is always happy.
PRESENT SIMPLE
(SUJETO + VERBO + COMPLEMENTOS)
Se utiliza para rutinas, habitos, acciones cuotidianas o cosas que no cambian. Utilizamos el auxiliar TO DO para las negativas e interrogativas, la tercera persona no necesita auxiliar pero aadiremos una s a la
tercera persona; suele ir acompaado de expresiones de tiempo como EVERYDAY y adverbios de frecuencia como ALWAYS, USUALLY, OFTEN, SOMETIMES, NEVER.
AFIRMATIVA
SUJETO + VB+ COMPLEMENTOS
I PLAY FOOTBALL EVERYDAY / HE ALWAYS DRINKS COFFEE FOR BREAKFAST
NEGATIVA
SUJETO + DONT/DOESNT + VB + COMPLEMENTOS
YOU DONT SPEAK SPANISH / HE DOESNT PLAY THE PIANO
INTERROGATIVA
DO/DOES + SUJETO + VB + COMPLEMENTOS?
DO YOU LIKE CHOCOLATE? / DOES SHE READ FRENCH BOOKS?

La respuesta corta a las preguntas del present simple es LA RESPUESTAS + el verbo auxiliary DO/DOES:

Yes, I do ; No, it doesnt

PAST SIMPLE
(SUJETO + VERBO PASADO + COMPLEMENTOS)
Se utiliza para expresar acciones puntuales en el pasado. Aparece con expresiones como YESTERDAY, LAST WEEK Necesitamos el VB auxiliar DID para negativas e interrogativas; Tened en cuenta la formacin
del pasado en los verbos regulares e irregulares (regul: -ED ; irregul: 2 column)
SUJETO + VB PASADO + COMPLEMENTOS (son las nicas que llevan el vb en pasado,
AFIRMATIVA
I PLAYED TENNIS LAST SATURDAY / I WENT TO THE CINEMA LAST SUNDAY
porque no utilizan el auxiliar
NEGATIVA
SUJETO + DIDNT + VB INF + COMPLEMENTOS
I DIDNT PLAY TENNIS LAST SATURDAY / I DIDNT GO TO THE CINEMA LAS SUNDAY
INTERROGATIVA
DID + SUJETO + VB INF + COMPLEMENTOS?
DID YOU PLAY TENNIS LAST SATURDAY? / DID YOU GO TO THE CINEM LAST SUNDAY?

PAST CONTINOUS
(SUJETO + TO BE EN PASADO + VERBO ING + COMPLEMENTOS)
Se utiliza para expresar acciones que se han desarrollado durante un perodo largo de tiempo en el pasado. Suele combinarse con el pasado simple dentro de la misma oracin, la accin del verbo que va en
pasado continuo es la que estaba teniendo lugar cuando se ve interrumpida por una segunda accin en pasado simple. I WAS WATCHING TV WHEN THE TELEPHONE RANG.
AFIRMATIVA
SUJETO + WAS/WERE + VB ING COMPLEMENTOS
I WAS HAVING A BATH WHEN MY FATHER CAME IN.
NEGATIVA
SUJETO + WASNT/WERENT + VB ING + COMPLEMENTOS
I WASNT DRIVING VERY FAST WHEN THE ACCIDENT HAPPENED
INTERROGATIVA
WAS/WERE + SUJETO + VB ING + COMPLEMENTOS?
WHERE DO YOU STUDYING WHEN I KNOCKED ON THE DOOR?

PRESENT PERFECT
(TO HAVE + PARTICIPLE)
Se utiliza para expresar acciones que EMPEZARON EN EL PASADO Y CONTINAN EN EL PRESENTE, o si bien la accin ya ha terminado el resultado de la misma lo vemos en el presente. Suele aparecer en
expresiones de tiempo como SINCE, FOR, en respuesta a preguntas como HOW LONG?.
Otras expresiones: JUST (Acabo de) ALREADY (Ya) YET (Todava no) EVER (algna vez) SOMEBODY/SOMEONE (Alguien) y SOMETHING (Alguna cosa).
AFIRMATIVA
SUJETO + HAVE/HAS + VB PARTICIPIO PASADO + COMPLEMENTOS
I WORK IN A BANK. I HAVE WORKED THERE FOR 10 YEARS.
NEGATIVA
SUJETO + HAVENT/HASNT + VB PARTICIPIO PASADO + COMPLEMENTOS
SHE IS READING A BOOK. SHE HASNT FINISHED IT YET.
INTERROGATIVA
HAVE/HAS + SUJETO + VB PARTICIPIO PASADO + COMPLEMENTOS?
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO LONDON?

PAST PERFECT
(HAD + PARTICIPLE)
Se utiliza para expresar acciones PASADAS que TERMINARON ANTES de que otra accin pasada EMPEZARA. Suele combinarse con el pasado simple. (Accin terminada: Past perfect Accin que empez
cuando ya haba acabado la anterior: Simple past). THE CONCERT HAD STARTED WHEN WE ARRIVED AT THE THEATRE.
AFIRMATIVA
SUJETO + HAD + VB PARTICIPIO PASADO + COMPLEMENTOS
I ARRIVED AT THE AIRPORT WHEN THE PLANE HAD TAKEN OFF.
NEGATIVA
SUJETO + HADNT + VB PARTICIPIO PASADO + COMPLEMENTOS
THE SHOP HADNT CLOSED WHEN I ARRIVED
INTERROGATIVA
HAD + SUJETO + VB PARTICIPIO PASADO + COMPLEMENTOS?
HAD YOU FINISHED THE BOOK WHEN YOU GAVE IT BACK?

FUTURE
(WILL)
Se utiliza cuando el sujeto no tiene control sobre le futuro, para expresar decisiones tomadas en el momento, expresamos imprevistos, predicciones, lo que creemos que pueda ocurrir, aparece con expresiones
de tiempo como TOMORROW, NEXT YEAR, NEXT WEEK, NEXT MONTH.
AFIRMATIVA
SUJETO + WILL + VB (INFINITIVE) + COMPLEMENTOS
IT WILL RAIN TOMORROW
NEGATIVA
SUJETO + WONT + VB INFINITIVE + COMPLEMENTOS
IT WONT RAIN TOMORROW
INTERROGATIVA
WILL + SUJETO + VB INFINITIVE + COMPLEMENTOS?
WILL IT RAIN TOMORROW?

FUTURE
(TO BE GOING TO)
SLO VAMOS A CONJUGAR EL TO BE. Utilizamos este future cuando el sujeto tiene control absoluto de la situacin, es un futuro programado, planeado, y para que se lleve a cabo el sujeto se ha asegurado de
que todo est claro y ordenado para que suceda, expresamos tambin intenciones o decisiones, predicciones basadas en hechos presentes.
AFIRMATIVA
SUJETO + TO BE + GOING TO + VB INFINITIVE + COMPLEMENTOS
IM GOING TO MAKE A NEW DRESS
NEGATIVA
SUJETO + TO BE NOT + GOING TO + VB INFINITIVE + COMPLEMENTOS
IM NOT GOING TO MAKE A NEW DRESS
INTERROGATIVA
TO BE + SUJETO + GOING TO + VB INFINITIVE + COMPLEMENTOS?
ARE YOU GOING TO MAKE A NEW DRESS?

WILL AND TO BE GOING TO:

-

You make your friend a cup of sweet coffe, the she tells you she doesnt take sugar, Offer to make her another one. ILL MAKE YOU ANOTHER CUP OF COFFEE
o Decisin tomada en el momento, por eso ponemos WILL.

A colleague asks you why you have brought your sports kit to the office; explain that you have arranged to play tennis after work. IM GOING TO PLAY TENNIS AFTER WORK.
o Decisin tomada de antemano, pore so ponemos TO BE GOING TO.

What
When

Qu?
Cundo?

There is
There are

HAY (singular)
HAY (plural)

P. Personales
I

Where

Dnde?

THIS

ESTE/ESTA/ESTO

Why

Por qu?

THAT

ESE/ESA/ESO

HE

How

Cmo?

THAT

AQUEL/AQUELLA

SHE

Who

Quin?

THESE

ESTOS/ESTAS

How much

Cunto? (objetos incontables)

THOSE

ESOS/ESAS

How many

Cunto? (objetos contables)

THOSE

AQUELLOS/AQUELLAS

What time

A qu hora?

Whose

De quin?

YOU

IT
WE
YOU
THEY

A. Posesivos

P Posesivos

P. Objeto

MY
YOUR
HIS
HER
ITS
OUR
YOUR
THEIR

MINE
YOURS
HIS
HERS
--OURS
YOURS
THEIRS

ME
YOU
HIM
HER
IT
US
YOU
THEM

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD
TANCOMO

IRREGULAR
AS + ADJECTIVE + AS

Peter is as tall as Paul. Sarah is as

thin as him

COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD
MAS..QUE
Adjetivos de dos silabas o menos ADJECTIVE + ER + THAN
John is taller than Paul
Adjetivos de ms de dos silabas
MORE + ADJECTIVE + THAN Susan is more intelligent than Mary
SUPERLATIVO
EL MS / LA MS..
Si queremos indicar un lugar es IN THE y un tiempo OF THE.
Adjetivos de dos silabas o
menos

THE ADJECTIVE + EST

He is the tallest boy in the school.

This is the happiest day of my life.

Peter is the most intelligent student in the

classroom. Today is the most important
day of the year.
NEXT TO: AL LADO DE
BEHIND: DETRS
UNDER: DEBAJO DE
CLOSE TO: JUNTO A
IN FRONT OF: DELANTE DE
INSIDE: DENTRO DE
NEAR: CERCA DE
OPPOSITE: ENFRENTE DE
OUTSIDE: FUERA DE
FAR (AWAY FROM): LEJOS DE
OVER: ENCIMA DE (Sin tocar la superfcie)
BETWEEN: ENTRE
MUCH: MUCHO INCONTABLES
A LOT OF: MUCHO (CONTABLES E INCONTABLES
MANY: MUCHO CONTABLES
LITTLE: POCO INCONTABLES; FEW: POCO CONTABLES
TOO MUCH / TOO MANY: DEMASIADO
A LITTLE: ALGO, POCO PERO SUFICIENTE
HOW MUCH / HOW MANY?: CUNTOS? A FEW: ALGO, POCO PERO SUFICIENTE
Adjetivos de ms de dos
silabas

THE MOST + ADJECTIVE

GOOD

BETTER

THE BEST

BAD
FAR

WORSE
FARTHER / FURTHER

THE WORST
THE FARTHEST / THE FURTHEST

PREPOSITIONS
IN
ON
AT

CON PARTES DEL DA, CON MESES, CON ESTACIONES DE AO, CON AOS, CON SIGLOS.
CON LOS DAS DE LA SEMANA, CON FECHAS, CON DAS Y PARTES DEL DA, ON HOLIDAYS.
CON LAS HORAS, AT CHRISTMAS, AT EASTER, AT NIGHT, AT THE WEEKEND, AT THE BEGGINING, AT THE END.

Before: Antes
After: Despus

Until: Hasta
During: Durante (WHEN?)

FromTo: Desde.Hasta
Tanto para tiempo como lugar

IN: lugares cerrados

AT: espacios abiertos
ON: Tocando la superficie

AT HOME: EN CASA
IN BED: EN LA CAMA
ARRIVE IN: LLEGAR A PASES
ARRIVE AT: LLEGAR A ESPACIOS CERRADOS
WHO: ANTECEDENTES DE PERSONAS
WHICH: ANTECEDENTES DE COSAS O ANIMALES
WHERE: ANTECEDENTES DE LUGAR
WHOSE: CUYO

For: Durante (HOW LONG?)

Since: Desde

GO HOME
GET HOME
COME HOME
REACH HOME
ARRIVE HOME

PASSIVE VOICE
En la pasiva: El COMPLEMENTO DIRECTO pasa a ser el SUJETO PASIVO.
El SUJETO de la oracin activa pasa a ser el COMPLEMENTO AGENTE (introducido por BY).
El verbo pasivo lo formamos con: VB TO BE (en el mismo tiempo verbal que la oracin activa) + PAST PARTICIPLE DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL.
TENSES
ACTIVE VOICE
PRESENT SIMPLE
Eat / eats
PRESENT CONTINOUS
Is/are eating
PAST SIMPLE
Ate
PAST CONTINOUS
Was/were eating
PRESENT PERFECT
Has/have eaten
PAST PERFECT
Had eaten
FUTURE
Will eat
CONDITIONAL
Would eat

REPORTED SPEECH
Consiste en decir lo que otros han dicho. HE SAID TO ME OR HE TOLD TO ME.
TENSES - DIRECT SPEECH
TENSES - REPORTED SPEECH
PRESENT SIMPLE:
I work
SIMPLE PAST:
He said he worked
PRESENT CONTINOUS:
I am working
PAST CONTINOUS:
He said he was working
PAST SIMPLE:
I worked
PAST PERFECT:
He said he worked
PRESENT PERFECT:
I have worked
PAST PERFECT:
He said he had worked
FUTURE:
I will work
CONDITIIONAL:
He said he would work
MODAL VERBS:
I can work
CONDITIONAL:
He said he could work

PASIVE VOICE
Is/are eaten
Is/are eaten
Was/were eaten
Was/were being eaten
Has/have been eaten
Had been eaten
Will be eaten
Would be eaten

TIME AND PLACES CHANGES

HERE
THERE
THIS
THAT
THESE
THOSE
NOW
THEN
YESTERDAY
THE DAY BEFORE
TODAY
THAT DAY
TOMORROW
THE FOLLOWING DAY
LAST WEEK/MONTH
THE WEEK/MONTH BEFORE
NEXT WEEK/MONTH
THE FOLLOWING WEEK/MONTH
2 DAYS AGO
2 DAYS BEFORE

HAVE (GOT)
Use present simple if HAVE refers to possessing something: Do not ask Have you with this meaning.
o They have got a nice house
o Does he have/Has he got a well-paid job?

NOT Has he a well-paid job?.

Use the present simple and the present continuous if have is a part of a phrase that refers to an action: Forms of have got arent correct with this meaning.
o I have shower every morning.
o Shes having a shower every morning.

NOT I have got a shower every morning.