Non-Dir. Overcurrent APPS ALSTOM

Non-Directional Overcurrent
and Earth Fault Protection
GRID
Technical Institute
This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.
Overcurrent Protection: Purpose of Protection
Detect abnormal conditions

Isolate faulty part of the system
Speed
Fast operation to minimise damage and danger

Discrimination
Isolate only the faulty section

Dependability / reliability
Security / stability
Cost of protection / against cost of potential hazards
> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection
Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination
F1
F2
F3
Co-ordinate protection so that relay nearest to fault

operates first
Minimise system disruption due to the fault
Fuses
Overcurrent Protection Fuses

Simple
Can provide very fast fault clearance
<10ms for large current

Limit fault energy
Arcing Time
Pre Arc Time
Prospective Fault Current
Total
Operating
Time
Overcurrent Protection Fuses - disadvantages

Problematic co-ordination
Fuse A
Fuse B
IFA approx 2 x IFB

Limited sensitivity to earth faults
Single phasing
Fixed characteristic
Need replacing following fault clearance

6
Tripping Methods
Overcurrent Protection Direct Acting AC Trip
51
Trip Coil
IF
AC series trip
common for electromechanical O/C relays
Overcurrent Protection Direct Acting AC Trip
IF'
+
51
-
Sensitive
Trip
Coil
IF
Capacitor discharge trip
used with static relays where no secure DC supply is

available
Overcurrent Protection DC Shunt Trip
IF'
51
IF
DC
BATTERY
Requires secure DC auxiliary
No trip if DC fails
10
SHUNT
TRIP COIL
No Volt Trip Coil: Relay Un-Operated
51
No Volt
Release
Trip Coil
Used for fail-safe tripping on motor feeders
11
No Volt Trip Coil: Relay Operated

IF'
IF
51
No Volt
Release
Trip Coil
Used for fail-safe tripping on motor feeders
12
Overcurrent Protection
13
Overcurrent Protection Principles
Operating Speed
Instantaneous
Time delayed
Discrimination
Current setting
Time setting
Current and time
Cost
Generally cheapest form of protection relay
14
Overcurrent Protection Instantaneous Relays
50
IF2
50
IIF1
Current settings chosen so that relay closest to fault

operates
Problem
Relies on there being a difference in fault level between the

two relay locations
Cannot discriminate if IF1 = IF2
15
Overcurrent Protection Definite (Independent)

Time Relays
TIME
TOP
IS
(Relay Current Setting)
16
Applied Current
Overcurrent Protection Definite (Independent)

Time Relays
51
51
0.9 sec
0.5 sec
Operating time is independent of current

Relay closest to fault has shortest operating time
Problem
Longest operating time is at the source where fault level is

highest
17
Overcurrent Protection IDMT

TIME
IS
(Relay Current Setting)
Applied Current
Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic
18
Overcurrent Protection Disc Type O/C Relays
Current setting via plug bridge

Time multiplier setting via disc
movement
Single characteristic
Consider 2 ph & EF or 3 ph plus
additional EF relay
19
Overcurrent Protection Static Relay
Electronic, multi characteristic

Fine settings, wide range
Integral instantaneous elements
20
Overcurrent Protection Numerical Relay
I>1
I>2
Time
I>3
I>4
Current
Multiple characteristics and stages

Current settings in primary or secondary values
Additional protection elements
21
Co-ordination
22
Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Principle
Relay closest to fault

must operate first
R2
R1
Other relays must have

adequate additional
operating time to
prevent them operating
IF1
T
Current setting chosen

to allow FLC
IS2 IS1
23
Maximum
Fault
Level
Consider worst case

conditions, operating
modes and current
flows
Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Example

E
Operating time (s)
10
C
B
0.1
0.01
Current (A)
24
FLB
FLC
FLD
Overcurrent Protection IEC Characteristics

1000
t =
0.14
(I0.02 -1)
VI
t =
13.5
(I2 -1)
EI
t =
LTI t =
80
(I2 -1)
100
Operating Time (s)
SI
10
LTI
SI
1
VI
120
(I - 1)
EI
0.1
1
10
100
Current (Multiples of Is)
25
Overcurrent Protection Operating Time Setting Terms Used
Published characteristics are

drawn against a multiple of
current setting or Plug Setting
Multiplier
Therefore characteristics can be
used for any application
regardless of actual relay
current setting
e.g at 10x setting (or PSM of 10)
SI curve op time is 3s
26
1000
Operating Time (s)
Relay operating times can be

calculated using relay
characteristic charts
100
10
0.1
1
10
100
Overcurrent Protection Current Setting
Set just above full load current
allow 10% tolerance

Allow relay to reset if fault is cleared by downstream
device
consider pickup/drop off ratio (reset ratio)

relay must fully reset with full load current flowing
PU/DO for static/numerical = 95%
PU/DO for EM relay = 90%
e.g for numerical relay, Is = 1.1 x IFL/0.95
27
Overcurrent Protection Current Setting

Current grading
ensure that if upstream relay has started downstream relay has

also started
R1
R2
IF1
Set upstream device current setting greater than downstream relay

e.g. IsR1 = 1.1 x IsR2
28
Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin

Operating time difference between two devices to ensure
that downstream device will clear fault before upstream
device trips
Must include
breaker opening time
allowance for errors

relay overshoot time
safety margin
GRADING
MARGIN
29
Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin between relays
R2
R1
Traditional
breaker op time relay overshoot allow. For errors safety margin Total
Calculate using formula
30
0.1
0.05
0.15
0.1
0.4s
Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin between relays

Formula
t = (2Er + Ect) t/100 + tcb + to + ts
Er = relay timing error
Ect = CT measurement error
t = op time of downstream relay
tcb = CB interupting time
to = relay overshoot time
ts = safety margin
Op time of Downstream Relay t = 0.5s
0.375s margin for EM relay, oil CB

0.24s margin for static relay, vacuum CB
31
Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin relay with fuse
Grading Margin = 0.4Tf + 0.15s over whole characteristic

Assume fuse minimum operating time = 0.01s
Use EI or VI curve to grade with fuse
Current setting of relay should be 3-4 x rating of fuse to

ensure co-ordination
32
Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin relay with upstream fuse
Tf
Tr
I FMAX
1.175Tr
Allowance for CT
and relay error
0.1
CB
or
Tf = 2Tr + 0.33s
33
0.1
Safety margin
0.6Tf
Allowance for
fuse error (fast)
Overcurrent Protection Time Multiplier Setting
Used to adjust the

operating time of an
inverse characteristic
Not a time setting but a
multiplier
Calculate TMS to give
desired operating time
in accordance with the
grading margin
Operating Time (s)
100
10
0.1
1
34
10
100
Time Multiplier Setting - Calculation
Calculate relay operating time required, Treq
consider grading margin

fault level
Calculate op time of inverse characteristic with
TMS = 1, T1
TMS = Treq /T1
35
Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination - Procedure
Calculate required operating current
Calculate required grading margin

Calculate required operating time
Select characteristic
Calculate required TMS
Draw characteristic, check grading over whole
curve
Grading curves should be drawn to a common

voltage base to aid comparison
36
200/5
100/5
I
FMAX
= 1400 Amp
B
Is = 5 Amp
A
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI
Grade relay B with relay A

Co-ordinate at max fault level seen by both
relays = 1400A
Assume grading margin of 0.4s
37
200/5
100/5
I
FMAX
= 1400 Amp
B
Is = 5 Amp
A
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI
Relay B is set to 200A primary, 5A secondary

Relay A set to 100A If (1400A) = PSM of 14
relay A OP time = t = 0.14 x TMS = 0.14 x 0.05 = 0.13

(I0.02 -1)
(140.02 -1)
Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s
Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve
38

200/5
100/5
I
FMAX
= 1400 Amp
B
Is = 5 Amp
A
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI
Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s

Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve
Relay B set to 200A If (1400A) = PSM of 7
relay B OP time TMS = 1 = 0.14 x TMS =
0.14
= 3.52s
(I0.02 -1)
(70.02 -1)
Required TMS = Required Op time = 0.53 = 0.15
Op time TMS=1
3.52
Set relay B to 200A, TMS = 0.15, SI
39
LV Protection Co-ordination
11kV
MCGG
CB
350MVA
2 x 1.5MVA
11kV/433V
5.1%
CTZ61
ACB
ACB
1
2
3
4
F
40
Relay 1
Relay 2
Relay 3
Relay 4
Fuse
CTZ61
(Open)
2
1
MCCB
27MVA
Fuse
Load
20MVA
1000S
100S
TX damage
10S
Very
inverse
1.0S
0.1S
0.01S
0. 1kA
41
10kA
1000kA
11kV
KCGG 142
CB
350MVA
2 x 1.5MVA
11kV/433V
5.1%
KCEG 142
ACB
ACB
1
2
3
4
F
Relay 1
Relay 2
Relay 3
Relay 4
Fuse
3
2
1
MCCB
27MVA
Fuse
Load
42
(Open)
K
20MVA
1000S
100S
Long time
inverse
TX damage
10S
1.0S
0.1S
0.01S
0. 1kA
43
10kA
1000kA
Blocking Schemes
44
System Grading
Downstream protection must grade with the utility incomer at the maximum
(1)
(2)
fault level
First
11kV Supply
Metering CB
(Utility)
Attempt
Compromised
Grading
1.0s
1.0s
0.7s
1.0s
0.4s
0.7s
0.1s
0.7s
??s
0.4s
??s
0.4s
??s
0.1s
Load
Load
45
Load
Manufacturers
Technical
Update
Oct
2010 > Non-Directional
Overcurrent
and Earth Fault
Protection
Blocking Schemes - Principles (2)

Blocking schemes eliminates grading time and will trip the CB after 100ms has elapsed, scheme
will remove blocking signal should the CB fail to trip
Incomer
BLOCK for IF1
IF2
IF1
46
Ideal application for GOOSE messaging over IEC61850
Manufacturers
Technical
Update
Oct
Overcurrent
and Earth Fault
Protection
IEC61850 Architecture
Agile with
IEC61850
47
Manufacturers
Technical
Update
Oct
Overcurrent
and Earth Fault
Protection
Delta/Star Transformers
48
Transformer Protection - 2-1-1 Fault Current
Turns Ratio
= 3 :1
A phase-phase fault
on one side of
transformer produces
2-1-1 distribution on
other side
Use an overcurrent
element in each
phase (cover the 2x
phase)
2 & EF relays can
be used provided
fault current > 4x
setting
49
Iline
Idelta
0.866 If3
Turns
Ratio =
3 :1
Istar = E-/2Xt = 3 E-n/2Xt

Istar = 0.866 E-n/Xt
Istar = 0.866 If3
Iline
Idelta
0.866 If3
Idelta = Istar/3 = If3 /2

Iline = If3
50
51
51
HV
LV
Grade HV relay
with respect to
2-1-1 for -
fault
Not only at max
fault level
86.6%If3
51
If3
Use of High Sets
52
Instantaneous Protection
Fast clearance of faults
ensure good operation factor, If >> Is (5 x ?)

Current setting must be co-ordinated to prevent
overtripping
Used to provide fast tripping on HV side of transformers

Used on feeders with Auto Reclose, prevents transient
faults becoming permanent
AR ensures healthy feeders are re-energised

Consider operation due to DC offset - transient overreach
53
Instantaneous OC on Transformer Feeders
Set HV inst 130% IfLV

HV2
HV1
LV
No operation for LV fault
TIME
HV2
Fast operation for HV fault
HV1
Reduces op times
required of upstream
relays
LV
IF(LV)
IF(HV)
CURRENT
1.3IF(LV)
54
Stable for inrush
Overcurrent Protection:
Transient Overreach
Ability to ignore DC offset
Low overreach allows los Inst setting to be used
high operation factor

Immunity to LV transformer faults
55
Transient Overreach
I
2
I1
I1 = steady state rms pickup
Overreach = (I1 I2)/I2

Typical values
numerical relay = < 5%

Simple EM relay = >60%
56
I2 = rms pickup with fully offset signal
Low overreach allows low

setting high operation
factor
High transient overreach
necessitates high settings
poor sensitivity, slow
Partial Differential Protection
Zoned busbar
protection using
overcurrent relays
67
Bus section relay not

required reduced
grading stages
67
51
Time delayed tripping

for busbar fault
51
51
57
51
Interlocked OC Protection
Problem due to location of

CTs
Feeder circuit fault seen
outside feeder zone but
inside busbar zone
Fault remains fed from
remote end will be cleared by
remote time delayed
protection
Circuit
Protection
Busbar
Protection
58
Speed up fault clearance with

local Interlocked OC relay
short time delay enabled by
BB protection trip
Earthfault Protection
59
Earth Fault Protection
Earth fault current may be limited

Sensitivity and speed requirements may not be met by
overcurrent relays
Use dedicated EF protection relays

Connect to measure residual (zero sequence) current
Can be set to values less than full load current

Co-ordinate as for OC elements
May not be possible to provide co-ordination with fuses
60
Earth Fault Relay Connection - 3 Wire System
E/F
OC
OC
OC
Combined with OC relays
61
E/F
OC
OC
Economise using 2x OC
relays
Earth Fault Relay Connection - 4 Wire System
E/F
OC
OC
OC
EF relay setting must be

greater than normal
neutral current
62
E/F
OC
OC
OC
Independent of neutral
current but must use 3 OC
relays for phase to neutral
faults
Earth Fault Relays Current Setting
Solid earth
30% Ifull load

adequate
Resistance earth
setting w.r.t earth fault level

special considerations for
impedance earthing directional?
63
Sensitive Earth Fault Relays
A
B
C
Settings down to
0.2% possible
E/F
Isolated/high
impedance earth networks
For low settings cannot use residual connection, use
dedicated CT
Advisable to use core balance CT
CT ratio related to earth fault current not line current
Relays tuned to system frequency to reject 3rd harmonic

64
Core Balance CT Connections
OPERATION
NO OPERATION
INSULATION
Need to take care with core

balance CT and armoured
cables
Sheath acts as earth return
path
Must account for earth
current path in connections
- insulate cable gland
65
CABLE GLAND
CABLE
BOX
E/F
CABLE GLAND/SHEATH
EARTH CONNECTION

Non-Dir. Overcurrent APPS ALSTOM

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Non-Directional Overcurrent

and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection: Purpose of Protection

Detect abnormal conditions

Fast operation to minimise damage and danger

Isolate only the faulty section

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination

Co-ordinate protection so that relay nearest to fault

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Fuses

Can provide very fast fault clearance

<10ms for large current

Prospective Fault Current

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Fuses - disadvantages

IFA approx 2 x IFB

Need replacing following fault clearance

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Direct Acting AC Trip

common for electromechanical O/C relays

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Direct Acting AC Trip

Capacitor discharge trip

used with static relays where no secure DC supply is

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection DC Shunt Trip

Requires secure DC auxiliary

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

No Volt Trip Coil: Relay Un-Operated

Used for fail-safe tripping on motor feeders

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

No Volt Trip Coil: Relay Operated

Used for fail-safe tripping on motor feeders

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Principles

Generally cheapest form of protection relay

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Instantaneous Relays

Current settings chosen so that relay closest to fault

Relies on there being a difference in fault level between the

Cannot discriminate if IF1 = IF2

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Definite (Independent)

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Definite (Independent)

Operating time is independent of current

Longest operating time is at the source where fault level is

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection IDMT

Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Disc Type O/C Relays

Current setting via plug bridge

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Static Relay

Electronic, multi characteristic

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Numerical Relay

Multiple characteristics and stages

> Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection