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While most types of logs are used to characterize the wellbore, formation, and fluids prior to well completion, a number of logging tools are available to provide information during
production operations and beyond. This article discusses the various types of production logs and how they can often be used together to provide crucial information for understanding and
resolving problems..
Contents
1 Production logging
2 Application of production logs
3 Fundamentals of production logging
4 Categories of applications
4.1 Category one
4.2 Category two
4.3 Category three
4.4 Categories four and five
5 Misconceptions about production logging
5.1 A production log can be run by anyone
5.2 Only one logging tool is needed
5.3 Answer (anomaly) will jump out from a casual scan of the log
6 Production logging tools
7 Planning considerations for production logging
7.1 Sinker bar weight
7.2 Maximum tool length to negotiate bend
7.3 Depth control
8 Production logging applications
9 Pricing for production logging
10 Record keeping
11 Nomenclature
12 References
13 Noteworthy papers in OnePetro
14 Online multimedia
15 External links
16 See also
Production logging
Production Logging is one of a number of cased hole services that includes cement monitoring, corrosion monitoring, monitoring of formation fluid contacts (and saturations), perforating and
plug and packer setting. Services performed in dead, overbalanced, conditions can use relatively simple surface pressure control equipment and are often performed using large open hole style
logging cables. With a well that has pressure at surface it is normal to use a small logging cable in order to;
1. Minimise the tool weight needed to overcome the well pressure trying to extrude the cable.
2. Minimise the grease injection requirements to seal around a wireline cable.
Wells with surface pressure typically have a completion tubing of relatively small internal diameter, ID, compared to the casing size across the reservoir. This reduced ID means that cased
hole toolstrings for live wells are typically sized at 1-11/16" in order to pass through the smallest nipple in a 2-3/8" tubing. It is usual for cased hole equipment manufacturers to produce a
platform of sensors with common power supplies, telemetry (or memory) to cover production logging, saturation logging, and multifinger caliper corrosion logging.
Categories of applications
Production-logging tools find many applications (/Production_logging_application_tables) from the time a well is drilled until abandonment and, occasionally, beyond [1]. An appropriate
categorization of production logs is by usage. This approach leads to the five distinct categories listed below that also represent a rough chronological order of tool evolution. Effective
interpretation of the data from each type of log requires significant education and experience.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Category one
Includes tools used to track movement of fluid either inside or immediately outside the casing of a well. The logs frequently used for such flow diagnosis and allocation include:
Temperature surveys (/Temperature_logging)
Mechanical flowmeter surveys (/Continuous_and_fullbore_spinner_flowmeters)
Category two
There are two different objectives of cement-placement monitoring:
To determine where the cement went (cement top)
To determine whether the cement provides zonal isolation
The logs used to locate the cement top include:
Temperature log (/Temperature_logging), which responds to hydration heating
Unfocused gamma ray log (/Unfocused_gamma_ray_density_logging), which responds to behind-pipe density
Regular bond log (/Cement_bond_logs), which measures the acoustical deadening of pipe
Category three
Zonal isolation should be addressed when pressure imbalance causes crossflow through poorly cemented sections, leading to excessive production of unwanted fluids. The tools most often
used for this purpose include:
Cement-bond logs (/Cement_bond_logs)
Temperature (/Temperature_logging)
Noise (/Noise_logging)
Radioactive tracer (/Radioactive_tracer_logging)
Neutron-activation logs
The temperature log detects alterations caused by flow, the noise log measures turbulent sound caused by flow, and the tracer log tracks tagged fluid behind casing. The neutron-activation log
creates tracer in behind-pipe water.
Corrosion-monitoring tools are specialized in nature and include mechanical caliper tools and electromagnetic casing-inspection tools. The mechanical caliper tools are used to assess
corrosion internal to the casing and to measure the shape of casing as well as the amount of rod and drillpipe wear inside tubing or casing. The electromagnetic devices respond to changes in
metal thickness either inside or outside the pipe containing the tool. These logging tools are either of the eddy-current type or of the flux-leakage type, or a combination of the two. The eddycurrent devices measure the load on a coil resulting from eddy currents induced into the wall of the casing. This load increases with increases in wall thickness. The driven frequency of the
coil determines the depth of penetration of the field into the casing wall. The flux-leakage devices measure, by means of pad-conveyed coils in contact with the pipe wall, the induced currents
that result from magnetic field lines that escape at abrupt changes in metal-wall thickness. Both types of tools make indirect measurements that are then related to metal loss through
calibration.
Please refer to the nuclear logging (/Nuclear_logging) page for information on these logs.
(/File%3AVol5_Page_0497_Image_0001.png)
Table 1
Answer (anomaly) will jump out from a casual scan of the log
This myth is responsible almost entirely for the lack of adequate training in this area.
Production logs should be interpreted in a consistent fashion that first identifies normal or expected features. The abnormal portions can then be examined to determine which parts are
pertinent to the problem and which parts are irrelevant. It is these irrelevant features that so often confound novices to the point that they delay or forego appropriate remedial action.
Once these three myths are set aside, the requisite skills, listed next, can be developed for use of production logs. In the authors experience, a collaborative effort by service provider and
client is needed to yield the most meaningful results. The effective user must be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
(/File%3AVol5_Page_0500_Image_0001.png)
Fig. 2 Sinker bar weight to balance wellhead
pressure (Courtesy Bowen Tool Co.).
Additional weight above that which is indicated on the graph is needed to realize downward movement of the logging string. As the inclination angle of the wellbore increases, it becomes
especially important to increase the sinker bar weight over the value specified by the vertical axis of the figure. When an inclination angle requires unreasonably long sinker bars, roller
centralizers are required.
Typical slickline diameters are represented by the group of lines at the bottom of Fig. 2. The low sinker-bar weight needed to carry out a slickline survey, even at high wellhead pressures,
requires only a short lubricator. As a result, slickline services are enjoying a rebirth. New versions of these tools contain sufficient downhole memory to record what is essentially a continuous
log.
(/File%3AVol5_page_0501_eq_003.png)....................(3)
Any 1.5-in. OD tool 7.61 ft in length can pass through the bend. If longer tools are required, then the tool string must be segmented with "knuckle" joints.
(/File%3AVol5_Page_0501_Image_0001.png)
Depth control
The counter wheels on a production-logging unit measure the length of cable in the well to an accuracy of 5 out of 15,000 ft, provided that a great deal of back and forth travel (yo-yoing) is
not required to work the tool string down the well. Better depth control is obtained by placing a casing collar locator (/Casing_collar_locator) (CCL) sub at the top of any production-logging
tool string. This sub generates a voltage spike as it moves past a change in metal thickness, particularly as it passes through the connection between joints of pipe. The resulting record of
collars is the source of depth control.
Wells are perforated from a perforating depth control (PDC) log, a combination of a collar log and a cased-hole nuclear log such as a gamma ray log. The nuclear log is then depth correlated
to a similar log run before the well was cased. This procedure ties the collar record into the depth scale on the openhole logs. Accuracy in this latter depth scale is maintained by means of
magnetic flags placed at precise intervalscustomarily, 100-ft intervalsalong the openhole logging cable. The PDC log is a part of the file on a given well and provides the collar record
that serves as the depth reference for subsequent production logging. A short joint of casing called a "pup" joint is often placed in the casing string as a depth marker. Otherwise, normal
variations in length are used to correlate collar records.
Sometimes a radioactive collar that emits gamma rays is used as a marker for depth control. For flush-joint casing, collars are available that are strapped around the casing before it is run into
the hole. Occasionally, radioactive bullets are fired into the formation before casing the well. Finally, it may become necessary to run a section of a nuclear log and to flag (mark) the logging
cable on a particular operation to achieve the necessary depth control.
Record keeping
Forward planning will ensure maximum long term use of log data. The log headings used by most service companies, while recording some specifics about the run itself, have little
information on why and how the logs were run. Consequently, most professional loggers have their own forms to bridge this documentation gap. While the organization of these forms is a
matter of personal preference, a good rule is to prepare a preliminary summary that specifies at least the following:
Why the logging is undertaken.
Previous production-logging summary.
Current well-completion data with a wellbore sketch.
Collars used for perforation.
Depth reference point.
Most recent well-test data.
Anticipated total depth, bottomhole pressure, and temperature.
A second form completed at the time of logging is a chronology that lists
Logs run and their order.
Run number.
String logged and its status for each run.
Status of other strings or annuli.
Logging direction and speed.
Tool calibration checks.
Intervals relogged.
A summary of conclusions.
Nomenclature
Dh
Dt
= tool diameter, ft
Lt
References
1. Polaris-Production Optimization Log and Reservoir Information Solutions. 1999. Houston: Baker-Hughes Brochure.
2. Hupp, D. and Schnorr, D.R. 1999. Evaluating High-Angle Wells With Advanced Production-Logging Technology. Presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
Houston, Texas, 3-6 October 1999. SPE-57690-MS. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/57690-MS (http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/57690-MS)
Al-Momin, A, Zeybek, M, WahabAzrak, A, Burov, A. First Successful Multilateral Well Logging in Saudi Aramco: Innovative Approach toward Logging an Open Hole Multilateral Oil Producer. Presented at the SPE/DGS Saud
Vu-Hoang, D, Faur, M, Marcus, R, Cadenhead, J, Besse, F, Haus, J et al. A Novel Approach To Production Logging in Multiphase Horizontal Wells. Presented at the SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, 26-29 September 2004
Online multimedia
Friehauf, Kyle. 2013 Hydraulic Fracture Identification and Production Log Analysis in Unconventionals Using DTS. http://eo2.commpartners.com/users/spe/session.php?id=11685
(http://eo2.commpartners.com/users/spe/session.php?id=11685)
External links
Use this section to provide links to relevant material on websites other than PetroWiki and OnePetro
See also
Types of logs (/Types_of_logs)
Production logging application tables (/Production_logging_application_tables)
PEH:Production Logging (/PEH%3AProduction_Logging)
(https://www.onepetro.org/search?q=Production logging)
(http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Production logging)
q=Production logging)
(http://www.worldcat.org/search?
(http://wiki.seg.org/index.php?
title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&ns4=1&ns500=1&redirs=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Advanced+search&search=Production logging)
(http://wiki.aapg.org/index.php?
title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&ns4=1&ns102=1&ns104=1&ns106=1&ns108=1&ns420=1&ns828=1&redirs=1&profile=advanced&search=Production
logging)